A Check Carelessly Drawn. The text and numbers for the
amount is in the center of their fields, leaving of space for extra
text.
The Same Check "Raised". The amount has been changed from
One Hundred/100.00 to Eighty-One Hundred/$8100.00.
For the same reason you should never accept a check from anybody whom
you do not know as responsible, and you should not be surprised or
angered if some one else should hesitate to take a check from you.
Checks or drafts received by you should be deposited as soon as
possible. Should you receive a check for a considerable amount and have
no convenient bank account, you should go to the bank on which the check
is drawn and have the cashier certify it by stamping "Accepted" or
"Certified" across the face over his signature. That formality makes the
paper as good as money so long as the bank accepting it is solvent.
It sometimes happens that a check drawn in good faith by a responsible
party is withheld so long by the person receiving it that there is no
money to the account when the check is finally presented.
Paying Notes and Acceptances.
Make your notes and accepted drafts payable at the bank where you do
business. Whether it or other banks hold them for collection, they will
be presented to your bank when due.
Pay your notes, etc., on the day they fall due, and early in the day if
convenient, or leave a check for the amount with your bank on the day
before your paper matures. Banks will not pay notes or drafts without
instructions.
Keep a careful record of the days of maturity of all your paper. Banks
usually notify all payers a few days beforehand when their paper
matures, but this is only courtesy on their part and not an obligation.
Exchange.
"Exchange" means funds in other cities made available by bankers' drafts
on such places. These drafts afford the safest and cheapest means for
remitting money. Drafts on New York are worth their face value
practically all over the United States in settlement of accounts.
Collections.
A draft is sometimes the most convenient form for collecting an account.
The prevalence of the custom is due to the fact that most men will wait
to be asked to pay a debt. If a draft is a time draft it is accepted by
the person on whom it is drawn by writing his name and date across the
face. This makes it practically a note, to be paid at maturity.
Notes or drafts that you desire to have collected for you by your bank
should be left at the bank several days before they are due, so as to
give ample time to notify the payers.
Borrowing.
Banks are always willing to loan their funds to responsible persons
within reasonable limits. That is what they exist for. There is, of
course, a limit to the amount a bank may loan, even on the best known
security, but the customer of the bank is entitled to and will receive
the first consideration.
The customer should not hesitate, when occasion requires, to offer to
the bank for discount such paper as may come into his hands in the
course of business, if, in his opinion, the paper is good. At the same
time he should not be offended if his bank refuses to take it even
without giving reasons.
Indorsing Checks, Etc.
When depositing checks, drafts, etc., see that they are dated properly
and that the written amounts and figures correspond. The proper way to
indorse a check or draft--this also applies to notes and other
negotiable paper--is to write your name upon the back about one inch
from the top. The proper end may be determined in this way: As you read
the check, holding one end in each hand, draw the right hand toward you,
and turn the check over. The end which is then farthest from you is the
top. If, however, the check, draft or note has already been indorsed by
another person, you should write your name directly under the other
indorsement, even if that is on the wrong end. If your own name on the
face of the check, draft or note is misspelled, or has the wrong
initials, but if the paper is clearly intended for you, you should first
write your name as it appears on the face, and under it your regular
signature. You should indorse every check you deposit, even though it be
payable to bearer.
Mistakes in Banking.
Mr. Samuel Woods, a member of the American Institute of Bank Clerks,
recently contributed to Munsey's Magazine an interesting article on the
subject of "Mistakes in Banking." From this we are permitted by the
courtesy of the publishers of Munsey's to reproduce two of the
facsimiles shown.
One wrong word, or figure, or letter--the right thing in the wrong way
or the wrong place--the scratch of an eraser or the alteration of a
word--or any one of these things, in the making or cashing of a check,
is liable to become as expensive as a racing automobile.
The paying teller of a bank, says Mr. Woods, must keep his eyes open for
new dangers as well as old ones. The cleverest crooks in the country are
pitting their brains against his. After he has learned the proper guard
for all the well-known tricks and forgeries it is still possible that an
entirely new combination may leave him minus cash and plus experience.
But it is not the unique and novel swindle that is most dangerous,
either to a bank or an individual. It is the simple, ordinary mistake or
the time-worn trick that makes continuous trouble. Apparently, every new
generation contains a number of dishonest people who lay the same traps,
and a number of careless people who fall into these traps in the same
old way.
Check-Raising Made Easy.
One of the first lessons, for instance, that a depositor should learn
before he is qualified to own a check-book is to commence writing the
amount as near as possible to the extreme left of the check. Those who
forget this are often reminded of it in a costly way. Some one "raises"
their checks by writing another figure in front of the proper amount.
"Five hundred" might be "raised" to "twenty-five hundred" in this way,
even by an unskilled forger.
The highest court has recently decided that a bank cannot be held
responsible, when it pays a "raised" check, if the maker of the check
failed in the first place to write it out correctly. The treasurer of
the Bath Electric Company, of Bath, Maine, had written a check for one
hundred dollars, which was raised to eighty-one hundred dollars and
cashed. The court held that the company, and not the bank, should lose
the eight thousand dollars, because of the "gross carelessness" in
drawing up the check. Facsimiles showing the check as originally written
and as it looked when paid are here reproduced.
Altered Words and Figures.
The altered check is the bane of the paying teller's profession, and it
is the general practice in conservative banks to accept no checks or
other paper which shows signs of erasure or alteration in either words
or figures.
THE NAMES OF THE STATES.
Alabama--Indian; meaning "Here we rest."
Arkansas"--Kansas," the Indian name for "smoky water," with the French
prefix "arc," bow or bend in the principal river.
California--Caliente Fornala, Spanish for "hot furnace," in allusion to
the climate.
Colorado--Spanish; meaning "colored," from the red color of the Colorado
river.
Connecticut--Indian; meaning "long river."
Delaware--Named in honor of Lord De La Ware.
Florida--Named by Ponce de Leon, who discovered it in 1512, on Easter
Day, the Spanish Pascua de Flores, or "Feast of Flowers."
Georgia--In honor of George II. of England.
Illinois--From the Indian "illini," men, and the French suffix "ois,"
together signifying "tribe of men."
Indiana--Indian land. Iowa--Indian; meaning "beautiful land.'"
Kansas--Indian; meaning "smoky water."
Kentucky--Indian for "at the head of the river," or "the dark and bloody
ground."
Louisiana--In honor of Louis XIV. of France.
Maine--From the province of Maine, in France.
Maryland--In honor of Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I. of England.
Massachusetts--The place of the great hills (the blue hills southwest of
Boston).
Michigan--The Indian name for a fish weir. The lake was so called from
the fancied resemblance of the lake to a fish trap.
Minnesota--Indian; meaning "sky-tinted water."
Mississippi--Indian; meaning "great father of waters." Missouri--Indian;
meaning "muddy."
Nebraska--Indian; meaning "water valley."
Nevada--Spanish; meaning "snow-covered," alluding to the mountains.
New Hampshire--From Hampshire county, England.
New Jersey--In honor of Sir George Carteret, one of the original
grantees, who had previously been governor of Jersey Island.
New York--In honor of the Duke of York.
North and South Carolina--Originally called Carolina, in honor of
Charles IX. of France.
Ohio--Indian; meaning "beautiful river."
Oregon--From the Spanish "oregano," wild marjoram, which grows
abundantly on the coast.
Pennsylvania--Latin; meaning Penn's woody land.
Rhode Island--From a fancied resemblance to the island of Rhodes in the
Mediterranean.
Tennessee--Indian; meaning "river with the great bend."
Texas--Origin of this name is unknown.
Vermont--French; meaning "green mountain."
Virginia--In honor of Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen."
Wisconsin--Indian; meaning "gathering of the waters," or "wild rushing
channel."
MOTTOES OF THE STATES.
Arkansas--Regnant populi: The peoples rule.
California--Eureka: I have found it. Colorado--Nil sine numine: Nothing
without the Divinity.
Connecticut--Qui transtulit sustinet: He who has transferred, sustains.
Delaware--Liberty and Independence.
Florida--In God is Our trust.
Georgia--Wisdom, Justice, Moderation.
Illinois--State Sovereignty and National Union.
Iowa--Our liberties we prize, and our rights we will maintain.
Kansas--Ad astra per aspera: to the stars through rugged ways.
Kentucky--United we stand, divided we fall.
Louisiana--Union and Confidence.
Maine--Dirigo: I direct.
Maryland--Crescite et multiplicamini: Increase and multiply.
Massachusetts--Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietam: By her sword
she seeks under liberty a calm repose.
Michigan--Si quaeris peninsulam amoeanam circumspice: If thou seekest a
beautiful peninsula, look around.
Minnesota--L'Etoile du Nord: The Star of the North.
Missouri--Salus populi suprema lex esto: Let the welfare of the people
be the supreme law.
Nebraska--Popular Sovereignty.
Nevada--Volens et potens: Willing and able.
New Jersey--Liberty and Independence.
New York--Excelsior: Higher.
Ohio--Imperium in imperio: An empire within an empire.
Oregon--Alis volat propriis: She flies with her own wings.
Pennsylvania--Virtue, Liberty, Independence.
Rhode Island--Hope.
South Carolina--Animis opibusque parati: Ready with our lives and
property.
Tennessee--Agriculture, Commerce. Vermont--Freedom and Unity.
Virginia--Sic semper tyrannis: So be it ever to tyrants.
West Virginia--Montani semper liberi: The mountaineers are always free.
Wisconsin--Forward.
United States
E pluribus unum: From many, one.
Annuit captis: God has favored the undertaking;
Vovus ordo seclorum: A new order of ages.
The first named on one side of the great seal, the other two on the
reverse.
GEOGRAPHICAL NICKNAMES.
States and Territories.
Alabama, Cotton State;
Arkansas, Toothpick and Bear State;
California, Eureka and Golden State;
Colorado, Centennial State;
Connecticut, Land of Steady Habits: Freestone State and Nutmeg State;
Dakota, Sioux State;
Delaware, Uncle Sam's Pocket Handkerchief and Blue Hen State;
Florida, Everglade and Flowery State;
Georgia, Empire State of the South;
Idaho, Gem of the Mountains;
Illinois, Prairie and Sucker State;
Indiana, Hoosier State;
Iowa, Hawkeye State;
Kansas, Jayhawker State;
Kentucky, Corn-cracker State;
Louisiana, Creole State;
Maine, Timber and Pine Tree State;
Maryland, Monumental State;
Massachusetts, Old Bay State;
Michigan, Wolverine and Peninsular State;
Minnesota, Gopher and North Star State;
Mississippi, Eagle State;
Missouri, Puke State;
Nebraska, Antelope State;
Nevada, Sage State;
New Hampshire, Old Granite State;
New Jersey, Blue State and New Spain;
New Mexico, Vermin State;
New York, Empire State;
North Carolina, Rip Van Winkle, Old North and Turpentine State;
Ohio, Buckeye State;
Oregon, Pacific State;
Pennsylvania, Keystone, Iron and Oil State;
Rhode Island, Plantation State and Little Rhody;
South Carolina, Palmetto State;
Tennessee, Lion's Den State;
Texas, Lone Star State;
Utah, Mormon State;
Vermont, Green Mountain State;
Virginia, Old Dominion;
Wisconsin, Badger and Copper State.
Natives of States and Territories.
Alabama, lizards;
Arkansas, toothpicks;
California, gold-hunters;
Colorado, rovers;
Connecticut, wooden nutmegs;
Dakota, squatters;
Delaware, muskrats;
Florida, fly-up-the-creeks;
Georgia, buzzards;
Idaho, fortune seekers;
Illinois, suckers;
Indiana, hoosiers;
Iowa, hawkeyes;
Kansas, jayhawkers;
Kentucky, corn-crackers;
Louisiana, creoles;
Maine, foxes;
Maryland, clam-humpers;
Massachusetts, Yankees;
Michigan, wolverines;
Minnesota, gophers;
Mississippi, tadpoles;
Missouri, pukes;
Nebraska, bugeaters;
Nevada, sagehens;
New Hampshire, granite boys;
New Jersey, blues or clam-catchers;
New Mexico, Spanish Indians;
New York, Knickerbockers;
North Carolina, tarheels;
Ohio, buckeyes;
Oregon, hard cases;
Pennsylvania, pennamites, or leather-heads;
Rhode Island, gun flints;
South Carolina, weazles;
Tennessee, whelps;
Texas, beef-heads;
Utah, polygamists;
Vermont, Green Mountain boys;
Virginia, beagles;
Wisconsin, badgers.
Nicknames of Cities.
Atlanta, Gate City of the South;
Baltimore, Monumental City;
Bangor, Lumber City;
Boston, Modern Athens, Literary Emporium, City of Notions and Hub of the
Universe;
Brooklyn, City of Churches;
Buffalo, Queen of the Lakes;
Burlington (Iowa), Orchard City;
Charleston, Palmetto City;
Chicago, Prairie, or Garden City;
Cincinnati, Queen of the West and Porkopolis;
Cleveland, Forest City;
Denver, City of the Plains;
Detroit, City of the Straits;
Hartford, Insurance City;
Indianapolis, Railroad City;
Keokuk, Gate City;
Lafayette, Star City;
Leavenworth, Cottonwood City;
Louisville, Falls City;
Lowell, Spindle City;
McGregor, Pocket City;
Madison, Lake City;
Milwaukee, Cream City;
Nashville, Rock City;
New Haven, Elm City;
New Orleans, Crescent City;
New York, Empire City, Commercial Emporium, Gotham, and Metropolis of
America;
Philadelphia, City of Brotherly Love, City of Penn, Quaker City, and
Centennial City;
Pittsburgh, Iron City and Smoky City;
Portland (Me.), Hill City;
Providence, Roger Williams' City, and Perry Davis' Pain Killer;
Raleigh, Oak City;
Richmond, (Va.), Cockade City;
Richmond (Ind.), Quaker City of the West;
Rochester, Aqueduct City;
Salt Lake City, Mormon City;
San Francisco, Golden Gate;
Savannah, Forest City of the South;
Sheboygan, Evergreen City;
St. Louis, Mound City;
St. Paul, North Star City;
Vicksburg, Key City;
Washington, City of Magnificent Distances, and Federal City.
THEOSOPHY.
Much is said nowadays about theosophy, which is really but another name
for mysticism. It is not a philosophy, for it will have nothing to do
with philosophical methods; it might be called a religion, though it has
never had a following large enough to make a very strong impression on
the world's religious history. The name is from the Greek word
theosophia--divine wisdom--and the object of theosophical study is
professedly to understand the nature of divine things. It differs,
however, from both philosophy and theology even when these have the same
object of investigation. For, in seeking to learn the divine nature and
attributes, philosophy employs the methods and principles of natural
reasoning; theology uses these, adding to them certain principles
derived from revelation. Theosophy, on the other hand, professes to
exclude all reasoning processes as imperfect, and to derive its
knowledge from direct communication with God himself. It does not,
therefore, accept the truths of recorded revelation as immutable, but as
subject to modification by later and personal revelations. The
theosophical idea has had followers from the earliest times. Since the
Christian era we may class among theosophists such sects as
Neo-Platonists, the Hesychasts of the Greek Church, the Mystics of
mediaeval times, and, in later times, the disciples of Paracelsus,
Thalhauser, Bohme, Swedenborg and others. Recently a small sect has
arisen, which has taken the name of Theosophists. Its leader was an
English gentleman who had become fascinated with the doctrine of
Buddhism. Taking a few of his followers to India, they have been
prosecuting their studies there, certain individuals attracting
considerable attention by a claim to miraculous powers. It need hardly
be said that the revelations they have claimed to receive have been,
thus far, without element of benefit to the human race.
THE EVOLUTION THEORY.
The evolution or development theory declares the universe as it now
exists to be the result of a long series of changes which were so far
related to each other as to form a series of growths analogous to the
evolving of the parts of a growing organism. Herbert Spencer defines
evolution as a progress from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous, from
general to special, from the simple to the complex elements of life, and
it is believed that this process can be traced in the formation of
worlds in space, in the multiplication of types and species among
animals and plants, in the origin and changes of languages and
literature and the arts, and also in all the changes of human
institutions and society. Asserting the general fact of progress in
nature, the evolution theory shows that the method of this progress has
been (1) by the multiplication of organs and functions; (2) according to
a defined unity of plan, although with (3) intervention of transitional
forms, and (4) with modifications dependent upon surrounding conditions.
Ancient writers occasionally seemed to have a glimmering knowledge of
the fact of progress in nature, but as a theory "evolution" belongs to
the enlightenment of the nineteenth century. Leibnitz, in the latter
part of the seventeenth century first uttered the opinion that the earth
was once in a fluid condition and Kant about the middle of the
eighteenth century, definitely propounded the nebular hypothesis, which
was enlarged as a theory by the Herschels. The first writer to suggest
the transmutation of species among animals was Buffon, about 1750, and
other writers followed out the idea. The eccentric Lord Monboddo was the
first to suggest the possible descent of man from the ape, about 1774.
In 1813 Dr. W. C. Wells first proposed to apply the principle of natural
selection to the natural history of man, and in 1822 Professor Herbert
first asserted the probable transmutation of species of plants. In 1844
a book appeared called "Vestiges of Creation," which, though evidently
not written by a scientific student, yet attracted great attention by
its bold and ingenious theories. The authorship of this book was never
revealed until after the death of Robert Chambers, a few years since, it
became known that this publisher, whom no one would ever have suspected
of holding such heterodox theories, had actually written it. But the two
great apostles of the evolution theory were Charles Darwin and Herbert
Spencer. The latter began his great work, the "First Principles of
Philosophy," showing the application of evolution in the facts of life,
in 1852. In 1859 appeared Darwin's "Origin of Species." The hypothesis
of the latter was that different species originated in spontaneous
variation, and the survival of the fittest through natural selection and
the struggle for existence. This theory was further elaborated and
applied by Spencer, Darwin, Huxley, and other writers in Europe and
America, and though to-day by no means all the ideas upheld by these
early advocates of the theory are still accepted, evolution as a
principle is now acknowledged by nearly all scientists. It is taken to
be an established fact in nature, a valid induction from man's knowledge
of natural order.
THE ENGLISH SPARROW.
The first English sparrow was brought to the United States in 1850, but
it was not until 1870 that the species can be said to have firmly
established itself. Since then it has taken possession of the country.
Its fecundity is amazing. In the latitude of New York and southward it
hatches, as a rule, five or six broods in a season, with from four to
six young in a brood. Assuming the average annual product of a pair to
be twenty-four young, of which half are females and half males, and
assuming further, for the sake of computation, that all live, together
with their offspring, it will be seen that in ten years the progeny of a
single pair would be 275,716,983,698.
FEMININE HEIGHT AND WEIGHT.
It is often asked how stout a woman ought to be in proportion to her
height. A very young girl may becomingly be thinner than a matron, but
the following table gives a fair indication of proper proportions:
| Height | Pounds about | Height | Pounds about |
| Five feet | 100 | Five feet 7 inches. | 150 |
| Five feet 1 inch | 106 | Five feet 8 inches. | 155 |
| Five feet 2 inches | 113 | Five feet 10 inches. | 163 |
| Five feet 3 inches | 119 | Five feet 10 inches. | 169 |
| Five feet 4 inches | 130 | Five feet 11 inches. | 176 |
| Five feet 5 inches | 138 | Six feet | 180 |
| Five feet 6 inches | 144 | Six feet 1 inch | 186 |
WHEN A MAN BECOMES OF AGE.
The question sometimes arises whether it man is entitled to vote at an
election held on the day preceding the twenty-first anniversary of his
birth. Blackstone, in his Commentaries, book 1, page 463, says: "Full
age in male or female is 21 years, which age is completed on the day
preceding the anniversary of a person's birth, who, till that time, is
an infant, and so styled in law." The late Chief Justice Sharswood, in
his edition of Blackstone's Commentaries, quotes Christian's note on the
above as follows: "If he is born on the 16th day of February, 1608, he
is of age to do any legal act on the morning of the 15th of February,
1629, though he may not have lived twenty-one years by nearly
forty-eight hours. The reason assigned is that in law there is no
fraction of a day; and if the birth were on the last second of one day
and the act on the first second of the preceding day twenty-one years
after, then twenty-one years would be complete, and in the law it is the
same whether a thing is done upon one moment of the day or another."
DREAMS AND THEIR MEANING
The Bible speaks of dreams as being sometimes prophetic, or suggestive
of future events.
This belief has prevailed in all ages and countries, and there are
numerous modern examples, apparently authenticated, which would appear
to favor this hypothesis.
The interpretation of dreams was a part of the business of the
soothsayers at the royal courts of Egypt, Babylon and other ancient
nations.
Dreams and visions have attracted the attention of mankind of every age
and nation. It has been claimed by all nations, both enlightened and
heathen, that dreams are spiritual revelations to men; so much so, that
their modes of worship have been founded upon the interpretation of
dreams and visions. Why should we discard the interpretation of dreams
while our mode of worship, faith and knowledge of Deity are founded upon
the interpretation of the dreams and visions of the prophets and seers
of old.
Dreams vividly impressed upon the mind are sure to be followed by some
event.
We read in the Holy Scripture the revelation of the Deity to His chosen
people, through the prophet Joel: "And it shall come to pass, afterward,
that I will pour out My Spirit on all flesh, and your sons and your
daughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, your young
men shall see visions, and also upon the servants and the handmaids in
those days will I pour out My Spirit." (Joel ii, 28.)
Both sacred and profane history contain so many examples of the
fulfilment of dreams that he who has no faith in them must be very
skeptical indeed.
Hippocrates says that when the body is asleep the soul is awake, and
transports itself everywhere the body would be able to go; knows and
sees all that the body could see or know were it awake; that it touches
all that the body could touch. In a word, it performs all the actions
that the body of a sleeping man could do were he awake.
A dream, to have a significance, must occur to the sleeper while in
healthy and tranquil sleep. Those dreams of which we have not a vivid
conception, or clear remembrance, have no significance.
Those of which we have a clear remembrance must have formed in the mind
in the latter part of the night, for up to that time the faculties of
the body have been employed in digesting the events of the day.
DICTIONARY OF DREAMS.
(Note.--If you do not find the word you want, look for a word of
identical or closely similar meaning.)
A
Abundance--Deceitful security.
Accident--Unexpected meeting.
Acorn--Irreparable fault.
Account--(Of possessions) bankruptcy.
Adultery--(That you commit) scandal, misfortune and disgrace.
Air--(Clear and serene) reconciliation; (dark and gloomy) sadness and
sickness.
Almonds--Peace, happiness; (tree) success in business.
Altar--Prosperity, speedy marriage.
Alms--(Giving) mediocrity; (receiving) privations.
Anchor--Safe enterprise.
Angry--(That you are) many powerful enemies.
Ape--Enemies, deceit.
Apples--Gain, profit; (to be eating) disappointment.
Apricots--Health, contentment.
Apple Tree--Good news; (if dead) ill news.
Artichokes--Embarrassment, pain.
Argument--Justice done.
Arm--(Right arm cut off) death of a female relative; (both arms cut off)
captivity and sickness; (broken or withered) sorrows, losses and
widowhood; (swollen) sudden fortune coming to a dear friend.
Ashes--Misfortune.
Asparagus--Success, profit.
Ass--Quarrel between friends; (one sleeping) security; (one braying)
dishonor; (ears of one) scandal; (one laden) profit.
Aunt--Wealth and friends.
Angel--Good news.
Ants--Time spent to no purpose.
Authority--(To have) easy times.
B
Babe--Happy marriage.
Baker--Gain.
Balloon--Literary note.
Barley--Good fortune.
Basket--Increase.
Babboon--Affronts.
Ball--(For dancing) jealousy, rage, then harmony.
Bank--Never to be rich, except by saving.
Barber--A long story, discontent.
Barn--(Full) wealthy marriage.
Bath--Marriage; (too cold) grief; (too hot) separation; (in running
water) disappointment; (in stagnant water) misfortune.
Beggar--Help when not expected.
Bells--Alarm, misfortune.
Bear--Danger, misfortune.
Beans--Quarrels.
Bed--Botheration, unrest.
Beer--Fatigue to no purpose.
Bees--Profit; (to catch) success; (stung by) to be over-worked.
Blind Person--False friends.
Blows--(To give) forgiveness; (to receive) advantage.
Boots--(New) success in love and business; (old) quarreling and failure.
Bonnet--(New) flirtation; (old or torn) rivalry.
Boat--(On clear water) happiness; (in muddy water) disgrace.
Bones--Large acquisition by small degrees.
Book--Information.
Bow and Arrows--Love affairs.
Bottles--A feast; (broken) sickness; (empty) melancholy.
Bouquet--(To carry) marriage; (to destroy) separation; (to throw away)
displeasure.
Brandy--Depravity.
Brook--(Clear) lasting friendship; (troubled) domestic quarrel.
Briars--Disputes.
Betrothal--Brief pleasures.
Birds--New pleasures; (singing) love, good fortune.
Bite--Mistrust, ingratitude.
Billiards--Hazards, dissipation.
Biscuit--Rejoicings, jolly feasting.
Blessing or Benediction--A forced marriage.
Blackbird--Scandal, deceit.
Bridge--(To pass one) success through industry; (to fall from) loss of
business and disappointment in love.
Bread--Profit; (white) lasting affection; (black) inconstancy.
Bugs--Enemies seeking to do injury.
Bull--(Peaceful) gain; (onset of) apprehension.
Butcher--Death of a friend.
Butterfly--Inconstancy.
Butter--Surprises; (to make) a legacy.
C
Cabbage--Health and long life.
Cage--(With bird) liberty; (without bird) imprisonment.
Cakes--Meeting with friends; (to make or eat) prosperity.
Calf--Assured success.
Camel--Riches.
Candle--Favors, praise.
Candy--Ardent love.
Cane--Correction.
Cards--Married life.
Carpenter--Arrangement of affairs.
Cart--Sickness and disgrace.
Cave--Quarrel, loss.
Carving--Business prosperity.
Cat--(To see) treason; (to kill) family quarrels.
Cellar--(Full) passing renown; (empty) health.
Cemetery--(To see) future prosperity; (to be in) news of a death.
Chain--Union; (broken) rupture.
Challenge--Rupture, illusion.
Cherries--Health; (to gather) deception by a woman; (to eat) love.
Chicken--(Cooking) good news.
Cheese--Vexation and after success.
Chestnuts--Home troubles.
Child--(Pretty) pleasure; (ugly) danger; (running) business difficulty.
Church--Heritage; (to pray in) deceit; (to speak aloud in) domestic
quarrels.
Chess--Affairs embarrassed,
Cider--Distant heritage, dispute.
Clams--Small possessions, stingily kept.
Clock--Marriage; (striking) a competency.
Coal--Persecution.
Cock--Pride, power, success; (one crowing) sudden trouble; (two
fighting) expensive follies.
Colic--Bickerings, estrangement
Corkscrew--Vexatious inquiries.
Corpse--Long life; news of the living; (one disinterred) infidelity.
Cow--Prosperity, abundance.
Cobbler--Long toil, ill paid.
Coffee--Misfortune.
Coffin--Speedy marriage.
Cooking--A wedding.
Corn--Riches; (to grind) abundance.
Crabs--Ill results of endeavor.
Cradle, or Crib--Increase in the family.
Cricket--Hospitality, home comfort.
Crocodile--A catastrophe.
Cross--(To see) disquiet; (to bear) tranquillity.
Crow--Disappointed expectations, humiliation; (to hear) disgrace.
Crowd--Many matters, much to hear.
Crutches--(To use) gambling losses; (to break or leave) recovery.
Cucumber--Serious illness.
Currants--(Red) friendship; (white) satisfaction; (black) infidelity.
Cypress--Despair, death of one cherished.
D
Dancing--(To engage in) successful endeavor; (to see) weariness.
Debts--(Denied) business safety; (admitted) distress.
Doctor--Robustness; (to be one) enjoyment.
Dog--Friendly services; (to play with) suffering through extravagance.
Desertion--Good news, permanence.
Devil--Temptations.
Diamonds--Brief, illusive happiness; (to find) loss; (to sell) peril.
Dice--Doubt, risks.
Dirt--Sickness, detraction.
Dispute--(Friendly) see Argument; (not friendly) see Quarrel.
Dishes--Possessions; (breaking) family quarrels.
Ditch--Bankruptcy.
Door--(Open) opportunities; (closed) unfruitful adventure; (to force)
reproof.
Dove--Home happiness, a lover.
Draughts--(To play at) disappointment.
Drawing--A proposal for rejection.
Drowning--Happiness.
Drum--Small difficulties, trifling loss.
Duck--Profit and pleasure; (to kill one) misfortune.
Duel--Rivalries; dissension.
Dumb--(One's self) quarrels; (another) peace.
Dwarf--Feeble foes.
Dyer--Embarrassed affairs.
E
Eagle--Worthy ambition; (kill one) gratified wishes.
Eating--Botheration.
Eclipse--(The sun) loss; (the moon) profit.
Eels--(Alive) vexation; (dead) vengeance satisfied.
Eggs--(A few) riches; (many) misadventure.
Elephant--Power; (feed one) gain of a service.
Embroidery--Love, ambition.
Epitaph--Indiscretion.
Eyes--Bad luck.
F
Face--(Smiling) joy; (pale) trouble.
Fairs--Sudden loss.
Falling--Dangerous elevation; (in a hole) calumny, disappointment.
Fan----Pride, rivalry.
Farmer--Full, good living.
Fatigue--Successful enterprise.
Father-in-Law--Unlucky.
Feast--Trouble ahead.
Feathers--(White) great joy, friendship; (black) hindrances.
Fields--Joy, good health, domestic happiness.
Fingers--(Scalded) envy; (cut) grief; (to see more than five on one
hand) new relatives.
Figs--(Dried) festivity; (green) hope; (to eat) transient pleasures.
Flowers--Happiness; (to gather) benefit; (to cast away) quarrels.
Flute--News of a birth.
Fire--Anger, danger.
Firearms--(To see) anger; (blaze of) spite; (to hear) havoc.
Fish--Success, joy; (to catch) deceit of friends.
Flag--Contention; (to bear) fame, honor.
Flame--(Luminous) good news.
Fleas--Unhappiness; (to kill) triumph over enemies.
Flies--That some one is jealous of us.
Flood--Misfortunes, calumny.
Fog--Deception.
Forest--Loss, shame.
Fountain--Abundance, health.
Fox--To be duped; (to kill) to triumph over enemies.
Frogs--Distrust; (hopping) vexation, annoyance.
Fruits--Joy, prosperity, gain; (to eat) be deceived by a woman;
(throwaway) trouble through others' envy.
Funeral--Inheritance, news of a birth or marriage.
Fur--(On the body) health and long life.
G
Gallows--Dignities and honors (proportionate to height).
Gambling--Deception.
Game--(Live) adventure.
Garden--Bright future days; (well kept) increase of fortune;
(disorderly) business losses and failure.
Garlic--Deceived by a woman.
Garments--Annoyance; (white) innocence, comfort; (black) death of a
friend; (torn or soiled) sadness, misfortune.
Garter--Happy marriage.
Gauze--Affected modesty.
Ghost--(White) consolation; (black) temptation.
Gift--(From a man) danger; (from a woman) spite.
Gloves--Friendly advances.
Goat--(White) prosperity; (black) sickness.
Gold--Profit, fortune.
Goose--Same as Duck; (catch one) ensnarement.
Grandparents--Occasion for repentance.
Grapes--Enjoyment, rejoicing; (scant or poor) deprivations.
Grass--(Green) long life.
Grasshopper--Lost harvest or savings.
Grave--(Open) loss of a friend; (filled up) good fortune.
Guitar--Deception, ill-conduct.
Gypsy--Small troubles.
H
Hail--Trouble, sadness.
Hair--(Orderly) comfort, complacency; (tangled) perplexities; (falling
out) anxieties.
Ham--Happiness.
Harp--A handsome partner.
Harvest--Wealth in the country.
Hay--Abundance.
Heart--(Pain or troubles) sickness, danger.
Heaven--Some joyful event will happen.
Hell--You lead a bad life and should reform before it is too late.
Hen--Profit; (hear one) consolation; (one laying) joy.
Herbs--Prosperity; (to eat) grief.
Hermit--Treacherous friend.
Hill--(Up one) success; (down) misadventure.
Hole--Obstacles. See Falling.
Holly--Annoyance.
Honey--Success in business.
Horse--(See white one) unexpected good fortune; (see black one) partial
success; (mount or ride) success in enterprise; (curry one) a speedy
journey.
Hotel--(See one) wandering; (be in) discomfort.
House--(New or strange) consolation; (many) bewilderment.
Hunger--Profitable employment.
Hunt--Snares, accusations.
Husband--If a wife dreams that her husband is married to another it
betokens separation.
I
Ice--Treachery, misadventure.
Imps--Occasion for caution.
Infants--Connubial felicity.
Ink--Reconciliation; (upset) separation.
Insanity--Bright ideas, wise thought.
Iron--Cruel experience.
Island--Solitude, loneliness.
Itch--Small foes.
Ivory--Profitable enterprise.
Intoxication--(One's self) pleasures; (another) scandal.
Ivy--Children many and handsome.
J
Jail--(To enter) safety; (leaving one) single blessedness.
Jaw--Riches in the family.
Jew--Trickery.
Joy--Bad news.
Judge--Punishment.
Jug--Loss through awkwardness or neglect.
K
Keys--Explanations, progress in knowledge; (to lose) perplexity.
Killing--(To see) security; (one's self) love quarrels; (another)
jealousy.
Kids--Consolation.
King--Satisfaction, progress in affairs.
Kiss--(In the light) true love; (in the dark) risks; (a stranger) a new
lover; (a rival) treason; (married woman kissed by a stranger) a new
baby and a jealous husband.
Kitchen--Arrivals.
Kite--Vain glory.
Knife--Inconstancy, dissension.
Knitting--Mischievous talk, malice.
Knots--Embarrassments, difficulties.
L
Labor--Conjugal happiness, increase of fortune.
Ladder--(To go up) brief glory; (to go down) debasement.
Lady--Humiliation; (many) gossip.
Lambs--(To see) peace; (to have) profit; (to carry) success; (to buy)
great surprise; (to kill) secret grief.
Lame Person--Business misfortune.
Lamps--(Unlit) neglect; (lighted) love troubles.
Landscape--Unexpected gain.
Lantern--(Lighted) safe adventure; (unlit) blunder.
Larks--Riches, elevation.
Laughter--Troubled happiness, botheration.
Leg--(If sound and supple) successful enterprise, prosperous journey.
Letter--(To see) discovery; (to receive) good news from afar.
Lice--Wealth.
Lightning--A love quarrel.
Lily--(Faded) vain hopes; (fine) innocence, happiness.
Linen--Fortune, abundance.
Lion--Future dignity.
Liver--Losses, discomforts.
Lizard--Snares of dubious origin.
Laurel--Honor, gain.
Lawyer--Marriage of a friend.
Lead--Accusations, ingratitude.
Leaves--Transient indisposition.
Leech--Aid in trouble; (many of them) extortion, usury.
Leeks--Labor.
Lettuce--Poverty.
Locksmith--Robbery.
Lottery Tickets--(Number distinct) success in affairs; (number
indistinct) foolish expenditure.
Love--An all round good indication.
Lovers--Troubles and joys mixed.
M
Macaroni--Distress.
Man--(Handsome) love; (ugly) wrangles.
Mantle--Victimizing.
Manure--Depravity, shame.
Maps--A journey.
Marble--Estrangements.
Markets--(A busy one) joyous events; (empty) deprivations.
Marsh--Unfruitful endeavors.
Masks--Hypocrisy.
Measles--Wealth coupled with disgrace.
Meat--(Roast) kind reception, (boiled) melancholy.
Melon--Hope, Success.
Mice--Annoyances.
Milestone--Desires accomplished.
Milk--Love affairs.
Mills--Legacy from a relative
Mire--Mistakes, privations.
Mirror--(To look in) misunderstanding; (broken) misadventure.
Money--Losses in business; (to find) tardy discoveries.
Money-Lender--Persecution.
Monkey--Harmless mischief.
Moon--Love; (bright) continual pleasure; (clouded) sickness, danger to
one beloved; (full) wealth; (new) awakening affection; (failing) deceit;
(red) renown.
Mourning--Impending happiness, invitation to a ball or wedding.
Mouth--(Closed so that cannot eat) sudden death; (wider than usual)
riches.
Mud--Riches.
Mule--Difficulty.
Music--Ease, pleasure.
Mustard--Troubles.
Myrtle--Love declaration.
N
Nails--(Broken) misadventure; (very long) emoluments.
Nakedness--Threatened danger.
Navigating--Approaching journey.
Necklace--Jealousy, annoyance.
Needles--Disappointment in love.
Negro--Vexation, annoyance.
Nest--Good luck, profit.
Newspaper--Botheration, gossip.
Night--(Walking) uneasiness, melancholy.
Nightingale--Happy marriage.
Nose--(That yours is large) prosperity and acquaintance with rich
people.
Nurse--Long life.
Nuts--Peace and satisfaction after trouble and difficulty.
O
Oak--(Green) health, strength; (dead or fallen) heavy losses.
Oars--Safe enterprise; (to break or lose) dependence.
Offer of Marriage--New lovers.
Office--(Turn out of) death or loss of property.
Oil--Good harvest.
Old Person--(Man) prudence, wisdom; (woman) scandal.
Olives--Honors and dignities.
Onions--Aggravation, dispute with inferiors.
Opera--Pleasure followed by pain.
Orange Blossom--A marriage.
Oranges--Amusement, pleasure; (sour) chagrin, injury.
Orchard--Much of nothing.
Ostrich--Misadventure through vanity.
Oven--Ease, riches; (hot) feasting.
Owl--Secrets revealed.
Oysters--Satiety.
P
Pain--Trouble and recovery.
Painter--That everything will be lovely.
Palm-Tree--Honor, power, victory.
Paper--Tidings; (colored) deceit; (painted) brief happiness.
Parent--Good news.
Parrot--A bad neighbor, tale-bearing.
Pastry--(To eat) annoyance; (to make) good times.
Paths--(Straight) happiness; (crooked) ill to the willful.
Pawnbroker--Little result of big endeavor.
Peacock--Peril through pride, ambition or unwariness.
Peaches--Contentment, pleasure.
Pearls--Tears, distress.
Pears--Treachery; (to eat) tidings of death; (to gather) festivities.
Peas--Good fortune.
Pens--Tidings.
Peddler--You are mistaken in your estimate of a friend.
Pepper--Affliction, vexation.
Pheasant--Good fortune; (to kill one) peril; (to carry one) honor.
Piano--Disputes.
Pig--Pork--(Few) avarice; (many) profits.
Pigeon--Reconciliation.
Pillow--Disturbance.
Pills--Trouble.
Pine Tree--Danger.
Pins--Contradiction.
Pirates--Fortunate adventure.
Pitch--Evil companions.
Pitchfork--Punishment.
Playing--Entertainment.
Plums--Pleasure, happiness.
Policeman--Trouble.
Pomegranate--Power.
Postman--News from the absent.
Poverty--Thrift, advantage.
Preserves--Loss of time and money.
Priest--Reconciliation.
Procession--Happy love.
Pump--(If water) marriage and fortune; (if dry) flirtation.
Purchase--(On credit) deprivations; (for cash) possessions.
Purse--(Empty) something to get; (full) pride, disquiet.
Puzzle--Favors, pleasure.
Q
Quail--Family responsibilities.
Quarrel--Constancy, friendship.
Queen--Prosperity.
Questions--Wisdom.
Quill--Particular information.
Quoits--Rivalries.
R
Rabbit--(White) friendship; (black) trouble; (many) extensive pleasures.
Racing--Success in life.
Radishes--That you will discover secrets.
Raft--New views.
Rain--Legacy or gift.
Rainbow--Separation.
Rat--Secret enemies; (white) triumph over enemies.
Raven--Misfortune; (hear one) grief.
Reading--Venturesomeness.
Reaper--A picnic party.
Revenge--Repentance.
Ribbons--Prodigality.
Rice--Talking.
Ride--(With men) it is a good sign; (with women) a bad sign.
Ring--Approaching marriage.
Riot--Scarcity through mischief.
Rival--Quarrels.
River--Success in enterprise; (to fall in) attempts of enemies; (to
throw one's self in) confusion in affairs.
Robber--Fear.
Rock--Annoyance; (to surmount) difficulties overcome.
Roof--Adventure abroad.
Roses--Always of happy omen; (full blown) health, joy, abundance;
(faded) success, with some drawbacks; (white) innocence; (red)
satisfaction; (yellow) jealousy.
Ruffles--Honors, profitable occupation.
Ruins--Pleasant surprises.
Rust--Idle times, decay, failure.
S
Sailor--Tidings from abroad.
Salad--Embarrassments.
Salt--Wisdom.
Satin or Silk--Gain.
Sausage--Affliction, sickness.
Saw--Satisfactory conclusion in affairs.
Scissors--Enemies, hatred.
Scratches--Inconveniences, annoyances.
Screech-Owl--Death of near relative.
Sculptor--Profit.
Sea--Long journey, large affairs.
Seabeach--Tranquilly.
Secretary--Fortune.
Serenade--News of a marriage.
Sermon--Weariness, sleeplessness.
Servant--(Man) abuse of confidence; (maid) suspicion.
Sewing--Plots.
Shawl--(A fine one) honors; (thin or old) shame; (torn) detraction.
Sheep--Great gain.
Shell--(Filled) success; (empty) ill-omen.
Shepherd--Malice.
Ship--Wishes fulfilled; (in danger) unexpected good fortune.
Shoes--Advantageous speculation; (much worn) a speedy journey.
Shop--(To be in) pleasure denied; (to conduct) dues withheld.
Shroud--Death.
Singing--Vexation.
Skating--(To see) hindrances, crosses; (to do) success.
Skeleton--Disgust.
Sky--(Clear) happiness, peace; (clouded) misfortune.
Sleep--Illusive security.
Slippers--Comfort, satisfaction.
Smoke--Extravagant expectations.
Snail--Infidelity, dishonor.
Snakes--Treason, betrayal.
Sneezing--Long life.
Snow--(In season) good harvest; (unseasonable) discouragement.
Soap--Revelations, assistance.
Soldier--Quarrels.
Soup--Return of health or fortune.
Spectacles--Melancholy, obstacles.
Spider--(In the dark) gain; (in the light) contention; (kill one)
pleasure.
Sponge--Greed, avarice.
Sports--Pleasure and after regrets.
Spot--(On clothes) sadness; (on the sun) baseless fears.
Spy--(To be one) reprehension; (to see) rumors.
Stable--Hospitality, welcome.
Stag--Gain; (chase one) business failure.
Stammer--Decision, resolution.
Stars--Happiness; (pale) affliction; (shooting) death of relative.
Stocking--(To pull off) comfort; (to pull on) discomfort; (new) a visit;
(a hole in) deceitful fortune.
Stones--(Under foot) trouble, suffering; (thrown or falling) malice.
Storks--Loss, robbery.
Storm--Contest, vexation.
Stove--Riches.
Stranger--Return of a lost friend.
Strange Bed--Contentment.
Strange Room--A mystery solved.
Strawberries--Unexpected good fortune.
Straws--Poverty.
Street--(To walk in) a favorable reception.
Sugar--Privation and want.
Sun--(Bright) discovery of secrets; (clouded) bad news; (rising)
success; (setting) losses.
Supper--News of a birth.
Swallow--Successful enterprise.
Swans--Private riches.
Swearing--Disagreeables.
Sweeping--Confidence well placed.
Swimming--Enjoyment.
Swords--Misfortune.
T
Table--Joy; (to set) abundance.
Tailor--Unfaithfulness.
Tea--Confusion, incumbrance.
Tears--Joy, comfort.
Teeth--(Handsome) health, goodness; (mean or drawn) vexation, loss.
Ten-Pins--Undesirable adventures.
Tent--Quarrels.
Theater--Sadness, loss.
Thicket--Evasions, apprehensions.
Thief--(To be one) loss; (to lose by one) good speculations.
Thimble--Work hard to find.
Thirst--Affliction.
Thistle--Disputes, folly.
Thorns--Disappointment, pain; (to be pricked by) loss of money.
Thread--Intrigue; (tangled) confusion of affairs; (to break) failure;
(to split) a secret betrayed.
Thunder--Danger; (to see thunderbolt fall) death of a friend.
Tiger--Fierce enmity.
Toads--Something to disgust.
Tomb--Family matters, nuptials, births.
Torches--Invitation to a wedding.
Trap-Door--(Open) a secret divulged; (shut) mystery.
Travel--(On foot) work; (on wheels) fortune.
Treasure--(That you find one) disappointment.
Trees--In general; (green) hope; (withered) grief; (leafless) deceit;
(cut down) robbery; (to climb) change of employment.
Trousers--Honors and responsibilities.
Turkey--If you dream of a turkey you will shortly see a fool.
Turnips--Disappointment, annoyance.
Twins--Honors, riches.
U
Umbrella--(To a lady) A new lover; (to a gentleman) a breach of promise
suit.
Uncle--Advantageous marriage.
Undress--(One's self) rebuke; (another) scandal.
Uniform--(To see) humbling; (to wear) flattery.
V
Vegetables--(In general) weary toil; (to gather) quarrels; (to eat)
business losses.
Veil--Marriage; (black) death or separation.
Veins--Grief.
Vermin--Enough and to spare.
Villain--Danger of losing property.
Vine--Fruitfulness, abundance.
Vinegar--(To drink) wrangles; (spoiled) sickness.
Violets--Success of undertakings.
Violin--(In concert) sympathy, consolation; (alone) bereavement.
Visitors--Loneliness.
Virgin--Joy without regret; (pretended one) sorrow, evil.
Vulture--Bitter enmity; (kill one) triumph over foes; (one feeding)
returning fortune.
W
Wagon--(Loaded) emolument; (empty) ease, pleasure.
Wake--Poverty and misery.
Wall--Obstacles; (to be on) prosperity.
War--Misunderstandings and contention.
Wardrobe--Advantage.
Wash-Day--New friends, good resolutions.
Wasps--Annoyance; (to be stung) affronts.
Watch--Time well employed.
Watchman--Trifling loss.
Water--See Bath, Drink; (to drink) a marriage or birth; (to fall into)
reconciliation.
Water Carrier--Gain.
Wax--Desirable marriage.
Weasel--To be outwitted.
Wedding--Unexpected danger, troubled happiness.
Well--(Draw water from) good fortune; (fall into) peril.
Wheat--Money.
Wheelbarrow, Wheel--Disability, infirmity.
Whirlwind--Danger, scandal.
Widowhood--Satisfaction, new belongings.
Wife--If a man dreams he sees his wife married to another, it betokens a
separation.
Wolf--Enmity; (to kill one) gain, success.
Woman--Deceit; (fair) love; (ugly) scandal.
Wood-Cutter--Labor without profit.
Woods--(To rich) loss; (to poor) profit.
Work--(Of right hand) prosperity; (of left hand) impecuniosity.
Worms--Secret enemies, ill-health.
Wreck--Catastrophes, peril.
Writing--Pleasant and profitable discovery.
Y
Yeast--Increase, abundance.
Yoke--Responsibilities, particularly of marriage.
Youth--Good time, light responsibilities.
THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS.
Flowers may be combined and arranged so as to express even the nicest
shades of sentiment.
If a flower is offered reversed, its direct significance is likewise
reversed, so that the flower now means its opposite.
A rosebud divested of its thorns, but retaining its leaves conveys the
sentiment. "I fear no longer; I hope." Stripped of leaves and thorns, it
signifies, "There is nothing to hope or fear."
A full-blown rose placed over two buds signifies "Secrecy."
"Yes" is implied by touching the flower given to the lips.
"No" by pinching off a petal and casting it away.
"I am," is expressed by a laurel leaf twined around the bouquet. "I
have," by an ivy leaf folded together. "I offer you," by a leaf of
Virginia creeper.
Combinations and Their Meaning.
Moss, Rosebud and Myrtle--"A confession of love."
Mignonette and Colored Daisy--"Your qualities surpass your charms of
beauty."
Lily of the Valley and Ferns--"Your unconscious sweetness has fascinated
me."
Yellow Rose, Broken Straw and Ivy--"Your jealousy has broken our
friendship."
Scarlet Geranium, Passion Flower, Purple Hyacinth, and Arbor Vitae--"I
trust you will find consolation, through faith, in your sorrow; be
assured of my unchanging friendship."
Columbine, Day Lily, Broken Straw, Witch Hazel and Colored Daisy--"Your
folly and coquetry have broken the spell of your beauty."
White Pink, Canary Grass and Laurel--"Your talent and perseverance will
win you glory."
Golden-Rod and Monkshead, Sweet Pea and Forge-me-not--"Be cautious;
danger is near; I depart soon; forget me not."
Significance of Single Flowers.
Arbor Vitae--Unchanging friendship.
Camelia, White--Loveliness.
Candy-Tuft--Indifference.
Carnation, Deep Red--Alas! for my poor heart.
Carnation, White--Disdain.
China-Aster--Variety.
Clover, Four-Leaf--Be mine.
Clover, White--Think of me.
Clover, Red--Industry.
Columbine--Folly.
Columbine, Purple--Resolved to win.
Daisy--Innocence.
Dead Leaves--Sadness.
Deadly Nightshade--Falsehood.
Fern--Fascination.
Forget-me-not--True love, Forget me not.
Fuschia, Scarlet--Taste.
Geranium, Rose--Preference.
Geranium, Scarlet--Consolation.
Golden-Rod--Be cautious.
Heliotrope--Devotion.
Honey-Flower--Love, sweet and secret.
Hyacinth, White--Unobtrusive loveliness.
Ivy--Fidelity.
Lady's Slipper--Win me and wear me.
Lily, Day--Coquetry.
Lily, White-Sweetness.
Lily, Yellow--Gaiety.
Lily of the Valley--Return of happiness.
Mignonette--Your qualities surpass your charm.
Monkshead--Danger is near.
Myrtle--Love.
Oats--The witching soul of music.
Orange Blossoms--Chastity.
Pansy--Thoughts.
Passion Flower--Faith.
Peach Blossom--I am your captive.
Pear--Affection.
Primrose--Inconstancy.
Quaking Grass--Agitation.
Rose--Love.
Rose, Deep Red--Bashful shame.
Rose, Yellow--Jealousy.
Rose, White--I am worthy of you.
Rosebud, Moss--Confession of love.
Shamrock--Lightheartedness.
Straw--Agreement.
Straw, Broken--Broken agreement.
Sweet Pea--Depart.
Tuberose--Dangerous pleasures.
Verbena--Pray for me.
Witch Hazel--A spell.
ALPHABET OF ADVICE TO WRITERS.
A word out of place spoils the most beautiful thought.--Voltaire.
Begin humbly. Labor faithfully. Be patient.--Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.
Cultivate accuracy in words and things; amass sound knowledge; avoid all
affectation; write all topics which interest you.--F. W. Newman.
Don't be afraid. Fight right along. Hope right along.--S.L. Clemens.
Every good writer has much idiom; it is the life and spirit of
Language.--W. S. Landor.
Follow this: If you write from the heart, you will write to the
heart.--Beaconsfield
Genius may begin great works, but only continued labor completes
them.--Joubert.
Half the writer's art consists in learning what to leave in the
ink-pot.--Stevenson.
It is by suggestion, not cumulation, that profound impressions are made
on the imagination.--Lowell.
Joy in one's work is an asset beyond the valuing in mere dollars.--C. D.
Warner.
Keep writing--and profit by criticism. Use for a motto Michael Angelo's
wise words: "Genius is infinite patience."--L. M. Alcott.
Lord, let me never tag a moral to a story, nor tell a story without a
meaning.--Van Dyke.
More failures come from vanity than carelessness.--Joseph Jefferson.
Never do a "pot-boiler." Let one of your best things go to boil the
pot.--"O. Henry."
Originality does not mean oddity, but freshness. It means vitality, not
novelty.--Norman Hapgood.
Pluck feathers from the wings of your imagination, and stick them in the
tail of your judgment.--Horace Greeley.
Quintessence approximates genius. Gather much though into few words.
--Schopenhauer.
Revise. Revise. Revise.--E. E. Hale.
Simplicity has been held a mark of truth: it is also it mark of
genius.--Carlyle.
The first principle of composition of whatever sort is that it should be
natural and appear to have happened so.--Frederick Macmonnies.
Utilize your enthusiasms. Get the habit of happiness in
work.--Beveridge.
Very few voices but sound repellent under violent exertion.--Lessing.
Whatever in this world one has to say, there is a word, and just one
word, to express it. Seek that out and use it.--De Maupassant.
Yes, yes; believe me, you must draw your pen
Not once, nor twice, but o'er and o'er again
Through what you've written, if you would entice
The man who reads you once to read you twice.
-Horace (Conington, Tr.)
Zeal with scanty capacity often accomplishes more than capacity with no
zeal at all.--George Eliot.
WHAT DIFFERENT EYES INDICATE.
The long, almond-shaped eye with thick eyelids covering nearly half of
the pupil, when taken in connection with the full brow, is indicative of
genius, and is often found in artists, literary and scientific men. It
is the eye of talent, or impressibility. The large, open, transparent
eye, of whatever color, is indicative of elegance, of taste, of
refinement, of wit, of intelligence. Weakly marked eyebrows indicate a
feeble constitution and a tendency to melancholia, Deep sunken eyes are
selfish, while eyes in which the whole iris shows indicate erraticism,
if not lunacy. Round eyes are indicative of innocence; strongly
protuberant eyes of weakness of both mind and body. Eyes small and close
together typify cunning, while those far apart and open indicate
frankness. The normal distance between the eyes is the width of one eye;
a distance greater or less than this intensifies the character supposed
to be symbolized. Sharp angles, turning down at the corners of the eyes,
are seen in persons of acute judgment and penetration. Well-opened
steady eyes belong to the sincere; wide staring eyes to the impertinent.
THE MYSTERIES OF PALMISTRY
The following points, upon which the Science of Palmistry is based,
explain its mysteries, and will be found very interesting, amusing and
instructive:
Form of the Hand.
Hands are classed into seven types, each of which is illustrated by the
cuts on the preceding page, and described as follows:
Plate I--The Elementary or Bilious Hand, indicating brutal instinct
instead of reason as the governing power of the character.
Plate II--The Square or Jupiter Hand, indicating a practical, stubborn,
methodical, and conventional character; one apt to be suspicious of
strangers and radical in views.
Plate III--The Spatulate or Nervous Hand, so named because of its
imagined resemblance to a spatula. It is broad at the base of the
fingers, and indicates great energy and push to discover; also, courage
and fearlessness.
Plate IV--The Philosophic or Venus Hand, has a long, thin, muscular
palm, with long, knotty fingers; indicates a student of nature and
searcher after truth.
Plate V--The Mercury or Artistic Hand, indicates quick temper,
impulsiveness; a character that is light-hearted, gay and charitable,
to-day; and to-morrow, sad, tearful and uncharitable.
Plate VI--The Lunar or Idealistic Hand, indicates an extremely sensitive
nature.
Plate VII--The Harmonic or Solar Hand, indicates a character of great
versatility, brilliant in conversation, and an adept in diplomacy.
The Fingers.
For fortune-telling the fingers from first to fourth are designated as
Jupiter, Saturn, Apollo and Mercury.
Note the cut on preceding page, representing the different types of
fingers, numbered from one to eleven.
1--Large fingers indicate a person of vulgar tastes and a cruel, selfish
disposition.
2--Small, thin fingers indicate a keen, quick acting mind and a person
not very particular about personal appearance.
3--Long, lean fingers indicate an inquiring disposition; love of details
in narrative; short fingers imply simple tastes and selfishness.
4--Fat fingers, largely developed at base, indicate sensualness; if
small at base, the reverse.
5--Smooth fingers indicate artistic ability.
6--Knotty fingers indicate truthfulness and good order in business
affairs.
7--Pointed fingers indicate a very magnetic and enthusiastic
personality.
8--Square fingers indicate a strong mind, regularity and love of good
order.
9--Spatulate fingers indicate a character of positiveness in opinions
and lacking in gentleness.
10--Fingers of mixed shape indicate a harmonious disposition, with
ability to easily adapt oneself to all conditions.
11--Obtuse fingers indicate coarse and cruel sensibilities.
The Phalanges of the Fingers.
See plate VIII, 1, 2, 3--The Phalanges of the Thumb: 4, 5, 6--Repeated
on each finger, indicate the phalanges of the four fingers.
The Mounts of the Hands.
See plate IX--A, Mount Venus; B, Mount Jupiter; C, Mount Saturn; D,
Mount Apollo; E. Mount Mercury; F, Mount Luna; G, Mount Mars.
The Shape and Length of the Phalanges
represent certain qualities and features of character, as presented in
the following:
Jupiter, the first finger; if the first phalange is longer than the
second, it indicates ability to control others, direct and maintain
order; if the second phalange is long and well developed, it indicates
leadership; if short and thin, intellectual weakness; if the third
phalange is long, it indicates love of power in material things.
Saturn, second finger; if the first phalange is longer than the second,
it indicates ability for mastering scientific subjects; if the second
phalange is long, it indicates great interest in subjects requiring deep
study; if the third phalange is long, it indicates a love of metaphysics
and money.
Apollo, third finger; if the first phalange is longer than the second,
it indicates love of the arts; if the second phalange is long, it
indicates success and love of riches; if the third phalange is thick, it
indicates an inherited talent of the arts.
Mercury, fourth finger; if the first phalange is longer than the second,
it indicates a taste for and love of research; if the second phalange is
long and well developed, it indicates industrious habits; if the third
phalange is long and fat, it indicates a desire for the comforts of
life.
The Mountains.
These are points or elevations on the palm.
Mount Venus, if prominent, indicates a person of strong passions, great
energy in business, and admiration of physical beauty in the opposite
sex; it also indicates love of children, home and wife, or husband. When
not well developed there is a lack of love for home, children, wife or
husband; and in a man, it indicates egotism and laziness,--in a woman,
hysteria.
Mount Jupiter, if prominent, indicates a person who is generous, loves
power, and is brilliant in conversation; if a woman, she desires to
shine and be a social leader. When not well developed, it indicates lack
of self-esteem, slovenliness and indifference to personal appearance.
Mount Saturn, if prominent, indicates a serious-minded person,
religiously inclined, slow to reach a conclusion, very prudent, free in
the expression of opinions, but inclined to be pessimistic.
Mount Apollo, if prominent, indicates ability as an artist, generosity,
courageousness, and a poetical nature, apt to be a spendthrift. When not
well developed, it indicates cautiousness and prudence.
Mount Mercury, if prominent, indicates keen perceptions, cleverness in
conversation, a talent for the sciences, industry, and deceitfulness. If
not well developed, it indicates a phlegmatic, stupid disposition.
Mount Luna, if prominent, indicates a dreamy, changeable, capricious,
enthusiastic, and inventive nature. When not well developed, it
indicates constancy, love of home, and ability to imitate others.
Mount Mars, if prominent, indicates self-respect, coolness, and control
of self under trying circumstances, courage, venturesomeness and
confidence in one's ability for anything undertaken. When not well
developed, it indicates the opposite of these characteristics.
Lines On the Hand.
If the lines of the hand are not well defined, this fact indicates poor
health.
Deep red lines indicate good, robust health. Yellow lines indicate
excessive biliousness.
Dark-colored lines indicate a melancholy and reserved disposition.
The Life Line extends from the outer base of Mount Jupiter, entirely
around the base of Mount Venus. If chained under Jupiter, it indicates
bad health in early life. Hair lines extending from it imply weakness,
and if cut by small lines from Mount Venus, misplaced affections and
domestic broils. If arising from Mount Jupiter, an ambition to be
wealthy and learned. If it is joined by the Line of the Head at its
beginning, prudence and wisdom are indicated. If it joins Heart and Head
line's at its commencement, a great catastrophe will be experienced by
the person so marked. A square on it denotes success. All lines that
follow it give it strength. Lines that cut the Life Line extending
through the Heart Line denote interference in a love affair. If it is
crossed by small lines, illness is indicated. Short and badly drawn
lines, unequal in size, imply bad blood and a tendency to fevers.
The Heart Line, if it extends across the hand at the base of the finger
mounts, and is deep and well defined, indicates purity and devotion; if
well defined from Mount Jupiter only, a jealous and tyrannical
disposition is indicated; if it begins at Mount Saturn and is without
branches, it is a fatal sign; if short and well defined in the Harmonic
type of hand it indicates intense affection when it is reciprocated; if
short on the Mercury type of hand, it implies deep interest in
intellectual pursuits; it short and deep in the Elementary type of hand,
it implies the disposition to satisfy desire by brutal force, instead of
by love.
The Head Line is parallel to Heart Line and forms the second branch of
letter M, generally very plain in most hands; if long and deep it
indicates ability to care for one's self; if hair lines are attached to
it, mental worry; if it divides toward Mount Mercury love affairs will
be first, and business secondary; if well defined its whole length, it
implies a well-balanced brain; a line from it extending into a star on
Mount Jupiter, great versatility, pride and love for knowledge are
indicated; if it extend to Mount Luna interest in occult studies is
implied; separated from the Life Line, indicates aggressiveness; if it
is broken, death is indicated from an injury in the head.
The Rascettes are lines across the wrist where the palm joins it.
It is claimed they indicate length of life; if straight it is a good
sign. One Rascette indicates thirty years of life; two lines, sixty;
three lines, ninety.
The Fate Line commences at Rascettes, and if it extends straight to
Mount Saturn, uninterrupted, and alike in both hands, good luck and
success are realized without personal exertion. If not in one hand and
interrupted in the other, success will be experienced only by great
effort. If well defined at the wrist the early life is bright and
promising; if broken in the center, misery for middle life is indicated.
If this line touches Mounts Luna and Venus, it indicates a good
disposition and wealth; if inclined toward any mount, it implies success
in that line for which the mount stands. If it is made up of
disconnected links, it indicates serious physical and moral struggles.
Should it end at Heart Line, the life has been ruined by unrequited
love. If it runs through a square, the life has been in danger and
saved. Should it merge into the Heart Line and continue to Mount
Jupiter, it denotes distinction and power secured through love.
The Girdle of Venus is a curved line extending from Mount Jupiter to
Mercury, encircling Saturn and Apollo. It appears on few hands, but it
indicates superior intellect, a sensitive and capricious nature; if it
extends to base of Jupiter it denotes divorce; ending in Mercury,
implies great energy; should it be cut by parallel lines in a man, it
indicates a hard drinker and gambler.
Lines of Reputation, commencing in the middle of the hand, at the Head
Line, Mount Luna or Mount Mars, indicate financial success from
intellectual pursuits after years of struggling with adversity. If from
Heart Line, real love of occupation and success; if from Head Line,
success from selfishness. An island on this line denotes loss of
character, a start on it near Apollo implies that success will be
permanent, and a square, brilliant success. The absence of this line
implies a struggle for recognition of one's abilities.
Line of Intuition, beginning at base of Mount Mercury, extends around
Mars and Luna; it is frequently found in the Venus, Mercury and Lunar
types of hands; when deeply dented with a triangle on Mount Saturn it
denotes clairvoyant power; if it forms a triangle with Fate Line, or
Life Line, a voyage will be taken.
Health Line commences at center of the Rascettes, takes an oblique
course from Fate Line, ending toward Mount Mercury. If straight and well
defined, there is little liability to constitutional diseases; when it
does not extend to Head Line, steady mental labor cannot be performed;
when it is broad and deep on Mount Mercury, diminishing as it enters the
Life Line, death from heart disease is indicated; small lines cutting it
denote sickness from biliousness. When joined to Heart Line, health and
business are neglected for Love; if made up of short, fine lines, there
is suffering from stomach catarrh; if it is checked by islands there is
a constitutional tendency to lung disease.
Marriage Lines extend straight across Mount Mercury; if short, affairs
of the heart without marriage are denoted. When near Heart Line early
marriage is indicated; if it turns directly to Heart Line, marriage will
occur between the ages of 16 and 21; if close to the top of the mount,
marriage will not take place before the 35th year; if it curves upward
it indicates a single life; when pronged and running toward the center
or to Mount Mars, divorce will occur. If the end at this line droops the
subject will outlive wife or husband; if broken, divorce is implied; if
it ends in a cross, the wife or husband will die from an accident. A
branch from this line upward implies a high position attained by
marriage. A black spot on this line means widowhood.
Children's Lines are small and upright, extending from the end of
Marriage Lines. If broad and well defined, males; if fine and narrow,
females are indicated. A line of this order that is deep and well
defined denotes prominence for that child.
Small Lines have a signification depending upon their position and
number.
A single line on Jupiter signifies success; on Saturn, happiness; on
Apollo, fame and talent.
Ascending small lines are favorable, while descending lines are
unfavorable signs.
Several small lines on Mars indicate warfare constantly.
Cross lines, failure.
RIDDLES, OLD AND NEW.
Feet have they, but they walk not--stoves.
Eyes have they, but they see not--potatoes.
Noses have they, but they smell not--tea-pots.
Mouths have they, but they taste not--rivers.
Hands have they, but they handle not--clocks.
Ears have they, but they hear not--corn stalks.
Tongues have they, but they talk not--wagons.
What thing is that which is lengthened by being cut at both ends? A
ditch.
Why do we all go to bed? Because the bed will not come to us.
Why Paris like the letter F? Because it is the capital of France.
In which month do ladies talk least? In February.
Why is a room full of married folks like an empty room? There is not a
single person in it.
Why is a peach-stone like a regiment? It has a kernel (Colonel).
Why is an island like the letter T? Because it is in the midst of
wa-t-er.
Why is a bee-hive like a spectator? Because it is a beeholder
(beholder).
What is that which a train cannot move without, and yet is not the least
use to it? A noise.
When is a man over head and ears in debt? When the hat he has on is not
paid for.
Why is a man led astray like one governed by a girl? He is misled
(miss-led).
Why is a Jew in a fever like a diamond? He is a Jew ill (jewel).
Why are fixed stars like pen, ink and paper? They are stationary
(stationery).
What is that which is always invisible and never out of sight? The
letter I.
Why is a cook like a barber? He dresses hare (hair).
Why is a waiter like a race horse? He often runs for a plate or a cup.
Why is a madman like two men? He is one beside himself.
Why is a good story like a church bell? It is often told (tolled).
What is the weight of the moon? Four quarters.
What sea would make the best bed-room? Adriatic (a-dry attic).
Why is Ireland likely to become rich? Because the capital is always
Dublin (doubling).
What two letters make a county in Massachusetts? S. X. (Essex).
Why is a good saloon like a bad one? Both inn convenient
Why do dentists make good politicians? Because they have a great pull.
Why is the Hudson River like a shoe? Because it is a great place for
tows (toes).
Why is a race at a circus like a big conflagration? Because the heat is
in tents (intense).
Which is the left side of a plum pudding? The part that is not eaten.
Why is a man who runs in debt like a clock? He goes on tick.
Why is the wick of a candle like Athens? It is in the midst of grease
(Greece).
Why are deep sighs like long stockings? Heigh-ho's (high hose).
What occupation is the sun? A tanner.
Why are your eyes like stage horses? They are always under lashes.
Why are your teeth like verbs? Regular, irregular and defective?
What word makes you sick if you leave out one of its letters? Music.
What word of ten letters can be spelled with five? Expediency (X P D N
C).
Why should red-headed men be chosen for soldiers? They carry fire-locks.
Why is the letter D like a sailor? It follows the sea (C).
Why is a theological student like a merchant? Both study the Prophets
(profits).
If the alphabet were invited out to dine what time would U, V, W, X, Y
and Z go? After tea (T).
How can you take one from nineteen and leave twenty? XIX--XX
LAST WORDS OF FAMOUS MEN AND WOMEN.
"'Tis well."--George Washington.
"Tete d'armee."--Napoleon.
"I thank God that I have done my duty."--Admiral Nelson.
"I pray thee see me safe up, but for my coming down I can shift for
myself," were the last words of Sir Thomas More when ascending the
scaffold.
"God bless you."--Dr. Johnson.
"I have finished."--Hogarth.
"Dying, dying."--Thos. Hood.
"Drop the curtain, the farce is played out."--Rabelais.
"I am what I am. I am what I am."--Swift.
"I still live."--Daniel Webster.
"How grand these rays. They seem to beckon earth to heaven."--Humboldt.
"It is now time that we depart--I to die, you to live: but which is the
better destination is unknown."--Socrates.
"Adieu, my dear Morand, I am dying."--Voltaire.
"My beautiful flowers, my lovely flowers."--Richter.
"James, take good care of the horse."--Winfield Scott.
"Many things are becoming clearer to me."--Schiller.
"I feel the daisies growing over me."--John Keats.
"What, is there no bribing death?"--Cardinal Beaufort.
"Taking a leap in the dark. O, mystery."--Thomas Paine.
"There is not a drop of blood on my hands."'--Frederick V.
"I am taking a fearful leap in the dark."--Thomas Hobbes.
"Don't let that awkward squad fire over my grave."--Burns.
"Here, veteran, if you think it right, strike."--Cicero.
"My days are past as a shadow that returns not."--R. Hooker.
"I thought that dying had been more difficult,"--Louis XIV.
"O Lord, forgive me specially my sins of omission."--Usher.
"Let me die to the sounds of delicious music."--Mirabeau.
"It is small, very small," alluding to her neck.--Anna Boleyn.
"Let me hear those notes so long my solace and delight."--Mozart.
"We are as near heaven by sea as by land,"--Sir Humphrey Gilbert.
"I do not sleep. I wish to meet death awake."--Maria Theresa.
"I resign my soul to God; my daughter to my country."--Jefferson.
TOASTS AND SENTIMENTS
Merit to gain a heart, and sense to keep it.
Money to him that has spirit to use it.
More friends and less need of them.
May those who deceive us be always deceived.
May the sword of justice be swayed by the hand of mercy.
May the brow of the brave never want a wreath of laurel.
May we be slaves to nothing but our duty, and friends to nothing but
real merit.
May he that turns his back on his friend, fall into the hands of his
enemy.
May honor be the commander when love takes the field.
May reason guide the helm when passion blows the gale.
May those who would enslave become slaves themselves.
May genius and merit never want a friend.
May the road of happiness be lighted by virtue.
May life last as long as it is worth wearing.
May we never murmur without a cause, and never have a cause to murmur.
May the eye that drops for the misfortunes of others never shed a tear
for its own.
May the lovers of the fair sex never want means to support and spirit to
defend them. May the tear of misery be dried by the hand of
commiseration.
May the voyage of life end in the haven of happiness.
Provision to the unprovided.
Peace and honest friendship with all nations; entangling alliances with
none.
Riches to the generous, and power to the merciful.
Short shoes and long corns to the enemies of freedom.
Success to the lover, and joy to the beloved.
The life we love, with whom we love.
The friend we love, and the woman we dare trust.
The union of two fond hearts.
The lovers of honor, and honorable lovers.
The unity of hearts in the union of hands.
The liberty of the press without licentiousness.
The virtuous fair, and the fair virtuous.
The road to honor through the plains of virtue.
The hero of Saratoga--may his memory animate the breast of every
American.
The American's triumvirate, love, honor and liberty.
The memory of Washington.
May the example of the new world regenerate the old.
Wit without virulence, wine without excess, and wisdom without
affectation.
What charms, arms and disarms.
Home pleasant, and our friends at home.
Woman--She needs no eulogy, she speaks for herself.
Friendship--May its lamp ever be supplied by the oil of truth and
fidelity.
The American Navy--May it ever sail on the sea of glory.
May those who are discontented with their own country leave their
country for their country's good.
Discretion in speech is more than eloquence. May we always remember
these three things: The manner, the place and the time.
Here's a sigh to those who love me,
And a smile to those who hate,
And whatever sky's above me,
Here's a heart for every fate.
Were't the last drop in the well,
As I gasped upon the brink,
Ere my fainting spirit fell,
'Tis to thee that I would drink.
--Byron.
Caddy's Toast in "Erminie"--'Ere's to the 'ealth o' your Royal 'Ighness;
hand may the skin o' ha gooseberry be big enough for han humbrella to
cover hall your enemies."
Here's to the girl I love,
And here's to the girl who loves me,
And here's to all that love her whom I love,
And all those that love her who love me.
I will drink to the woman who wrought my woe,
In the diamond morning of long ago;
To the splendor, caught from Orient skies,
That thrilled in the dark of her hazel eyes,
Her large eyes filled with the fire of the south,
And the dewy wine of her warm red mouth.
--Winter.
May those that are single get wives to their mind,
And those that are married true happiness find.
Here's a health to me and mine,
Not forgetting thee and thine;
And when thou and thine
Come to see me and mine,
May we and mine make thee and thine
As welcome as thou and thine
Have ever made me and mine.
Industry.--The right hand of fortune, the grave of care, and the cradle
of content.
Here's to the prettiest,
Here's to the wittiest,
Here's to the truest of all who are true.
Here's to the sweetest one,
Here's to them all in one--here's to you.
Our Country.--May she always be in the right--but, right or wrong, Our
Country.-- Stephen Decatur.
Here's to our sweethearts and our wives. May our sweethearts soon become
our wives and our wives ever remain our sweethearts.
Here's to the girls of the American shore;
I love but one, I love no mare.
Since she's not here to drink her part,
I drink her share with all my heart.
Here's to one and only one,
And may that one be she
Who loves but one and only one,
And may that one be me.
A glass is good and a lass is good,
And a pipe to smoke in cold weather.
The world is good and the people are good,
And we're all good fellows together.
Yesterday's yesterday while to-day's here,
To-day is to-day till to-morrow appear,
To-marrow's to-morrow until to-day's past,
And kisses are kisses as long as they last.
Our Country.--
To her we drink, for her we pray,
Our voices silent never;
For her we'll fight, come what may;
The Stars and Stripes forever.
Woman.--The fairest work of the great Author; the edition is large, and
no man should be without a copy.
Drink to me only with thine eyes,
And I will pledge thee mine;
Or leave a kiss within the cup,
And I'll not look for wine.
The thirst that from the soul doth rise
Doth ask a drink divine;
But might I of Jove's nectar sip,
I would not change from thine.
--Ben Jonson.
Drink to-day and drown all sorrow;
You shall perhaps not do't to-morrow;
Best while you have it, use your breath;
There is no drinking after death.
--Beaumont and Fletcher.
Home.--The father's kingdom; the child's paradise; the mother's world.
Here's to those I love;
Here's to those who love me;
Here's to those who love those I love,
And here's to those who love those who love those who love me.
--Ouida's Favorite Toast.
A little health, a little wealth,
A little house and freedom,
With some friends for certain ends,
But little cause to need 'em.
Here's to the lasses we've loved, my lad,
Here's to the lips we've pressed;
For of kisses and lasses,
Like liquor in glasses,
The last is always the best.
Come in the evening, come in the morning,
Come when you're looked for, come without warning.
Here's to a long life and a merry one,
A quick death and an easy one,
A pretty girl and a true one,
A cold bottle and another one.
The Man We Love.--He who thinks the most and speaks the least ill of his
neighbor.
False Friends.--May we never have friends who, like shadows, keep close
to us in the sunshine only to desert us on a cloudy day or in the night.
Here's to those who'd love us if we only cared.
Here's to those we'd love if we only dared.
Here's to one another and one other, whoever he or she may be.
The world is filled with flowers,
And flowers are filled with dew,
And dew is filled with love
And you and you and you.
Here's to you as good as you are,
And to me as bad as I am;
And as good as you are and as bad as I am,
I'm as good as you are as bad as I am.
The Law.--The only thing certain about litigation is its uncertainty.
The Lawyer--Learned gentleman, who rescues your estate from your enemies
and keeps it for himself.
A Spreadeagle Toast.--The boundaries of our country: East, by the rising
sun; north, by the north pole; west by all creation; and south, by the
day of judgment.
When going up the bill of prosperity may you never meet a friend coming
down.
May the hinges of friendship never grow rusty.
Come, come, good wine is a good familiar creature, if it be well
used.--Shakespeare.
Shall I ask the brave soldier who fights by my side in the cause of
mankind whether our creeds agree?
May all single men be married, and all married men be happy.
Our Country's Emblem:--
The lily of France may fade,
The thistle and shamrock wither,
The oak of England may decay,
But the stars shine on forever.
The Good Things of the World.--Parsons are preaching for them, lawyers
are pleading for them, physicians are prescribing for them, authors are
writing for them, soldiers are fighting for them, but true philosophers
alone are enjoying them.
My life has been like sunny skies
When they are fair to view;
But there never yet were lives or skies
Clouds might not wander through.
The Three Great American Generals.--General Peace, General Prosperity
and General Satisfaction.
America.--
Our hearts, our hopes are all with thee,
Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears,
Our faith triumphant o'er our fears,
Are all with thee, are all with thee.
Our National Birds.--The American Eagle, the Thanksgiving Turkey: may
one give us peace in all our States--and the other a piece for all our
plates.
OPPORTUNITY.
Master of human destinies am I.
Fame, Love and Fortune on my footsteps wait.
Cities and fields I walk; I penetrate
Deserts and seas remote, and, passing by
Hovel, and mart, and palace, soon or late
I knock unbidden once at every gate!
If sleeping, wake--if feasting, rise before
I turn away. It is the hour of fate,
And they who follow me reach every state
Mortals desire, and conquer every foe
Condemned to failure, penury, and woe.
Save death; but those who doubt or hesitate,
Seek me in vain and uselessly implore:
I answer not, and I return no more.
--John J. Ingalls.
A health to Our Dearest.--May their purses always be heavy and their
hearts always light.
An Irishman's Toast.--
Here's to the land of the shamrock so green,
Here's to each lad and his darling colleen,
Here's to the ones we love dearest and most.
And may God save old Ireland--that's an Irishman's toast.
Here's a health to the future,
A sigh for the past.
We can love and remember,
And hope to the last,
And for all the base lies
That the almanacs hold.
While there's love in the heart,
We can never grow old.
Some hae meat and canna' eat,
And some wad eat who want it;
But we hae meat and we can eat,
So let the Lord be thankit.
--Burns.
A little health, a little wealth,
A little house and freedom,
With some few friends for certain ends,
But little cause to need 'em.
If I were a raindrop and you a leaf,
I would burst from the cloud above you,
And lie on your breast in a rapture of rest,
And love you--love you--love you.
If I were a brown bee and you were a rose,
I would fly to you, love, nor miss you;
I would sip and sip from your nectared lip,
And kiss you--kiss you--kiss you.
--Ella Wheeler Wilcox, in Three Women.
Strange--is it not?--that of the myriads who
Before us passed the door of darkness through,
Not one returns to tell us of the road,
Which to discover, we must travel too?
--Omar.
Away with the flimsy idea that life with a past is attended.
There's now--only now--and no past. There's never a past; it has ended.
Away with the obsolete story and all of its yesterday sorrow!
There's only Today, almost gone, and in front of Today stands Tomorrow.
--Eugene Ware.
God made man
Frail as a bubble;
God made Love,
Love made trouble;
God made the vine;
Was it a sin
That man made wine
To drown trouble in?
"My character may be my own, but my reputation belongs to any old body
that enjoys gossiping more than telling the truth."
May your joy be as deep as the ocean,
Your trouble as light as its foam.
The man that has no music in himself,
Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds,
Is fit for treasons, stratagems and spoils;
The motions of his spirit are dull as night,
And his affections dark as Erebus.
Let no such man be trusted.
Mark the music.
--Shakespeare.
See the mountains kiss high heaven,
And the waves clasp one another;
No sister flower would be forgiven
If it disdained its brother;
And the sunlight clasps the earth,
And the moonbeams kiss the sea;
What are all these kissings worth,
If thou kiss not me?
--Percy Bysshe Shelley.
Jest a-wearyin' for you,
All the time a-feelin' blue;
Wishin' for you, wonderin' when
You'll be comin' home again;
Restless--don't know what to do--
Jest a-wearyin' for you.
--Frank Stanton.
Here's to Love, the worker of miracles. He strengthens the weak and
weakens the strong; he turns wise men into fools and fools into wise
men; he feeds the passions and destroys reason, and plays havoc among
young and old!
--Marguerite de Valois.
"Good Bye, God Bless You."
I like the Anglo--Saxon speech
With its direct revealings;
It takes a hold, and seems to reach
Way down into our feelings
That Some folks deem it rude, I know,
And therefore they abuse it;
But I have never found it so--
Before all else I choose it.
I don't object that men should air
The Gallic they have paid for,
With "Au revoir," "Adieu, ma chere,"
For that's what French was made for.
But when a crony takes your hand
At parting to address you,
He drops all foreign lingo and
He says, "Good--bye, God bless you."
--Eugene Field.
LANGUAGE OF PRECIOUS STONES.
The ancients attributed marvelous properties to many of the precious
stones. We give in tabular form the different months and the stones
sacred to them, as generally accepted, with their respective meanings.
It has been customary among lovers and friends to notice the
significance attached to the various stones in making birthday,
engagement and wedding presents.
January, Garnet.--Constancy and fidelity in every engagement.
February, Amethyst--Preventive against violent passions.
March, Bloodstone--Courage, wisdom and firmness in affection.
April, Sapphire--Free from enchantment; denotes repentance.
May, Emerald--Discovers false friends, and insures true love.
June, Agate--Insures long life, health and prosperity.
July, Ruby--Discovers poison; corrects evils resulting from mistaken
friendship.
August, Sardonyx--Insures conjugal felicity.
September, Chrysolite--Free from all evil passions and sadness of the
mind.
October, Opal--Denotes hope, and sharpens the sight and faith of the
possessor.
November, Topaz--Fidelity and friendship. Prevents bad dreams.
December, Turquoise--Prosperity in love.
Tiffany's list of birth stones is somewhat different from the above and
is given below:
Birth Stones. (As given by Tiffany & Co.)
January--Garnet.
February--Amethyst, hyacinth, pearl.
March--Jasper, bloodstone.
April--Diamond, sapphire.
May--Emerald, agate.
June--Cat's-eye, turquoise, agate.
July--Turquoise, onyx.
August--Sardonyx, carnelian, moonstone, topaz.
September--Chrysolite.
October--Beryl, opal.
November--Topaz, pearl.
December--Ruby, bloodstone.
GRAMMAR-SPELLING-PRONUNCIATION
Five Hundred Common Errors Corrected
Concise Rules for the Proper Use of Words in Writing or Speaking.
The most objectionable errors in speaking or writing are those in which
words are employed that are unsuitable to convey the meaning intended.
Thus, a person wishing to express his intention of going to a given
place says, "I propose going," when, in fact, he purposes going. The
following affords an amusing illustration of this class of error: A
venerable matron was speaking of her son, who, she said, was quite
stage-struck: "In fact," remarked the old lady, "he is going to a
premature performance this evening!" Considering that most amateur
performances are premature, it cannot be said that this word was
altogether misapplied, though, evidently, the maternal intention was to
convey quite another meaning.
Other errors arise from the substitution of sounds similar to the words
which should be employed; that is, spurious words instead of genuine
ones. Thus, some people say "renumerative," when they mean
"remunerative." A nurse, recommending her mistress to have a
perambulator for her child, advised her to purchase a preamputator!
Other errors are occasioned by imperfect knowledge of English grammar;
thus, many people say, "Between you and I," instead of "Between you and
me." And there are numerous other departures from the rules of grammar,
which will be pointed out hereafter.
Misuse of the Adjective--"What beautiful butter!" "What a nice
landscape!" They should say, "What a beautiful landscape!" "What nice
butter!" Again, errors are frequently occasioned by the following
causes:
Mispronunciation of Words--Many persons say pronoun-ciation instead of
pronunciation; others say pro-nun-ce-a-shun, instead of
pro-nun-she-a-shun.
Misdivision of Words and Syllables--This defect makes the words an
ambassador sound like a nambassador, or an adder like a nadder.
Imperfect Enunciation--As when a person says hebben for heaven, ebber
for ever, jocholate for chocolate.
To correct these errors by a systematic course of study would involve a
closer application than most persons could afford, but the simple and
concise rules and hints here given, founded upon usage and the authority
of scholars, will be of great assistance to inquirers.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL.
Who and whom are used in relation to persons, and which in relation to
things. But it was once common to say, "the man which." This should now
be avoided. It is now usual to say, "Our Father who art in heaven,"
instead of "which art in heaven."
Whose is, however, sometimes applied to things as well as to persons. We
may therefore say, "The country whose inhabitants are free."
Thou is employed in solemn discourse, and you in common language. Ye
(plural) is also used in serious addresses, and you in familiar
language.
The uses of the word it are various, and very perplexing to the
uneducated. It is not only used to imply persons, but things, and even
ideas, and therefore in speaking or writing, its assistance is
constantly required. The perplexity respecting this word arises from the
fact that in using it in the construction of a long sentence, sufficient
care is not taken to insure that when it is employed it really points
out or refers to the object intended. For instance, "It was raining when
John set out in his cart to go to market, and he was delayed so long
that it was over before he arrived." Now what is to be understood by
this sentence: Was the rain over? or the market? Either or both might be
inferred from the construction of the sentence, which, therefore, should
be written thus: "It was raining when John set out in his cart to go to
market, and he was delayed so long that the market was over before he
arrived."
Rule--After writing a sentence always look through it, and see that
wherever the word it is employed, it refers to or carries the mind back
to the object which it is intended to point out.
The general distinction between this and that may be thus defined: this
denotes an object present or near, in time or place; that something
which is absent.
These refers, in the same manner, to present objects, while those refers
to things that are remote.
Who changes, under certain conditions, into whose and whom; but that and
which always remain the same, with the exception of the possessive case,
as noted above.
That may be applied to nouns or subjects of all sorts; as, the girl that
went to school, the dog that bit me, the opinion that he entertains.
The misuse of these pronouns gives rise to more errors in speaking and
writing than any other cause.
When you wish to distinguish between two or more persons, say: "Which is
the happy man?" not who--"Which of those ladies to you admire?"
Instead of "Whom do you think him to be?" say, "Who do you think him to
be?"
Whom should I see.
To whom do you speak?
Who said so?
Who gave it to you?
Of whom did you procure them?
Who was he?
Who do men say that I am?
Self should never be added to his, their, mine or thine.
Each is used to denote every individual of a number.
Every denotes all the individuals of a number.
Either and or denote an alternative: "I will take either road, at your
pleasure;" "I will take this or that."
Neither means not either, and nor means not the other. Either is
sometimes used for each--"Two thieves were crucified, on either side
one."
"Let each esteem others as good as themselves," should be, "Let each
esteem others as good as himself."
"There are bodies each of which are so small," should be, "each of which
is so small."
Do not use double superlatives, such as most straightest, most highest,
most finest.
The term worser has gone out of use; but lesser is stilt retained.
The use of such words as chiefest, extreamest, etc., has become
obsolete, because they do not give any superior force to the meanings of
the primary words, chief, extreme, etc.
Such expressions as more impossible, more indispensable, more universal,
more uncontrollable, more unlimited, etc., are objectionable, as they
really enfeeble the meaning which it is the object of the speaker or
writer to strengthen. For instance, impossible gains no strength by
rendering it more impossible. This class of error is common with persons
who say, "A great large house," "A great big animal," "A little small
foot," "A tiny little hand."
Here, there and where, originally denoting place, may now, by common
consent, be used to denote other meanings, such as, "There I agree with
you," "Where we differ," "We find pain where we expected pleasure,"
"Here you mistake me."
Hence, whence and thence, denoting departure, etc., may be used without
the word from. The idea of from is included in the word
whence--therefore it is unnecessary to say "From whence."
Hither, thither and whither, denoting to a place, have generally been
superseded by here, there and where. But there is no good reason why
they should not be employed. If, however, they are used, it is
unnecessary to add the word to, because that is implied--"Whither are
you going?" "Where are you going?" Each of these sentences is complete.
To say, "Where are you going to?" is redundant.
Two negatives destroy each other, and produce an affirmative. "Nor did
he not observe them," conveys the idea that he did observe them.
But negative assertions are allowable. "His manners are not impolite,"
which implies that his manners are in some degree marked by politeness.
Instead of "Let you and I." say "Let you and me."
Instead of "I am not so tall as him," say "I am not so tall as he."
When asked "Who is there?" do not answer "Me," but "I,"
Instead of "For you and I," say "For you and me."
Instead of "Says I," say "I said."
Instead of "You are taller than me," say "You are taller than I."
Instead of "I ain't," or "I arn't," say "I am not."
Instead of "Whether I be present or no," say "Whether I be present or
not."
For "Not that I know on,"' say "Not that I know."
Instead of "Was I to do so," say "Were I to do so."
Instead of "I would do the same if I was him," say "I would do the same
if I were he."
Instead of "I had as lief go myself," say "I would as soon go myself,"
or "I would rather."
It is better to say "Six weeks ago" than "Six weeks back."
It is better to say "Since which time," than "Since when,"
It is better to say "I repeated it," than "I said so over again."
Instead of "He was too young to have suffered much," say "He was too
young to suffer much."
Instead of "Less friends," say "Fewer friends." Less refers to quantity.
Instead of "A quantity of people," say "A number of people."
Instead of "He and they we know," say "Him and them."
Instead of "As far as I can see," say "So far as I can see."
Instead of "A new pair of gloves," say "A pair of new gloves."
Instead of "I hope you'll think nothing on it," say "I hope you'll think
nothing of it."
Instead of "Restore it back to me," say "Restore it to me."
Instead of "I suspect the veracity of his story," say "I doubt the truth
of his story."
Instead of "I seldom or ever see him," say "I seldom see him."
Instead of "I expected to have found him," say "1 expected to find him."
Instead of "Who learns you music?" say "Who teaches you music?"
Instead of "I never sing whenever I can help it," say "I never sing when
I can help it."
Instead of "Before I do that I must first ask leave," say "Before I do
that I must ask leave."
Instead of saying "The observation of the rule," say "The observance of
the rule,"
Instead of "A man of eighty years of age," say "A man eighty years old."
Instead of "Here lays his honored head," say "Here lies his honored
head."
Instead of "He died from negligence," say "He died through neglect," or
"in consequence of neglect."
Instead of "Apples are plenty," say "Apples are plentiful."
Instead of "The latter end of the year," say "The end, or the close, of
the year."
Instead of "The then government," say "The government of that age, or
century, or year, or time."
Instead of "A couple of chairs," say "Two chairs."
Instead of "They are united together in the bonds of matrimony," say
"They are united in matrimony," or "They are married," '.
Instead of "We travel slow," say "We travel slowly."
Instead of "He plunged down into the river," say "He plunged into the
river."
Instead of "He jumped from off the scaffolding," say "He jumped off the
scaffolding."
Instead of "He came the last of all," say "He came the last."
Instead of "universal," with reference to things that have any limit,
say "general," "generally approved," instead of "universally approved,"
"generally beloved," instead of "universally beloved."
Instead of "They ruined one another," say "They ruined each other,"
Instead of "If in case I succeed," say "If I succeed."
Instead of "A large enough room," say "A room large enough."
Instead of "I am slight in comparison to you," say "I am slight in
comparison with you."
Instead of "I went for to see him," say "I went to see him."
Instead of "The cake is all eat up," say "The cake is all eaten."
Instead of "Handsome is as handsome does," say "Handsome is who handsome
does."
Instead of "The book fell on the floor," say "The book fell to the
floor."
Instead of "His opinions are approved of by all," say "His opinions are
approved by all."
Instead of "I will add one more argument," say "I will add one argument
more," or "another argument."
Instead of "A sad curse is war," say "War is a sad curse."
Instead of "He stands six foot high," say "He measures six feet," or
"His height is six feet."
Instead of "I go every now and then," say "I go sometimes (or often)."
Instead of "Who finds him in clothes," say "Who provides him with
clothes."
Say "The first two," and "the last two" instead of "the two first" "the
two last."
Instead of "His health was drank with enthusiasm," say "His health was
drunk enthusiastically."
Instead of "Except I am prevented," say "Unless I am prevented."
Instead of "In its primary sense," say "In its primitive sense."
Instead of "It grieves me to see you," say "I am grieved to see you."
Instead of "Give me them papers," say "Give me those papers."
Instead of "Those papers I hold in my hand," say "These papers I hold in
my hand."
Instead of "I could scarcely imagine but what," say "I could scarcely
imagine that."
Instead of "He was a man notorious for his benevolence," say "He was
noted for his benevolence."
Instead of "She was a woman celebrated for her crimes," say "She was
notorious on account of her crimes."
Instead of "What may your name be?" say "What is your name?"
Instead of "I lifted it up," say "I lifted it."
Instead of "It is equally of the same value," say "It is of the same
value," or "equal value."
Instead of "I knew it previous to your telling me," say "I knew it
previously to your telling me."
Instead of "You was out when I called," say "You were out when I
called."
Instead of "I thought I should have won this game," say "I thought I
should win this game."
Instead of "This much is certain," say "Thus much is certain," or "So
much is certain."
Instead of "He went away as it may be yesterday week," say "He went away
yesterday week."
Instead of "He came the Saturday as it may be before the Monday,"
specify the Saturday on which he came.
Instead of "Put your watch in your pocket," say "Put your watch into
your pocket."
Instead of "He has got riches," say "He has riches."
Instead of "Will you set down?" say "Will you sit down?"
Instead of "No thankee," say "No, thank you."
Instead of "I cannot do it without farther means," say "I cannot do it
without further means."
Instead of "No sooner but," or "No other but," say "than."
Instead of "Nobody else but her," say "Nobody but her."
Instead of "He fell down from the balloon," say "He fell from the
balloon."
Instead of "He rose up from the ground," say "He rose from the ground."
Instead of "These kind of oranges are not good," say "This kind of
oranges is not good."
Instead of "Somehow or another," say "Somehow or other."
Instead of "Will I give you some more tea?" say "Shall I give you some
more tea?"
Instead of "Oh, dear, what will I do?" say "Oh, dear, what shall I do?"
Instead of "I think indifferent of it," say "I think indifferently of
it."
Instead of "I will send it conformable to your orders," say "I will send
it conformably to your orders."
Instead of "To be given away gratis," say "To be given away."
Instead of "Will you enter in?" say "Will you enter?"
Instead of "This three days or more," say "These three days or more."
Instead of "He is a bad grammarian," say "He is not a grammarian."
Instead of "We accuse him for." say "We accuse him of."
Instead of "We acquit him from," say "We acquit him of."
Instead of "I am averse from that," say "I am averse to that."
Instead of "I confide on you," say "I confide in you."
Instead of "As soon as ever." say "As soon as."
Instead of "The very best," or "The very worst," say "The best or the
worst."
Avoid such phrases as "No great shakes," "Nothing to boast of," "Down in
my boots," "Suffering from the blues." All such sentences indicate
vulgarity.
Instead of "No one hasn't called," say "No one has called."
Instead of "You have a right to pay me," say "It is right that you
should pay me."
Instead of "I am going over the bridge," say "I am going across the
bridge."
Instead of "I should just think I could," say "I think I can."
Instead of "There has been a good deal," say "There has been much."
Instead of "The effort you are making for meeting the bill," say "The
effort you are making to meet the bill."
To say "Do not give him no more of your money," is equivalent to saying
"Give him some of your money." Say "Do not give him any of your money."
Instead of saying "They are not what nature designed them," say "They
are not what nature designed them to be."
Instead of saying "I had not the pleasure of hearing his sentiments when
I wrote that letter," say "I had not the pleasure of having heard," etc.
Instead of "The quality of the apples were good," say "The quality of
the apples was good."
Instead of "The want of learning, courage and energy are more visible,"
say "is more visible."
Instead of "We die for want," say "We die of want."
Instead of "He died by fever," say "He died of fever."
Instead of "I enjoy bad health," say "My health is not good."
Instead of "Either of the three," say "Any one of the three."
Instead of "Better nor that," say "Better than that."
Instead of "We often think on you," say "We often think of you."
Instead of "Mine is so good as yours," say "Mine is as good as yours."
Instead of "This town is not as large as we thought," say "This town is
not so large as we thought."
Instead of "Because why?" say "Why?"
Instead of "That there boy," say "That boy."
Instead of "The subject-matter of debate," say "The subject of debate."
Instead of saying "When he was come back," say "When he had come back."
Instead of saying "His health has been shook," say "His health has been
shaken."
Instead of saying "It was spoke in my presence," say "It was spoken in
my presence."
Instead of "Very right," or "Very wrong," say "Right" or "Wrong."
Instead of "The mortgagor paid him the money," say "The mortgagee paid
him the money." The mortgagee lends; the mortgagor borrows.
Instead of "I took you to be another person," say "I mistook you for
another person."
Instead of "On either side of the river," say "On each side of the
river."
Instead of "There's fifty," say "There are fifty."
Instead of "The best of the two" say "The better of the two,"
Instead of "My clothes have become too small for me" say "I have grown
too stout for my clothes."
Instead of "Two spoonsful of physic," say "Two spoonfuls of physic."
Instead of "She said, says she," say "She said."
Avoid such phrases as "I said, says I," "Thinks I to myself," etc.
Instead of "I don't think so," say "I think not."
Instead of "He was in eminent danger," say "He was in imminent danger."
Instead of "The weather is hot," say "The weather is very warm."
Instead of "I sweat," say "I perspire."
Instead of "I only want two dollars," say "I want only two dollars."
Instead of "Whatsomever," say "Whatever," or "Whatsoever."
Avoid such exclamations as "God bless me!" "God deliver me!" "By God!"
"By Gosh!" "Holy Lord!" "Upon my soul!" etc., which are vulgar on the one
hand, and savor of impiety all the other, for--"Thou shalt not take the
name of the Lord thy God in vain."
ACCENT AND PRONUNCIATION.
Accent is a particular stress or force of the voice upon certain
syllables or words. This mark in printing denotes the syllable upon
which the stress or force of the voice should be placed.
A word may have more than one accent. Take as an instance aspiration. In
uttering the word we give a marked emphasis of the voice upon the first
and third syllables, and therefore those syllables are said to be
accented. The first of these accents is less distinguishable than the
second, upon which we dwell longer; therefore the second accent in point
of order is called the primary, or chief accent of the word.
When the full accent falls on a vowel, that vowel should have a long
sound, as in vo'cal; but when it falls on or after a consonant, the
preceding vowel has a short sound, as in hab'it.
To obtain a good knowledge of pronunciation it is advisable for the
reader to listen to the examples given by good speakers, and by educated
persons. We learn the pronunciation of words, to a great extent, by
imitation, just as birds acquire the notes of other birds which may be
near them.
But it will be very important to bear in mind that there are many words
having a double meaning or application, and that the difference of
meaning is indicated by the difference of the accent, Among these words,
nouns are distinguished from verbs by this means: nouns are mostly
accented on the first syllabic, and verbs on the last.
Noun signifies name; nouns are the names of persons and things, as well
as of things not material and palpable, but of which we have a
conception and knowledge, such as courage, firmness, goodness, strength;
and verbs express actions, movements, etc. If the word used signifies
has been done, or is being done, or is, or is to be done, then that word
is a verb.
Thus when we say that anything is "an in'sult," that word is a noun, and
is accented all the first syllable; but when we say he did it "to
insult' another person," that word insult' implies acting, and becomes a
verb, and should be accented on the last syllable.
Simple Rules of Pronunciation.
C before a, o and u, and in some other situations, is a close
articulation, like k. Before e, i and y, c is precisely equivalent to s
in same, this; as in cedar, civil, cypress, capacity.
E final indicates that the preceding vowel is long; as in hate, mete,
sire, robe, lyre, abate, recede, invite, remote, intrude.
E final indicates that c preceding has the sound of s; as in lace,
lance, and that g preceding has the sound of j, as in charge, page,
challenge.
E final in proper English words never forms a syllable, and in the most
used words in the terminating unaccented syllables it is silent. Thus,
motive, genuine, examine, granite, are pronounced motiv, genuin, examin,
granit.
E final, in a few words of foreign origin, forms a syllable; as syncope,
simile.
E final is silent after l in the following terminations: ble, cle, dle,
fle, gle, kle, ple, tle, zle; as in able, manacle, cradle, ruffle,
mangle, wrinkle, supple, rattle, puzzle, which are pronounced a'bl,
mana'cl, cra'dl, ruf'fl, man'gl, wrin'kl, sup'pl, puz'zl.
E is usually silent in the termination en; as in taken, broken;
pronounced takn, brokn. OUS, in the termination of adjectives and their
derivatives, is pronounced us; as is gracious, pious, pompously.
CE, CI, TI, before a vowel, have the sound of sh; as in cetaceous,
gracious, motion, partial, ingratiate; pronounced cetashus, grashus,
moshun, parshal, ingrashiate.
SI, after an accented vowel, is pronounced like zh; as in Ephesian,
coufusion; pronounced Ephezhan, confushon.
GH, both in the middle and at the end of words is silent; as in caught,
bought, fright, nigh, sigh; pronounced caut, baut, frite, ni, si. In the
following exceptions, however, gh is pronounced as f: cough, chough,
clough, enough, laugh, rough, slough, tough, trough.
When WH begins a word, the aspirate h precedes w in pronunciation: as in
what, whiff, whale; pronounced hwat, hwiff, hwale, w having precisely
the sound of oo, French ou. In the following words w is silent:---who,
whom, whose, whoop, whole.
H after r has no sound or use; as in rheum, rhyme; pronounced reum,
ryme.
H should be sounded in the middle of words; as in forehead, abhor,
behold, exhaust, inhabit, unhorse.
H should always be sounded except in the following words:--heir, herb,
honest, honor, hour, humor, and humble, and all their derivatives,--such
as humorously, derived from humor.
K and G are silent before n; as know, gnaw; pronounced no, naw.
W before r is silent; as in wring, wreath; pronounced ring, reath.
B after m is silent; as in dumb, numb; pronounced dum, num.
L before k is silent; as in balk, walk, talk; pronounced bauk, wauk,
tauk.
PH has the sound of f; as in philosophy; pronounced filosofy.
NG has two sounds, one as in singer, the other as in fin-ger.
N after m, and closing a syllable, is silent; as in hymn, condemn.
P before s and t is mute; as in psalm, pseudo, ptarmigan; pronounced
salm, sudo, tarmigan.
R has two sounds, one strong and vibrating, as at the beginning of words
and syllables, such as robber, reckon, error; the other is at the
termination of the words, or when succeeded by a consonant, as farmer,
morn.
Common Errors in Pronunciation.
--ace, is not iss, as furnace, not furniss.
--age, not idge, as cabbage, courage, postage, village.
--ain, ane, not in, as certain, certane, not certin.
--ate, not it, as moderate, not moderit.
--ect, not ec, as aspect, not aspec; subject, not subjec.
--ed, not id, or ud, as wicked, not wickid or wickud.
--el, not l, model, not modl; novel, not novl.
--en, not n, as sudden, not suddn.--Burden, burthen, garden, lengthen,
seven, strengthen, often, and a few others, have the e silent.
--ence, not unce, as influence, not influ-unce.
--es, not is, as pleases, not pleasis.
--ile should be pronounced il, as fertil, not fertile, in all words
except chamomile (cam), exile, gentile, infantile, reconcile, and
senile, which should be pronounced ile.
--in, not n, as Latin, not Latn.
--nd, not n, as husband, not husban; thousand, not thousan.
--ness, not niss, as carefulness, not carefulniss.
--ng, not n, as singing, not singin; speaking, not speakin.
--ngth, not nth, as strength, not strenth.
--son, the o should be silent; as in treason, tre-zn, not tre-son.
--tal, not tle, as capital, not capitle; metal, not mettle; mortal, not
mortle; periodical, not periodicle.
--xt, not x, as next, not nex.
SHORT RULES FOR SPELLING.
Words ending in e drop that letter on taking a suffix beginning with a
vowel. Exceptions--words ending in ge, ce, or oe.
Final e of a primitive word is retained on taking a suffix beginning
with a consonant. Exceptions--words ending in dge, and truly, duly, etc.
Final y of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is generally
changed into i on the addition of a suffix. Exceptions--retained before
ing and ish, as pitying. Words ending in ie and dropping the e by Rule
1, change the i to y, as lying. Final y is sometimes changed to e, as
duteous.
Nouns ending in y, preceded by a vowel, form their plural by adding s; o
as money, moneys. Y preceded by a consonant is changed to ies in the
plural; as bounty, bounties.
Final y of a primitive vowel, preceded by a vowel, should not be changed
into i before a suffix; as, joyless.
In words containing ei or ie, ei is used after the sound s, as ceiling,
seize, except in siege and in a few words ending in cier. Inveigle,
neither, leisure and weird also have ei. In other cases ie is used, as
in believe, achieve.
Words ending in ceous or cious, when relating to matter, end in ceous;
all others in cious.
Words of one syllable, ending in a consonant; with a single vowel before
it, double the consonant in derivatives; as, ship, shipping, etc. But if
ending in a consonant with a double vowel before it, they do not double
the consonant in derivatives; as troop, trooper, etc.
Words of more than one syllable, ending in a consonant preceded by a
single vowel, and accented on the last syllable, double that consonant
in derivatives; as commit, committed; but except chagrin, chagrined;
kidnap, kidnaped.
All words of one syllable ending in l, with a single vowel before it,
have ll at the close; as mill, sell.
All words of one syllable ending in l, with a double vowel before it,
have only one l at the close: as mail, sail.
The words foretell, distill, instill and fulfill retain the double ll of
their primitives. Derivatives of dull, skill, will and full also retain
the double ll when the accent falls on these words; as dullness,
skillful, willful, fullness.
PUNCTUATION.
A period (.) after every declarative and every imperative sentence; as,
It is true. Do right.
A period is also used after every abbreviation; as, Dr., Mr., Capt.
An interrogation point (?) after every question.
The exclamation point (!) after exclamations; as, Alas! Oh, how lovely!
Quotation marks (" ") inclose quoted expressions; as Socrates said: "I
believe the soul is immortal."
A colon (:) is used between parts of a sentence that are subdivided by
semi-colons.
A colon is used before a quotation, enumeration, or observation, that is
introduced by as follows, the following, or any similar expression; as,
Send me the following: 10 doz. "Armstrong's Treasury," 25 Schulte's
Manual, etc.
A semicolon (;) between parts that are subdivided by commas.
The semicolon is used also between clauses or members that are
disconnected in sense; as, Man grows old; he passes away; all is
uncertain. When as, namely, that is, is used to introduce an example or
enumeration, a semicolon is put before it and a comma after it; as, The
night was cold; that is, for the time of year.
A comma is used to set off interposed words, phrases and subordinate
clauses not restrictive; as, Good deeds are never lost, though sometimes
forgotten.
A comma is used to set off transposed phrases and clauses, as, "When the
wicked entice thee, consent thou not."
A comma is used to set off interposed words, phrases and clauses; as,
Let us, if we can, make others happy.
A comma is used between similar or repeated words or phrases; as, The
sky, the water, the trees, were illumined with sunlight.
A comma is used to mark an ellipsis, or the omission of a verb or other
important word.
A comma is used to set off a short quotation informally introduced; as,
Who said, "The good die young"?
A comma is used whenever necessary to prevent ambiguity.
The marks of parenthesis ( ) are used to inclose an interpolation where
such interpolation is by the writer or speaker of the sentence in which
it occurs. Interpolations by an editor or by anyone other than the
author of the sentence should be inclosed in brackets--[ ].
Dashes (--) may be used to set off a parenthetical expression, also to
denote an interruption or a sudden change of thought or a significant
pause.
THE USE OF CAPITALS.
1. Every entire sentence should begin with a capital.
2. Proper names, and adjectives derived from these, should begin with a
capital.
3. All appellations of the Deity should begin with a capital.
4. Official and honorary titles begin with a capital.
5. Every line of poetry should begin with a capital.
6. Titles of books and the heads of their chapters and divisions are
printed in capitals.
7. The pronoun I, and the exclamation O, are always capitals.
8. The days of the week, and the months of the year, begin with
capitals.
9. Every quotation should begin with a capital letter.
10. Names of religious denominations begin with capitals.
11. In preparing accounts, each item should begin with a capital.
12. Any word of special importance may begin with a capital.
THE NAME OF GOD IN FIFTY LANGUAGES.
Hebrew, Eleah, Jehovah;
Chaldaic, Eiliah;
Assyrian, Eleah;
Syrian and Turkish, Alah;
Malay, Alla;
Arabic, Allah;
Languages of the Magi, Orsi;
Old Egyptian, Teut;
Modern Egyptian, Teun;
Armenian, Teuti;
Greek, Theos;
Cretan, Thios;
Aedian and Dorian, Ilos;
Latin, Deus;
Low Latin, Diex;
Celtic Gaelic, Diu;
French, Dieu;
Spanish, Dios;
Portuguese, Deos;
Old German, Diet;
Provencal, Diou;
Low Breton, Done;
Italian, Dio;
Irish, Dia;
Olotu, Deu;
German and Swiss, Gott;
Flemish, God;
Dutch, God;
English, God;
Teutonic, Goth;
Danish and Swedish, Gud;
Norwegian, Gud;
Slav, Buch;
Polish, Bog;
Polacca, Bung;
Lapp, Jubinal;
Finnish, Jumala;
Runic, As;
Zembilian, As;
Pannanlian, Istu;
Tartar, Magatai;
Coromandel, Brama;
Persian, Sire;
Chinese, Prussa;
Japanese, Goezer;
Madagascar, Zannar;
Peruvian, Puchecammae.
FACTS ABOUT SPONGES.
By Albert Hart.
Sponges belong to the animal kingdom, and the principal varieties used
commercially are obtained off the coasts of Florida and the West Indies;
the higher grades are from the Mediterranean Sea, and are numerous in
variety.
A sponge in its natural state is a different-looking object from what we
see in commerce, resembling somewhat the appearance of the jelly fish,
or a mass of liver, the entire surface being covered with a thin, slimy
skin, usually of a dark color, and perforated to correspond with the
apertures of the canals commonly called "holes of the sponge." The
sponge of commerce is, in reality, only the skeleton of a sponge. The
composition of this skeleton varies in the different kinds of sponges,
but in the commercial grades it consists of interwoven horny fibers,
among and supporting which are epiculae of silicious matter in greater
or less numbers, and having a variety of forms. The fibers consist of a
network of fibriles, whose softness and elasticity determine the
commercial quality of a given sponge. The horny framework is perforated
externally by very minute pores, and by a less number of larger
openings. These are parts of an interesting double canal system, an
external and an internal, or a centripetal and a centrifugal. At the
smaller openings on the sponge's surface channels begin, which lead into
dilated spaces. In these, in turn, channels arise, which eventually
terminate in the large openings. Through these channels or canals
definite currents are constantly maintained, which are essential to the
life of the sponge. The currents enter through the small apertures and
emerge through the large ones.
The active part of the sponge, that is, the part concerned in nutrition
and growth, is a soft, fleshy mass, partly filling the meshes and lining
the canals. It consists largely of cells having different functions;
some utilized in the formation of the framework, some in digestion and
others in reproduction. Lining the dilated spaces into which different
canals lead are cells surmounted by whip-like processes. The motion of
these processes produces and maintains the water currents, which carry
the minute food products to the digestive cells in the same cavities.
Sponges multiply by the union of sexual product. Certain cells of the
fleshy pulp assume the character of ova, and others that of spermatozoa.
Fertilization takes place within the sponge. The fertilized eggs, which
are called larvae, pass out into the currents of the water, and, in the
course of twenty-four to forty-eight hours, they settle and become
attached to rocks and other hard substances, and in time develop into
mature sponges. The depth of the water in which sponges grow varies from
10 to 50 feet in Florida, but considerably more in the Mediterranean
Sea, the finer grades being found in the deepest water, having a
temperature of 50 to 57 degrees.
DON'T BE BURIED ALIVE.
From time to time we are horrified by learning that some person has been
buried alive, after assurances have been given of death. Under these
circumstances the opinion of a rising French physician upon the subject
becomes of world-wide interest, for since the tests which have been in
use for years have been found unreliable no means should be left untried
to prove beyond a doubt that life is actually extinct before conveying
our loved ones to the grave.
Dr. Martinot, as reported in the New York Journal, asserts that an
unfailing test may be made by producing a blister on the hand or foot of
the body by holding the flame of a candle to the same for a few seconds,
or until the blister is formed which will always occur. If the blister
contains any fluid it is evidence of life, and the blister only that
produced by an ordinary burn. If, on the contrary, the blister contains
only steam, it may be asserted that life is extinct. The explanation is
as follows:
A corpse, says Dr. Martinot, is nothing more than inert matter, under
the immediate control of physical laws which cause all liquid heated to
a certain temperature to become steam; the epidermis is raised, the
blister produced; it breaks with a little noise, and the steam escapes.
But if, in spite of all appearances, there is any remnant of life, the
organic mechanism continues to be governed by physiological laws, and
the blister will contain serous matter, as in the case of any ordinary
burns.
The test is as simple as the proof is conclusive. Dry blister: death.
Liquid blister: life. Any one may try it; there is no error possible.
HOW TO SERVE WINE.
A fine dinner may be spoiled by not serving the proper wine at the
proper time and at the proper temperature.
A white wine (Sauterne, Riesling, Moselle, etc.) should be used from the
beginning of the meal to the time the roast or game comes on. With the
roast serve red wine, either claret or Burgundy.
Use sparkling wines after the roast.
With dessert, serve apricot cordial.
Never serve red wine with soup or fish, and never a white wine with
game.
Storage, Temperature, Etc.
Store your wines in the cellar at 50 to 60 degrees.
All bottles should lie flat so that the cork is continually moist.
This rule should be specially observed with sparkling wines. Sparkling
wine should be served ice cold.
Put the wine on the ice--not ice in the wine.
Serve red wine at only about 5 degrees cooler than the dining-room.
White wine should be about 15 degrees cooler than the temperature of the
room.
THE STEPS IN THE GROWTH OF AMERICAN LIBERTY.
MAGNA CHARTA.
About seven hundred years ago there was organized a movement which
resulted in the great charter of English liberty--a movement which
foreshadowed the battle of our American forefathers for political
independence. On the 25th of August, 1213, the prelates and Barons,
tiring of the tyranny and vacillation of King John, formed a council and
passed measures to secure their rights. After two years of contest, with
many vicissitudes, the Barons entered London and the King fled into
Hampshire. By agreement both parties met at Runnymede on the 9th of
June, 1215, and after several days' debate, on June 15, Magna Charta
(the Great Charter), the glory of England, was signed and sealed by the
sovereign. The Magna Charta is a comprehensive bill of rights, and,
though crude in form, and with many clauses of merely local value, its
spirit still lives and will live. Clear and prominent we find the motto,
"No tax without representation." The original document is in Latin and
contains sixty-one articles, of which the 39th and 40th, embodying the
very marrow of our own State constitutions, are here given as translated
in the English statutes:
"39. No freeman shall be taken or imprisoned or be disseised of his
freehold, or liberties or free customs, or be otherwise destroped
[damaged], nor will be press upon him nor seize upon him [condemn him]
but by lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land.
"40. We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man,
either right or justice."
The Great Charter recognizes a popular tribunal as a check on the
official judges and may be looked upon as the foundation of the writ of
Habeas Corpus. It provides that no one is to be condemned on rumor or
suspicion, but only on the evidence of witnesses. It affords protection
against excessive emercements, illegal distresses and various processes
for debts and service due to the crown. Fines are in all cases to be
proportionate to the magnitude of the offense, and even the villein or
rustic is not to be deprived of his necessary chattels. There are
provisions regarding the forfeiture of land for felony. The testamentary
power of the subject is recognized over part of his personal estate, and
the rest to be divided between his widow and children. The independence
of the church is also provided for. These are the most important
features of the Great Charter, which, exacted by men with arms in their
hands from a resisting king, occupies so conspicuous a place in history,
which establishes the supremacy of the law of England over the will of
the monarch, and which still forms the basis of English liberties.
THE MECKLENBURG DECLARATION
More than a year before the signing of the Declaration of Independence a
document was drawn up that was almost a model in phraseology and
sentiment of the great charter of American freedom. There are various
accounts of this matter, but the most trustworthy is this:
At a public meeting of the residents of Mecklenburg County, North
Carolina, held at Charlotte on the 20th of May, 1775, it was
"Resolved, That whenever directly or indirectly abetted, or in any way,
form or manner countenanced, the unchartered and dangerous invasion of
our rights, as claimed by Great Britain, is an enemy to our country--to
America--and to the inherent and inalienable rights of man.
"Resolved, That we, the citizens of Mecklenburg County, do hereby
dissolve the political bonds which have connected us to the mother
country, and hereby absolve ourselves from all allegiance to the British
crown, and abjure all political connection, contract or association with
that nation, which has wantonly trampled on our rights and liberties,
and inhumanly shed the blood of American patriots at Lexington.
"Resolved, That we do hereby declare ourselves a free and independent
people; are and of right ought to be a sovereign and self-governing
association, under the control of no power other than that of our God
and the general government of the Congress. To the maintenance of which
independence we solemnly pledge to each other our mutual cooperation,
our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor."
There are two other resolutions, concerning the militia and the
administration of the law, but these, having no present value, are here
omitted.
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
In Congress, July 4, 1776.
When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people
to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another,
and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal
station to which the laws of Nature and Nature's God entitle them, a
decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should
declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal;
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights;
that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That
to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving
their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any
form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of
the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government,
laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in
such form as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and
happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long
established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and
accordingly all experience has shown that mankind are more disposed to
suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by
abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train
of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces
a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it
is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards
for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these
colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter
their former systems of government. The history of the present King of
Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all
having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over
these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for
the public good.
He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should
be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend
to them.
He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of
representation in the legislature--a right inestimable to them,
formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual,
uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records,
for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his
measures.
He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing with
manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others
to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of
annihilation, have returned to the people at large, for their exercise,
the state remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of
invasion from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that
purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners, refusing
to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising
conditions of new appropriation of lands. He has obstructed the
administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws establishing
judiciary powers.
He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their
offices and the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of
officers, to harass our people, and to eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the
consent of our legislatures.
He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to,
the civil power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to
our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to
their acts of pretended legislation:
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us. For protecting
them, by mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should
commit on the inhabitants of these States.
For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world. For imposing
taxes on us without our consent.
For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury.
For transporting us beyond the seas to be tried for pretended offenses.
For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring
province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging
its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument
for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies.
For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and
altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments.
For suspending our own legislatures and declaring themselves invested
with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection,
and waging war against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and
destroyed the lives of our people.
He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries,
to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun
with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the
most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized
nation.
He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas,
to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their
friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.
He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages,
whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all
ages, sexes and conditions.
In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in
the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by
repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act
which may define a tyrant is unfit to be ruler of a free people.
Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have
warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to
extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of
the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have
appealed to their native justice and magnanimity; and we have conjured
them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations,
which would inevitably interrupt our connection and correspondence.
They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity.
We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our
separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in
war, in peace friends.
We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in
general Congress assembled, appealing to the supreme Judge of the world
for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the
authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and
declare that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free
and independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to
the British crown, and that all political connection between them and
the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and
that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war,
conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce and to do all
other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And for
the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection
of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our
fortunes and our sacred honor.
The foregoing declaration was, by order of the Congress, engrossed, and
signed by the following members:
JOHN HANCOCK
New Hampshire--Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton.
Massachusetts Bay--Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine,
Elbridge Gerry.
Rhode Island--Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery.
Connecticut--Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver
Wolcott
New York--William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris.
New Jersey--Richard Stockton. John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John
Hart, Abraham Clark.
Pennsylvania--Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John
Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George
Ross.
Delaware--Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKean.
Maryland--Samuel Chase, William Paco, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of
Carrollton.
Virginia--George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin
Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton.
North Carolina--William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn.
South Carolina--Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr.,
Arthur Middleton.
Georgia--Button Gwinett, Lyman Hall, George Walton.
The following clause formed part of the original Declaration of
Independence as signed, but was finally left out of the printed copies
"out of respect to South Carolina":
"He [King George III.] has waged cruel war against human nature itself,
violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a
distant people who never offended him, captivating and carrying them
into slavery in another hemisphere or to incur miserable death in their
transportation thither."
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect
union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the
common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of
liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this
Constitution for the United States of America.
Article I.
SECTION I.
1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress
of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of
Representatives.
SECTION II.
1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen
every second year by the people of the several States; and the electors
in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of
the most numerous branch of the State legislature.
2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to
the age of twenty-five years, and have been seven years a citizen of the
United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that
State in which he shall be chosen.
3. Representative and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the
several States which may be included within this Union, according to
their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the
whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a
term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all
other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years
after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within
every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law
direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every
thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative;
and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire
shall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode Island
and Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut, five; New York, six; New
Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six;
Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; South Carolina, five, and Georgia,
three.
4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the
executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such
vacancies.
5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other
officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.
SECTION III.
1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators
from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; and
each senator shall have one vote.
2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes.
The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the
expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of
the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth
year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if
vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the
legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary
appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then
fill such vacancies.
3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age
of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he
shall be chosen.
4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be president of the
Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided.
5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president
pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall
exercise the office of President of the United States.
6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When
sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the
President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall
preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of
two-thirds of the members present.
7. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to
removal from office, disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of
honor, trust or profit under the United States; but the party convicted
shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment
and punishment, according to law.
SECTION IV.
1. The times, places and manner of holding elections for senators and
representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the legislature
thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such
regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators.
2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and such
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by
law appoint a different day.
SECTION V.
1. Each house shall be the judge of the election, returns and
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall
constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn
from day to day and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent
members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house may
provide.
2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its
members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of
two-thirds, expel a member.
3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to
time publish the same, excepting such parts as in their judgment require
secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any
question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered
on the journal.
4. Neither house, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other
place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.
SECTION VI.
1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for
their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury
of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony,
and breach of peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance
at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning
from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall
not be questioned in any other place.
2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the
United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof
shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any
office under the United States shall be a member of either house during
his continuance in office.
SECTION VII.
1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of
Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as
on other bills.
2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and
the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the
President of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if
not he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it
shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their
journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration,
two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent,
together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall
likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house,
it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses
shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons
voting for or against the bill be entered on the journal of each house
respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within
ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him,
the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless
the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it
shall not be a law.
3. Every order, resolution or vote to which the concurrence of the
Senate and the House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a
question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the
United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved
by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of
the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and
limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.
SECTION VIII.
The Congress shall have power--
1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises to pay the
debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the
United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform
throughout the United States;
2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several
States, and with the Indian tribes;
4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on
the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;
5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and
fix the standard of weights and measures;
6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and
current coin of the United States;
7. To establish post-offices and post-roads;
8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for
limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their
respective writings and discoveries;
9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;
10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high
seas, and offenses against the law of nations;
11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules
concerning captures on land and water;
12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that
use shall be for a longer term than two years;
13. To provide and maintain a navy;
14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and
naval forces;
15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the
Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions;
16. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and
for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the
United States, reserving to the States, respectively, the appointment of
the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the
discipline prescribed by Congress;
17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over
such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of
particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of
the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over
all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State in
which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals,
dock-yards, and other needful buildings;
And to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by the
Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any
department or officer thereof.
SECTION IX
1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now
existing shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited by the
Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a
tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten
dollars for each person.
2. The privilege of the writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended,
unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may
require it.
3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.
4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion
to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken.
5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State.
6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue
to the ports of one State over those or another; nor shall vessels bound
to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in
another.
7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of
appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the
receipts and expenditures of all public moneys shall be published from
time to time.
8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no
person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without
the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office or
title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince or foreign state.
SECTION X.
1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation;
grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit;
make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts;
pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the
obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.
2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any impost
or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary
for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of an duties and
imposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use of
the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to
the revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without the
consent of the Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships
of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with
another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless
actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.
Article II.
SECTION I.
1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United
States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four
years; and, together with the Vice-President chosen for the same term,
be elected as follows:
2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof
may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of senators
and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress;
but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust
or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.
3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by
ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant
of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the
persons voted for and of the number of votes for each; which list they
shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of
the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The
President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House
of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then
be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the
President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors
appointed; and if there be more than one who have such a majority, and
have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall
immediately choose, by ballot, one of them for President, and if no
person have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the
said House shall, in like manner, choose the President. But in choosing
the President the votes shall be taken by States, the representation
from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist
of a member or members from two-thirds of all the States, and a majority
of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after
the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of
votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should
remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from
them, by ballot, the Vice-President.
4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the
day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same
throughout the United States.
5. No person, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United
States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be
eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be
eligible to that office who shall not have attained the age of
thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United
States.
6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of said
office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress
may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or
inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what
officer shall then act as President; and such officer shall act
accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be
elected.
7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a
compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the
period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive
within that period any other emoluments from the United States, or any
of them.
8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the
following oath or affirmation:
"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the
office of President of the United States; and will, to the best of my
ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United
States."
SECTION II.
1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the
United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called
into the actual service of the United States. He may require the
opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive
departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective
offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for
offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.
2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present
concur; and he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate, shall appoint embassadors, other public ministers and
consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the
United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for,
and which shall be established by law. But the Congress may, by law,
vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in
the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of
departments.
3. The President shall have power to fill all vacancies that may happen
during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall
expire at the end of their next session.
SECTION III.
1. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the
state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures
as he shall judge necessary and expedient. He may, on extraordinary
occasions, convene both houses, or either of them; and in case of
disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he
may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper. He shall receive
embassadors and other public ministers. He shall take care that the laws
be faithfully executed; and shall commission all officers of the United
States.
SECTION IV.
1. The President, Vice-President and all civil officers of the United
States shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction
of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
Article III.
SECTION I
1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one
Supreme Court and in such inferior courts as Congress may from time to
time ordain and establish. The judges both of the Supreme and inferior
courts shall hold their offices during good behavior; and shall, at
stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not
be diminished during their continuance of office.
SECTION II.
1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity
arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and
treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all
cases affecting embassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all
cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which
the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more
States, between a State and citizens of another State, between citizens
of different States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands
under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens
thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.
2. In all cases affecting embassadors, other public ministers and
consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court
shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases mentioned, the
Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and
fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress
shall make.
3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by
jury, and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crime
shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the
trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have
directed.
SECTION III.
l. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war
against them or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and
comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony
of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.
2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason;
but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or
forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.
Article IV.
SECTION I.
1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public
acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other State; and the
Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts,
records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.
SECTION II. 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all
privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.
2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime,
who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on
demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be
delivered up to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the
crime.
3. No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any laws or
regulations therein, be discharged from such service or labor; but shall
be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may
be due.
SECTION III.
1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no
new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any
other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more
States or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of
the States concerned, as well as of Congress.
2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful
rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property
belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall
be so construed as to prejudice any claim of the United States, or of
any particular State.
SECTION IV.
1. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a
republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against
invasion; and, on application of the legislature, or of the executive
(when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence.
Article V.
1. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it
necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution; or, on the
application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States,
shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case,
shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution,
when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several
States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the
other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided,
that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight
hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth
clauses in the ninth section of the fifth article; and that no State,
without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the
Senate.
Article VI.
1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption
of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under
this Constitution as under the Confederation.
2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be
made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be
made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law
of the land; and the judges of every State shall be bound thereby,
anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary
notwithstanding.
3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of
the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers,
both of the United States and the several States, shall be bound by oath
or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall
ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under
the United States.
Article VII.
1. The ratification of the convention of nine States shall be sufficient
for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so
ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the
States present, the seventeenth day of December, in the year of our Lord
one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of
the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have
hereunto subscribed our names.
GEORGE WASHINGTON,
President, and Deputy from Virginia.
AMENDMENTS.
Article I.
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of
speech or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to
assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievance.
Article II.
A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free
state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be
infringed.
Article III.
No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without
the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be
prescribed by law.
Article IV.
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers
and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported
by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be
searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Article V.
No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in
actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be
subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or
limb, nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness
against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without
due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use,
without just compensation.
Article VI.
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have
been previously ascertained by law; and to be informed of the nature and
cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against
him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor,
and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
Article VII.
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no
fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined, in any court of the
United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
Article VIII.
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor
cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.
Article IX.
The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be
construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
Article X.
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively,
or to the people. [The preceding ten amendatory articles were proposed
to the legislatures of the States by the first Congress, September 25,
1789, and notification of ratification received from all the States
except Connecticut, Georgia and Massachusetts.]
Article XI.
The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend
to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the
United States by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.
[Proposed by the Third Congress, and Congress notified of its adoption
January 8, 1798.]
Article XII.
1. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by
ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall
not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. They shall name
in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct
ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make
distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons
voted for as Vice-President; and of the number of votes for each; which
lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of
government of the United States, directed to the President of the
Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate
and House of Representatives, open the certificates, and the votes shall
then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for
President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the
whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority,
then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three,
on the list of those voted for as President, the House of
Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But,
in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the
representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the
States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice.
And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President
whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth
day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as
President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional
disability of the President.
2. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President
shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole
number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then
from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the
Vice-President. A quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of
the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall
be necessary to a choice.
3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President
shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United Stales.
[Proposed by the Eighth Congress, and declared adopted September 23,
1804, by proclamation of the Secretary of State.]
Article XIII.
1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for
crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist
within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
[Proposed by the Thirty-eighth Congress, and declared adopted December
18, 1865, by proclamation of the Secretary of State.]
Article XIV.
SECTION I.
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the
jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State
wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall
abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States,
nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property,
without due process or law, nor deny to any person within its
jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
SECTION II. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several
States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number
of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the
right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President
and Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress,
the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the
legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such
State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United
States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or
other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the
proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the
whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
SECTION III. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress,
or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or
military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having
previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of
the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an
executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution
of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion
against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; but
Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such
disability.
SECTION IV. The validity of the public debt of the United States,
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and
bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall
not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall
assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or
rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or
emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims
shall be held illegal and void.
SECTION V. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate
legislation, the provisions of this article.
[Proposed by the Thirty-ninth Congress and declared adopted by concurrent
resolution of Congress, July 21, 1868.]
Article XV.
SECTION I.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied
or abridged by the United States, or any State, on account of race,
color or previous condition of servitude.
SECTION II.
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
[Proposed by the Fortieth Congress, and declared adopted by proclamation
of the Secretary of State, March 30, 1870.]
WORKINGMEN EASILY GULLED.
Who fought for King George in 1776? Working people.
What interest did they have in being ruled by him? None.
Why, then, did they risk their lives for him? Because he hired them.
Where did the king get the money to pay them? By taxing them.
Then they really paid themselves for fighting? Certainly.
In every war ever fought the working people paid the expenses.
"WHAT constitutes a state?
Men who their duties know,
But know their rights, and, knowing,
Dare maintain."
--Jones.
JEFFERSON'S POLITICAL POLICY.
1. Legal equality of all human beings.
2. The people the only source of power.
3. No hereditary offices, nor order of "nobility," nor title.
4. No unnecessary taxation.
5. No national banks or bonds.
6. No costly splendor of administration.
7. Freedom of thought and discussion.
8. Civil authority superior to the military.
9. No favored classes; no special privileges; no monopolies.
10. Free and fair elections; universal suffrage.
11. No public money spent without warrant of law.
12. No mysteries in government hidden from the public eye.
13. Representatives bound by the instructions of their constituents.
14. The Constitution of the United States a special grant of powers
limited and definite.
15. Freedom, sovereignty and independence of the respective States.
16. Absolute severance of Church and State.
17. The Union a compact--not a consolidation nor a centralization.
18. Moderate salaries, economy and strict accountability.
19. Gold and silver currency--supplemented by treasury notes bearing no
interest and bottomed on taxes.
20. No State banks of issue.
21. No expensive navy or diplomatic establishment.
22. A progressive or graduated tax laid upon wealth.
23. No internal revenue system. A complete separation of public moneys
from bank funds.
PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Declaration of Independence July 4th, 1776
General Washington, first President. 1789 and 1793
John Adams 1797
Thomas Jefferson 1801 and 1805
James Madison 1809 and 1813
James Monroe 1817 and 1821
John Quincy Adams 1825
General Andrew Jackson 1829 and 1833
Martin Van Buren 1837
General William Henry Harrison (died 4th April) 1841
John Tyler (elected as Vice-President). 1841
James Knox Polk 1845
General Zachary Taylor (died 9th July, 1850) 1849
Millard Fillmore (elected as Vice-President) 1850
General Franklin Pierce 1853
James Buchanan 1857
Abraham Lincoln (assassinated 14th April, 1865) 1861 and 1865
Andrew Johnson (elected as Vice-President) 1865
General Ulysses S. Grant 1869 and 1873
Rutherford B. Hayes 1877
General J. Abram Garfield (died 19th September, 1881) 1881
General Chester A. Arthur (elected as V. Pres.) 1881
Grover Cleveland 1885
Benjamin H. Harrison 1889
Grover Cleveland 1893
William McKinley (elected) 1897
(Re-elected) 1901
(Assassinated September 14, 1901)
Theodore Roosevelt (elected Vice-President) 1901
(Became President September 14) 1901
Theodore Roosevelt (elected) 1905
Wm. H. Taft 1909
FACTS ABOUT THE LIBERTY BELL.
Cast by Thomas Lester, Whitechapel, London.
Arrived in Philadelphia in August, 1752.
First used in statehouse, Philadelphia, Aug. 27, 1752.
Twice recast by Pass & Snow, Philadelphia, to repair crack, September,
1752.
Muffled and tolled Oct. 5, 1765, on arrival of ship Royal Charlotte with
stamps.
Muffled and tolled Oct. 31, 1765, when stamp act was put in operation.
Summoned meeting to prevent landing of cargo of tea from the ship Polly
Dec. 27, 1774.
Summoned meeting of patriots April 25, 1775, after battle of Lexington.
Proclaimed declaration of independence and the birth of a new nation at
great ratification meeting July 8, 1776.
First journey from Philadelphia made in September, 1777, to Allentown,
Pa., to escape capture by the British; returned June 27, 1778.
Proclaimed treaty of peace April 16, 1783.
Tolled for the death of Washington Dec. 26, 1799.
Rung on the fiftieth anniversary of the declaration of independence July
4, 1826.
Last used in tolling for the death of John Marshall July 8, 1835,
Principal tours: To New Orleans in 1885; Chicago, 1893; Atlanta, 1895;
Boston, 1902; St Louis, 1904.
HOW THE PRESIDENTS DIED.
George Washington's death was the result of a severe cold contracted
while riding around his farm in a rain and sleet storm on Dec. 10, 1799.
The cold increased and was followed by a chill, which brought on acute
laryngitis. He died at the age of 68, on Dec. 14, 1799.
John Adams died from old age, having reached his ninety-first milestone.
Though active mentally, he was nearly blind and unable to hold a pen
steadily enough to write. He passed away without pain on July 4, 1826.
Thomas Jefferson died at the age of eighty-three, a few hours before
Adams, on July 4, 1826. His disease was chronic diarrhoea, superinduced
by old age, and his physician said the too free use of the waters of the
white sulphur springs.
James Madison also died of old age, and peacefully, on June 28, 1836.
His faculties were undimmed to the last. He was eighty-five.
James Monroe's demise, which occurred in the seventy-third year of his
age, on July 4, 1831, was assigned to enfeebled health.
John Quincy Adams was stricken with paralysis on Feb. 21, 1848, while
addressing the Speaker of the House of Representatives, being at the
time a member of Congress. He died in the rotunda of the Capitol. He was
eighty-one years of age.
Andrew Jackson died on June 8, 1845, seventy-eight years old. He
suffered from consumption and finally dropsy, which made its appearance
about six months before his death.
Martin Van Buren died on July 24, 1862, from a violent attack of asthma,
followed by catarrhal affections of the throat and lungs. He was eighty
years of age.
William Henry Harrison's death was caused by pleurisy, the result of a
cold, which he caught on the day of his inauguration. This was
accompanied with severe diarrhoea, which would not yield to medical
treatment. He died on April 4, 1841, a month after his inauguration. He
was sixty-eight years of age.
John Tyler died on Jan. 17, 1862, at the age of seventy-two. Cause of
death, bilious colic.
James K. Polk was stricken with a slight attack of cholera in the spring
of 1849, while on a boat going up the Mississippi River. Though
temporarily relieved, he had a relapse on his return home and died on
June 15, 1849, aged fifty-four years.
Zachary Taylor was the second President to die in office. He is said to
have partaken immoderately of ice water and iced milk, and then later of
a large quantity of cherries. The result was an attack of cholera
morbus. He was sixty-six years old.
Millard Fillmore died from a stroke of paralysis on March 8, 1874, in
his seventy-fourth year.
Franklin Pierce's death was due to abdominal dropsy, and occurred on
Oct. 8, l869, in the sixty-fifth year of his age.
James Buchanan's death occurred on June 1, 1868, and was caused by
rheumatic gout. He was seventy-seven years of age.
Abraham Lincoln was shot by J. Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater,
Washington, D. C., on April 14, 1865, and died the following day, aged
fifty-six.
Andrew Johnson died from a stroke of paralysis July 31, 1875, aged
sixty-seven.
U. S. Grant died of cancer of the tongue, at Mt. McGregor, N. Y., July
3, 1885.
James A. Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau on July 2. 1881. Died
Sept. 19, 1881.
Chester A. Arthur, who succeeded Garfield, died suddenly of apoplexy in
New York City, Nov. 18, 1886.
Rutherford B. Hayes died Jan. 17, 1803, the result of a severe cold
contracted in Cleveland, Ohio.
Benjamin Harrison died March 13, 1901. Cause of death, pneumonia.
William McKinley was assassinated Sept. 14, 1901.
Grover Cleveland died on June 24, 1908, of debility, aged 71.
WHO IS THE AUTHOR?
The following literary curiosity found its way recently into the query
column of a Boston newspaper. Nobody seems to know who wrote it:
O I wish I was in eden
Where all the beastes is feedin,
the Pigs an cows an osses.
And the long tale Bull wot tosses
the Bulldog and the Rabbit,
acaus it is his habbit;
Where Lions, Tigurs, monkees,
And them long-ear'd things call'd Donkeys,
Meat all together daylee
With Crockedyles all Skaley,
Where sparros on the bushis
Sings to there mates, the thrushis,
an Hawks and Littel Rens
Wawks about like Cocks and Ens,
One looking at the tuther
for all the World like a Bruther.
Where no quarlin is or Phytin,
its tru wot ime aritin.
O for a wauk at even,
somewhere abowt 6 or 7,
When the Son be gwain to bed,
with his fase all fyree red.
O for the grapes and resins
Wot ripens at all seesins;
the appels and the Plumbs
As Big as my 2 thums;
the hayprecocks an peechis,
Wot all within our reech is,
An we mought pick an heat,
paying nothing for the treat.
O for the pooty flouers
A bloomin at all ours,
So that a large Bokay
Yew may gether any day
Of ev'ry flour that blose
from Colleflour to rose.
THE ART OF NOT FORGETTING.
A Brief but Comprehensive Treatise Based on Loisette's Famous System of
Memory Culture.
So much has been said about Loisette's memory system, the art has been
so widely advertised, and so carefully guarded from all the profane who
do not send five or many dollars to the Professor, that a few pages,
showing how man may be his own Loisette, may be both interesting and
valuable.
In the first place, the system is a good one, and well worth the labor
of mastering, and if the directions are implicitly followed there can be
no doubt that the memory will be greatly strengthened and improved, and
that the mnemonic feats otherwise impossible may be easily performed.
Loisette, however, is not an inventor, but an introducer. He stands in
the same relation to Dr. Pick that the retail dealer holds to the
manufacturer: the one produced the article, the other brings it to the
public. Even this statement is not quite fair to Loisette, for he has
brought much practical common sense to bear upon Pick's system, and, in
preparing the new art of mnemonics for the market, in many ways he has
made it his own.
If each man would reflect upon the method by which he himself remembers
things, he would find his hand upon the key of the whole mystery. For
instance, I was once trying to remember the word "Blythe." There
occurred to my mind the words "Bellman," "Belle," and the verse:
"---- the peasant upward climbing
Hears the bells of Buloss chiming."
"Barcarole," "Barrack," and so on, until finally the word "Blythe"
presented itself with a strange insistence, long after I had ceased
trying to recall it.
On another occasion, when trying to recall the name "Richardson," I got
the words "hay-rick," "Robertson," "Randallstown," and finally
"wealthy," from which, naturally, I got "rich" and "Richardson" almost
in a breath.
Still another example: Trying to recall the name of an old schoolmate,
"Grady," I got "Brady," "grave," "gaseous," "gastronome," "gracious,"
and I finally abandoned the attempt, simply saying to myself that it
began with a "G," and there was an "a" sound after it. The next morning
when thinking of something entirely different, this name "Grady" came up
in my mind with as much distinctness as though someone had whispered it
in my ear. This remembering was done without any conscious effort on my
part, and was evidently the result of the exertion made the day before
when the mnemonic processes were put to work. Every reader must have had
a similar experience which he can recall, and which will fall in line
with the examples given.
It follows, then, that when we endeavor, without the aid of any system,
to recall a forgotten fact or name, our memory presents to us words of
similar sound or meaning in its journey toward the goal to which we have
started it. This goes to show that our ideas are arranged in groups in
whatever secret cavity or recess of the brain they occupy, and that the
arrangement is not an alphabetical one exactly, and not entirely by
meaning, but after some fashion partaking of both.
If you are looking for the word "meadow" you may reach "middle" before
you come to it, or "Mexico," or many, words beginning with the "m"
sound, or containing the "dow", as window, or "dough," or you may get
"field" or "farm"--but you are on the right track, and if you do not
interfere with your intellectual process you will finally come to the
idea which you are seeking.
How often have you heard people say, "I forget his name, it is something
like Beadle or Beagle--at any rate it begins with a B." Each and all of
these were unconscious Loisettians, and they were practicing blindly,
and without proper method or direction, the excellent system which he
teaches. The thing, then, to do--and it is the final and simple truth
which Loisette teaches--is to travel over this ground in the other
direction--to cement the fact which you wish to remember to some other
fact or word which you know will be brought out by the implied
conditions--and thus you will always be able to travel from your given
starting-point to the thing which you wish to call to mind.
It seems as though a channel were cut in our mind-stuff along which the
memory flows. How to construct an easy channel for any event or series
of events or facts which one wishes to remember, along which the mind
will ever afterward travel, is the secret of mnemonics.
Loisette, in common with all the mnemonic teachers, uses the old device
of representing numbers by letters--and as this is the first and easiest
step in the art, this seems to be the most logical place to introduce
the accepted equivalents of the Arabic numerals:
0 is always represented by s, z or c soft.
1 is always represented by t, th or d.
2 is always represented by n.
3 is always represented by m.
4 is always represented by r.
5 is always represented by l.
6 is always represented by sh, j, ch soft or g soft.
7 is always represented by g hard, k, c hard, q or final ng.
8 is always represented by f or v.
9 is always represented by p or b.
All the other letters are used simply to fill up. Double letters in a
word count only as one. In fact, the system goes by sound, not by
spelling, For instance, "this" or "dizzy" would stand for ten; "catch"
or "gush" would stand for 76, and the only difficulty is to make some
word or phrase which will contain only the significant letters in the
proper order, filled out with non-significants into some guise of
meaning or intelligibility.
You can remember the equivalents given above by noting that z is the
first letter of "zero," and c of "cipher," t has but one stroke, n has
two, m three; the script f is very like 8; the script p like 9; r is the
last letter of "four;" l is the Roman numeral for 50, which suggests 5.
The others may be retained by memorizing these nonsense lines:
Six shy Jewesses chase George.
Seven great kings came quarreling.
Suppose you wished to get some phrase or word that would express the
number 3,685, you arrange the letters this way:
| 3 | 6 | 8 | 5 | ||||
| a | m | a | sh | a | f | a | 1 |
| e | e | j | e | v | e | ||
| i | i | ch | i | i | |||
| o | o | g | o | o | |||
| u | u | u | u | ||||
| h | h | h | h | ||||
| w | w | w | w | ||||
| x | x | x | x | ||||
| y | y | y | y |
You can make out "image of law," "my shuffle," "matchville," etc., etc.,
as far as you like to work it out.
Now, suppose you wished to memorize the fact that $1,000,000 in gold
weighs 3,685 pounds, you go about it in this way, and here is the kernel
and crux of Loisette's system: "How much does $1,000,000 in gold weigh?"
"Weigh-scales."
"Scales--statue of justice."
"Statue of Justice--image of law."
The process is simplicity itself. The thing you wish to recall, and that
you fear to forget, is the weight; consequently you cement your chain of
suggestion to the idea which is most prominent in your mental question.
What do you weigh with? Scales. What does the mental picture of scales
suggest? The statue of Justice, blindfolded and weighing out award and
punishment to man. Finally, what is this statue of Justice but the image
of law? And the words "image of law," translated back from the
significant letters m, g soft, f and 1, give you 3--6--8--5, the number
of pounds in $1,000,000 in gold. You bind together in your mind each
separate step in the journey, the one suggests the other, and you will
find a year from now that the fact will be as fresh in your memory as it
is today. You cannot lose it. It is chained to you by an unbreakable
mnemonic tie. Mark that it is not claimed that "weight" will of itself
suggest "scales," and "scales" "statue of Justice," etc., but that,
having once passed your attention up and down that ladder of ideas, your
mental tendency will be to take the same route, and get to the same goal
again and again. Indeed, beginning with the weight of $1,000,000, "image
of law" will turn up in your mind without your consciousness of any
intermediate station on the way, after some iteration and reiteration of
the original chain.
Again, so as to fasten the process in the reader's mind even more
firmly, suppose that it were desired to fix the date of the battle of
Hastings (A. D. 1066) in the memory; 1066 may be represented by the
words "the wise judge" (th--1, s--0, j--6, dg--6; the others are
non-significants); a chain might be made thus:
Battle of Hastings--arbitrament of war.
Arbitrament of war--arbitration.
Arbitration--judgment.
Judgment--the wise judge.
Make mental pictures, connect ideas, repeat words and sounds, go about
it any way you please, so that you will form a mental habit of
connecting the "battle of Hastings" with the idea of "arbitrament of
war," and so on for the other links in the chain, and the work is done.
Loisette makes the beginning of his system unnecessarily difficult, to
say nothing of his illogical arrangement in the grammar of the art of
memory, which he makes the first of his lessons. He analyzes suggestion
into--
1. Inclusion.
2. Exclusion.
3. Concurrence.
All of which looks very scientific and orderly, but is really misleading
and badly named. The truth is that one idea will suggest another:
1. By likeness or opposition of meaning, as "house" suggests "room" or
"door," etc.; or, "white" suggests "black"; "cruel," "kind," etc.
2. By likeness of sound, as "harrow" and "barrow"; "Henry" and
"Hennepin."
3. By mental juxtaposition, a peculiarity different in each person, and
depending upon each one's own experiences. Thus, "St. Charles" suggests
"railway bridge" to me, because I was vividly impressed by the breaking
of the Wabash bridge at that point. "Stable" and "broken leg" come near
each other in my experience, as do "cow" and "shot-gun" and "licking."
Out of these three sorts of suggestion it is possible to get from anyone
fact to another in a chain certain and safe, along which the mind may be
depended upon afterwards always to follow.
The chain is, of course, by no means all. Its making and its binding
must be accompanied by a vivid, methodically directed attention, which
turns all the mental light gettable in a focus upon the subject passing
across the mind's screen. Before Loisette was thought of this was known.
In the old times in England, in order to impress upon the mind of the
rising generation the parish boundaries in the rural districts, the boys
were taken to each of the landmarks in succession, the position and
bearing of each pointed out carefully, and, in order to deepen the
impression, the young people were then and there vigorously thrashed--a
mechanical method of attracting the attention which was said never to
have failed. This system has had its supporters in many of the
old-fashioned schools, and there are men who will read these lines who
can recall, with an itching sense of vivid impression, the 144 lickings
which were said to go with the multiplication table.
In default of a thrashing, however, the student must cultivate as best
he can an intense fixity of perception upon every fact or word or date
that he wishes to make permanently his own. It is easy. It is a matter
of habit. If you will, you can photograph an idea upon your cerebral
gelatine so that neither years nor events will blot it out or overlay
it. You must be clearly and distinctly aware of the thing you are
putting into your mental treasure-house, and drastically certain of the
cord by which you have tied it to some other thing of which you are
sure. Unless it is worth your while to do this, you might as well
abandon any hope of mnemonic improvement, which will not come without
the hardest kind of hard work, although it is work that will grow
constantly easier with practice and reiteration. You need, then:
1. Methodic suggestion.
2. Methodic attention.
3. Methodic reiteration.
And this is all there is to Loisette, and a great deal it is. Two of
them will not do without the third. You do not know how many steps there
are from your hall door to your bedroom, though you have attended to and
often reiterated the journey. But if there are twenty of them, and you
have once bound the word "nice," or "nose," or "news" or "hyenas," to
the fact of the stairway, you can never forget it.
The Professor makes a point, and very wisely, of the importance of
working through some established chain, so that the whole may be carried
away in the mind--not alone for the value of the facts so bound
together, but for the mental discipline so afforded.
Here, then, is the "President Series," which contains the name and date
of inauguration of each President from Washington to Cleveland. The
manner in which it is to be mastered is this: Beginning at the top, try
to find in your mind some connection between each word and the one
following it. See how you can at some future time make one suggest the
next, either by suggestion of sound or sense, or by mental
juxtaposition. When you have found this dwell on it attentively for a
moment or two. Pass it backward and forward before you, and then go on
to the next step.
The chain runs thus, the names of the President being in capitals, the
date words or date phrases being inclosed in parentheses:
President Chosen for the first word as the one most apt to occur to the
mind of anyone wishing to repeat the names of the Presidents.
Dentist President and dentist.
Draw What does a dentist do?
(To give up) When something is drawn from one it is given up.
This is a date phrase meaning 1789.
WASHINGTON. Associate the quality of self-sacrifice with
Washington's character.
Morning wash Washington and wash.
Dew Early wetness and dew.
Flower beds Dew and flowers.
(Took a bouquet) Flowers and bouquet. Date phrase (1797),
Garden Bouquet and garden.
Eden The first garden.
Adam Juxtaposition of thought.
ADAMS Suggestion by sound.
Fall Juxtaposition of thought.
Failure Fall and failure.
(Deficit) Upon failure there is usually a deficit
Date word (1801).
Debt The consequence of a deficit.
Confederate bonds Suggestion by meaning.
Jefferson Davis Juxtaposition of thought.
JEFFERSON.
Now follow out the rest for yourself, taking about ten at a time, and
binding those you do last to those you have done before, each time,
before attacking the next bunch.
JEFFERSON
Judge Jeffreys
(bloody assize)
bereavement
(too heavy a sob)
parental grief
mad son
MADISON
Maderia
frustrating
first-rate wine
(defeating)
feet
toe the line
row
MONROE
row
boat
steamer
side-splitting
(divert)
annoy
harassing
HARRISON
Old Harry
the tempter
(the fraud)
painted clay
baked clay
tiles
TYLER
Wat Tyler
poll tax
compulsory
(free will)
free offering
burnt offering
poker
POLK
end of dance
termination "ly"
(adverb)
part of speech
part of a man
TAYLOR
measurer
theodoilte
(Theophilus)
fill us
FILLMORE
more fuel
the flame
flambeau
bow
arrow
PIERCE
hurt (feeling)
wound
soldier
cannon
BUCHANAN
rebuke
official censure
(to officiate)
wedding
linked
LINCOLN
civil service
ward politician
(stop 'em)
stop procession
(tough boy)
Little Ben
Harry
HARRISON
Tippecanoe
tariff too
knapsack
war-field
(the funnel)
windpipe
throat
quinzy
QUINCY ADAMS
quince
fine fruit
(the fine boy)
sailor boy
sailor
jack tar
JACKSON
stone wall
indomitable
(tough make)
oaken furniture
bureau
VAN BUREN
rent
link
stroll
seashore
take
give
GRANT
award
school premium
examination
cramming
(fagging)
laborer
hay field
HAYES
hazy
clear
(vivid)
brightly lighted
camp-fire
war-field
GARFIELD
Guiteau
murderer
prisoner
prison fare
(half fed)
well fed
well read
author
ARTHUR
round table
tea cup
(half full)
divide
cleave
CLEVELAND
City of Cleveland
two
twice
(the heavy shell)
mollusk
unfamiliar word
dictionary
Johnson's
JOHNSON
son
bad son
(thievish bay)
dishonest boy
(back)
Mac
McKINLEY
kill
Czolgosz
(zees)
seize
ruffian
rough rider
rouse
ROOSEVELT
size
heavy
fat
TAFT
It will be noted that some of the date words, as "free will," only give
three figures of the date, 845; but it is to be supposed that if the
student knows that many figures in the date of Polk's inauguration he
can guess the other one.
The curious thing about this system will now become apparent. If the
reader has learned the series so that he can say it down from President
to Taft, he can with no effort, and without any further preparation, say
it backwards from Taft up to the commencement! There could be no better
proof that this is the natural mnemonic system. It proves itself by its
works.
The series should be repeated backward and forward every day for a
month, and should be supplemented by a series of the reader's own
making, and by this one, which gives the numbers from 0 to 100, and
which must be chained together before they can be learned:
0--hoes
1--wheat
2--hen
3--home
4--hair
5--oil
6--shoe
7--hook
8--off
9--bee
10--daisy
11--tooth
12--dine
13--time
14--tower
15--dell
16--ditch
17--duck
18--dove
21--hand
19--tabby
20--hyenas
22--nun
23--name
24--owner
25--nail
26--hinge
27--ink
28--knife
29--knob
30--muse
31--Mayday
32--hymen
33--mama
34--mare
35--mill
36--image
37--mug
38--muff
39--mob
40--race
41--hart
42--horn
43--army
44--warrior
45--royal
46--arch
47--rock
48--wharf
49--rope
50--wheels
51--lad
52--lion
53--lamb
54--lair
55--lily
56--lodge
57--lake
58--leaf
59--elbow
60--chess
61--cheat
62--chain
63--sham
64--chair
65--jail
66--judge
67--jockey
68--shave
69--ship
70--eggs
71--gate
72--gun
73--comb
74--hawker
75--coal
76--cage
77--cake
78--coffee
79--cube
80--vase
81--feet
82--vein
83--fame
84--fire
85--vial
86--fish
87--fig
88--fife
89--fib
90--piles
91--putty
92--pane
93--bomb
94--bier
95--bell
96--peach
98--beef
97--book
99--pope
100--diocese
[Transcriber's note: Items 21, 19, 20, 22 are shown as printed.]
By the use of this table, which should be committed as thoroughly as the
President series, so that it can be repeated backward and forward, any
date, figure or number can be at once constructed, and bound by the
usual chain to the fact which you wish it to accompany.
When the student wishes to go farther and attack larger problems than
the simple binding of two facts together, there is little in Loisette's
system that is new, although there is much that is good. If it is a book
that is to be learned as one would prepare for an examination, each
chapter is to be considered separately. Of each an epitome is to be
written in which the writer must exercise all of his ingenuity to reduce
the matter in hand to its final skeleton of fact. This he is to commit
to memory both by the use of the chain and the old system of
interrogation. Suppose after much labor through a wide space of language
one boils a chapter or an event down to the final irreducible sediment:
"Magna Charta was exacted by the barons from King John at Runnymede."
You must now turn this statement this way and that way; asking yourself
about it every possible and impossible question, gravely considering the
answers, and, if you find any part of it especially difficult to
remember, chaining it to the question which will bring it out. Thus,
"What was exacted by the barons from King John at Runnymede?" "Magna
Charta." "By whom was Magna Charta exacted from King John at Runnymede?"
"By the barons." "From whom was," etc., etc.? "King John." "From what
king," etc., etc.? "King John." "Where was Magna Charta," etc., etc.?
"At Runnymede."
And so on and so on, as long as your ingenuity can suggest questions to
ask, or points of view from which to consider the statement. Your mind
will be finally saturated with the information, and prepared to spill it
out at the first squeeze of the examiner. This, however, is not new. It
was taught in the schools hundreds of years before Loisette was born.
Old newspaper men will recall in connection with it Horace Greeley's
statement that the test of a news item was the clear and satisfactory
manner in which a report answered the interrogatories, "What?" "When?"
"Where?" "Who?" "Why?"
In the same way Loisette advises the learning of poetry, e. g.:
"The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold."
"Who came down?"
"How did the Assyian come down?"
"Like what animal did?" etc.
And so on and so on, until the verses are exhausted of every scrap of
information to be had out of them by the most assiduous
cross-examination.
Whatever the reader may think of the availability or value of this part
of the system, there are so many easily applicable tests of the worth of
much that Loisette has done, that it may be taken with the rest.
Few people, to give an easy example, can remember the value of the ratio
between the circumference and the diameter of the circle beyond four
places of decimals, or at most six--3.141592. Here is the value to 108
decimal places:
3.14159265.3589793238.4626433832.7950288419.7169399375.1058209749.-
4459230781.6406286208.9986280348.2534211706.7982148086 plus.
By a very simple application of the numerical letter values these 108
decimal places can be carried in the mind and recalled about as fast as
you can write them down. All that is to be done is to memorize these
nonsense lines:
Mother Day will buy any shawl.
My love pick up my new muff.
A Russian jeer may move a woman.
Cables enough for Utopia.
Get a cheap ham pie by my cooley.
The slave knows a bigger ape.
I rarely hop on my sick foot.
Cheer a sage in a fashion safe.
A baby fish now views my wharf.
Annually Mary Ann did kiss a jay,
A cabby found a rough savage.
Now translate each significant into its proper value and you have the
task accomplished. "Mother Day," m--3, th--l, r--4, d--l, and so on.
Learn the lines one at a time by the method of interrogatories. "Who
will buy any shawl?" "Which Mrs. Day will buy a shawl?" "Is Mother Day
particular about the sort of shawl she will buy?" "Has she bought a
shawl?" etc., etc. Then cement the end of each line to the beginning of
the next one, thus, "Shawl"--"warm garment"--"warmth"--"love"--"my
love," and go on as before. Stupid as the work may seem to you, you can
memorize the figures in fifteen minutes this way so that you will not
forget them in fifteen years. Similarly you can take Haydn's Dictionary
of Dates and turn fact after fact into nonsense lines like these which
you cannot lose.
And this ought to be enough to show anybody the whole art. If you look
back across the sands of time and find out that it is that ridiculous
old "Thirty days hath September" which comes to you when you are trying
to think of the length of October--if you can quote your old prosody,
"O datur ambiguis," etc.,
with much more certainty than you can serve up your Horace; if, in fine,
jingles and alliterations, wise and otherwise, have stayed with you,
while solid and serviceable information has faded away, you may be
certain that here is the key to the enigma of memory.
You can apply it yourself in a hundred ways. If you wish to clinch in
your mind the fact that Mr. Love lives at 485 Dearborn Street, what is
more easy than to turn 485 into the word "rifle" and chain the ideas
together, say thus: "Love--happiness--good time--
picnic--forest--wood--rangers--range--rifle range--rifle fine
weapon--costly weapon--dearly bought--Dearborn."
Or if you wish to remember Mr. Bowman's name and you notice he has a
mole on his face which is apt to attract your attention when you next
see him, cement the ideas thus:
"Mole, mark, target, archer, Bowman."
MEMORY RHYMES.
The Months.
Thirty days hath September,
April, June and November;
All the rest have thirty-one,
But February, which has twenty-eight alone.
Except in leap-year; then's the time
When February's days are twenty-nine.
Birthdays.
Monday for health,
Tuesday for wealth,
Wednesday best of all,
Thursday for crosses,
Friday for losses,
Saturday no luck at all.
The lines refer to the days of the week as birthdays. They are, in idea,
the same as the more familiar lines:
Monday's child is fair of face,
Tuesday's child is full of grace;
Wednesday's child is merry and glad,
Thursday's child is sorry and sad;
Friday's child is loving and giving;
Saturday's child must work for its living;
While the child that is born on the Sabbath day
Is blithe and bonny and good and gay.
Short Grammar.
Three little words you often see
Are Articles, a, an, and the.
A Noun's the name of any thing,
As school, or garden, hoop, or swing.
Adjectives tell the kind of noun,
As great, small, pretty, white, or brown.
Instead of Nouns the Pronouns stand--
His head, her face, your arm, my hand.
Verbs tell something to be done--
To read, count, laugh, sing, jump or run.
How things are done the Adverbs tell--
As slowly, quickly, ill or well.
Conjunctions join the words together--
As men and women, wind or weather.
The Preposition stands before
The noun, as in or through the door.
The Interjection shows surprise--
As Oh! how pretty, Ah! how wise.
The whole are called nine parts of speech,
Which reading, writing, speaking teach.
To Tell the Age of Horses.
To tell the age of any horse,
Inspect the lower jaw, of course;
The six front teeth the tale will tell,
And every doubt and fear dispel.
Two middle "nippers" you behold
Before the colt is two weeks old,
Before eight weeks will two more come;
Eight months the "corners" cut the gum.
The outside grooves will disappear
From middle two in just one year.
In two years, from the second pair;
In three, the corners, too, are bare.
At two the middle "nippers" drop;
At three, the second pair can't stop.
When four years old the third pair goes;
At five a full new set he shows.
The deep black spots will pass from view
At six years from the middle two.
The second pair at seven years;
At eight the spot each "corner" clears.
From middle "nippers" upper jaw,
At nine the black spots will withdraw.
The second pair at ten are white;
Eleven finds the "corners" light.
As time goes on, the horsemen know,
The oval teeth three-sided grow;
They longer get, project before,
Till twenty, when we know no more.
Bees.
A swarm of bees in May
Is worth a load of hay;
A swarm of bees in June
Is worth a silver spoon;
A swarm of bees in July
Is not worth a fly.
The Cuckoo.
May--sings all the day;
June--changes his tune;
July--prepares to fly;
August--go he must.
Rules for Riding.
Keep up your head and your heart,
Your hands and your heels keep down,
Press your knees close to your horse's side,
And your elbows close to your own.
HAPPINESS DEFINED.
Wanting nothing and knowing it.
The mental sunshine of content.
A "will-o'-the-wisp" which eludes us even when we grasp it.
Excelsior! The ever-retreating summit on the hill of our ambition.
The prize at the top of a greasy pole which is continually slipping from
one's grasp.
The only thing a man continues to search for after he has found it.
The bull's-eye on the target at which all the human race are shooting.
The goal erected for the human race, which few reach, being too heavily
handicapped.
A wayside flower growing only by the path of duty.
A bright and beautiful butterfly, which many chase but few can take.
The interest we receive from capital invested in good works.
The birthright of contentment.
A treasure which we search for far and wide, though oft-times it is
lying at our feet.
The summer weather of the mind.
APPALLING DEPTHS OF SPACE.
Distances that Stun the Mind and Baffle Comprehension.
"The stars," though appearing small to us because of their immense
distance, are in reality great and shining suns. If we were to escape
from the earth into space, the moon, Jupiter, Saturn, and eventually the
sun would become invisible. Mizar, the middle star in the tail of the
Great Bear, is forty times as heavy as the sun. To the naked eye there
are five or six thousand of these heavenly bodies visible.
Cygni is the nearest star to us in this part of the sky. Alpha Centauri,
in the constellation of Centaur, in the Southern Hemisphere, is the
nearest of all the stars. The sun is off 93,000,000 miles; multiply this
by 200,000, and the result is, roughly speaking, 20,000,000,000,000; and
this is the distance we are from Alpha Centauri. At the speed of an
electric current, 180,000 miles per second, a message to be sent from a
point on the earth's surface would go seven times around the earth in
one second. Let it be supposed that messages were sent off to the
different heavenly bodies. To reach the moon at this rate it would take
about one second. In eight minutes a message would get to the sun, and
allowing for a couple of minutes' delay, one could send a message to the
sun and get an answer all within twenty minutes. But to reach Alpha
Centauri it would take three years; and as this is the nearest of the
stars, what time must it take to get to the others? If, when Wellington
won the battle of Waterloo, in 1815, the news had been telegraphed off
immediately, there are some stars so remote that it would not yet have
reached them. To go a step further, if in 1066 the result of the Norman
Conquest had been wired to some of these stars, the message would still
be on its way.
SENATOR VEST'S EULOGY ON THE DOG.
"Gentlemen of the Jury: The best friend a man has in this world may turn
against him and become his enemy. His son and daughter that he has
reared with loving care may become ungrateful. Those who are nearest and
dearest to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name,
may become traitors to their faith. The money that a man has he may
lose. It flies away from him when he may need it most. Man's reputation
may be sacrificed in a moment of ill-considered action. The people who
are prone to fall on their knees and do us honor when success is with us
may be the first to throw the stone of malice when failure settles its
cloud upon our head. The one absolutely unselfish friend a man may have
in this selfish world, the one that never deserts him, the one that
never proves ungrateful or treacherous, is the dog.
"Gentlemen of the jury, A man's dog stands by him in prosperity and
poverty, in health and in sickness. He will sleep on the cold ground,
when the wintry winds blow and the snow drives fiercely, if only he may
be near his master's side. He will kiss the hand that has no food to
offer, he will lick the wounds and sores that come in encounter with the
roughness of the world. He guards the sleep of his pauper master as if
he were a prince.
"When all other friends desert, he remains, when riches take wings and
reputation falls to pieces he is as constant in his love as the sun in
its journey through the heavens. If fortune drives the master forth an
outcast into the world, friendless and homeless, the faithful dog asks
no higher privilege than that of accompanying him, to guard him against
danger, to fight against his enemies, and when the last scene of all
comes and death takes his master in its embrace and his body is laid
away in the cold ground, no matter if all other friends pursue their
way, there by his graveside will the noble dog be found, his head
between his paws and his eyes sad, but open in alert watchfulness,
faithful and true even to death."
HEALTH AND BEAUTY
WOULD YOU BE BEAUTIFUL?
In womanly beauty the excellences expected and looked for are faultless
symmetry of form and feature and a complexion varying in hue as the mind
is affected by internal emotion, but with an expression of purity,
gentleness, sensibility, refinement and intelligence.
Moore, the poet, has given expression to his ideal of beauty in the
following lines:
"This was not the beauty--Oh, nothing like this,
That to young Nourmahal gave such magic bliss;
But that loveliness, ever in motion, which plays
Like the light upon autumn's shadowy days.
"Now here and now there, giving warmth as it flies
From the lips to the cheek, from the cheek to the eyes;
Now melting in mist, and now breaking in gleams
Like the glimpses a saint has of heavenly dreams."
Wordsworth expressed himself in the following lines:
"He was among the prime in worth,
An object beauteous to behold;
Well born, well bred; I sent him forth
Ingenuous, innocent, and bold."
Perhaps you ask how you can attain beauty if you do not possess it; or,
if you have some of its qualities, how you may get those you are
lacking. If you will practice the following rules you will grow more and
more beautiful in the eyes of others, even if age does bring gray hair
and a wrinkled skin:
First.--Cleanliness is next to godliness. Practice it in every feature
of your daily life.
Second.--Have some purpose to achieve and steadfastly work to attain it.
Third--Cultivate self-discipline; be master of your passions, under all
circumstances.
Fourth.--Study to know the laws of life that yield harmony and good
health and obey them. Look on the bright side of life always.
Fifth.--Avoid intemperance in all things.
Sixth.--Cultivate every mental and bodily quality that will make you
firm in goodness, strong and physically able to be useful to your kind,
generous and broad-minded, self-sacrificing, and you will daily and
hourly be lovely and grow into the beautiful.
CARE OF THE SCALP AND HAIR.
Beautiful hair, beautiful skin and a beautiful form are the three graces
which are the birthright of every woman, but which, through lack of good
judgment and common sense, or through thoughtlessness on the part of
mothers of growing children, comparatively few possess.
Beautiful hair is one of nature's greatest gifts, and yet we never seem
to appreciate it until there is danger of losing it, or until it becomes
faded and lusterless because we have not used the right means for
preserving it.
The beauty and continuance of the hair depend upon its proper
nourishment, gained by the circulation of blood through the scalp, and
this must be maintained to keep the hair in good condition.
The structure of the hair is very beautiful, and each hair is contained
in a delicate sheath which fits into a slight depression in the skin
called the follicle, and around the base of the hair nature has provided
glands to secrete oily matter, the purpose of which is to keep the hair
glossy.
In early maturity the hair reaches the state of greatest beauty, and at
this time the greatest care should be given it, feeding and nourishing
it as we would a plant--giving it plenty of air and sunlight, carefully
shampooing at least once in ten days. Massage the scalp to keep it loose
and flexible. Use electricity, a good tonic, and occasionally singe the
split ends.
If this process is commenced at the right time, the result will be fewer
cases of baldness in men and thin, poor hair in women.
The hair should also be worn loosely, forming a soft frame for the face,
which is always more becoming than tightly drawn hair. Many women drag
their hair out by the roots by tying back too firmly.
CARE OF THE SKIN.
A beautiful skin is smooth, soft and clear; the color varies in
different individuals. In perfect health it is moist and with the
delicate shading of a flower--climate, hair and eyes, of course,
determining the color, and the continued beauty of it depending upon
pure blood, fresh air and sunlight, also perfect cleanliness and care.
The pores should always be kept free from obstruction and extremes of
heat and cold avoided as much as possible. In health, the care of the
skin is a simple matter, massage being a great factor, assisted always
by the use of pure creams. A good cleansing cream is a great necessity,
as it enters the pores and frees them from dirt, leaving the skin soft
and pliable, in which condition it is ready to absorb the skin food when
the finger massage is given, making it possible for the gentle electric
current to force the ointment into the deeper layers of the skin, thus
effecting the removal of moth patches, tan, freckles and other
discolorations and imperfections. The vibratory massage should follow,
the purpose of which is to stimulate the tissues, throwing off worn-out
particles and increasing the circulation of the blood by giving proper
exercise to the facial muscles, thereby restoring and preserving the
color and contour, making the skin beautiful, clear, eradicating and
preventing wrinkles.
The use of a pure face powder is absolutely necessary. Best results are
obtained by using a blended powder, as the skin tint is thus assured.
TO DEVELOP THE BUST.
A beautiful bust is the desire and admiration of every woman. If nature
has not been kind in this respect, any woman can develop a beautiful
bust by exercise, bathing and gentle massage with a good bust ointment
or skin food.
Electric massage is very beneficial, and if properly given, brings quick
and sure results.
Swimming and deep breathing are great aids.
CARE OF THE HANDS.
A study of the hand is very interesting, and if mothers understood more
of its beautiful construction many of the little accidents which result
in deformed finger nails could be avoided. Mothers should attend most
carefully to the early cultivation of their children's finger nails, as
the habit of biting them is so easily formed and is sure to permanently
destroy their beauty.
A perfect hand is rounded and plump, soft, white and dimpled, with
tapering finger tips and filbert-shaped nails, snowing the little
half-moon.
It is possible for any woman to have such a hand if she is willing to
take time once a week to have the nails treated and to give them a
little personal attention each day. Great care should be taken in
washing the hands. A mild soap should be used, and particular attention
paid to the thorough drying of them, after which a good cuticle cream
should be applied and well rubbed in. The same cream may be used to
loosen the cuticle at the base of the nail, when it can be gently pushed
back, thus keeping the half-moon exposed. An orange-wood stick should
always be used to clean the nails.
Massaging the hands at least once a month aids wonderfully in making
them symmetrical and keeping the joints flexible and the skin free from
dark spots and wrinkles.
INFANT FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT.
It is of prime importance in feeding an infant to do this at regular
intervals, since during the first three months of its life the feeding
habits of the child should be established, and if care be used in this
regard the child will wake of its own accord at the proper time. The
last meal at night should be at 11 p. m., and if the child is healthy
and will sleep it need not be fed until 3 to 5 a. m. the following
morning. In both breast and artificial feeding the above applies, and
the same method should be employed; namely, the child should be held in
the arms during the meal, which should last from ten to fifteen minutes.
Both in breast and artificial feeding it is possible to overfeed the
child. Many infants are systematically overfed. The young mother should
understand how small an infant's stomach is. At birth it will hold a
little more than an ounce of fluid, or two tablespoonfuls, and at the
end of two months only three ounces. If, therefore, the mother persists
in trying to give the child four ounces of food, the child will suffer
from an excess. Many children during the first few mouths of life bring
up their food, and the mother fears that there is some inherited
tendency to weak digestion. It is wrong to feed a child simply because
it cries, as very frequently it is not a cry of hunger, but one caused
by indigestion from overfeeding.
If the child is being fed with the bottle it is important that the food
be given at a temperature of 100 deg. F., or as nearly that as possible;
never over; and if the child be fed out of doors in its carriage it is
well to have a flannel bag of some kind to slip over the bottle to keep
it at the same temperature until the meal is finished. Many cases of
colic are caused by inattention to this point.
It is a common mistake that when a child cries it needs additional food.
There are many cases where a little drink of water is the prime need of
the child, and great care should be taken that this is heated to the
proper temperature, and especially that no water be given to the child
except that which has been boiled. A few teaspoonfuls should be given to
the child, therefore, several times a day, but aside from that he should
have nothing but his regular food until he is at least a year old. For
the same reason, therefore, if a child be fed by the bottle, the water
used in preparing the food should have been previously boiled, and care
should be exercised not to expose the food to the air during or after
its preparation. It should be remembered that the food of a child must
be nutritious, and that in this food, especially when at the proper
temperature for the infant, bacteria from the air will flourish
wonderfully fast, and therefore the food should not be exposed to
possible contamination.
It is of very great importance that the feeding-bottles be always clean
and sweet. It is an advantage to have several bottles on hand, and also
two or three brushes for cleaning. Keep a special vessel, with water in
which there is a little bicarbonate of soda, so that the moment the
bottle is used it may be thoroughly washed and kept in the water. Do not
use a nipple with a rubber tube, but the short, black rubber nipples,
which fit over the mouth of the bottle. Do not enlarge the hole in the
nipple, so as to make it too easy for the baby to draw its food,
otherwise the food being taken so rapidly into the stomach will often
cause pain or vomiting. In washing the nipples turn them inside out and
see that they are as thoroughly cleaned as possible, and keep them for
use in a bottle filled with boiled water with a pinch of boric acid
added.
The First Nursing.
It is very important that the child should be put to the breast
immediately after it is washed. This is very necessary, both for the
mother and the child, and prevents subsequent troubles. The fluid
contained in the breast is at this stage called colostrum, and is
intended by Nature to act upon the child as a laxative. This first
nursing stimulates the secretion of the milk and causes uterine
contraction, which is very much needed at this time. It is well to wash
the infant's mouth out with sterilized water every time it feeds. For
this purpose use clean water which has been boiled and allowed to cool,
or a solution of boric acid in boiled water--5 grains to the ounce of
water.
Infants, as a rule, should be bathed once a day, but never immediately
after being nursed or fed. In very warm weather a child may be sponged
in the evening as well as in the morning. The water for the bath of a
young baby should be warm, and the temperature can be judged by testing
it with the elbow, which is more sensitive than the hand. Lay a small
blanket on the lap, cover the child with a flannel and sponge it under
the clothes. This prevents it from taking cold from exposure, The room
should not be cooler than 68 deg. F., and the door must be kept closed
to avoid drafts. Use only pure white soap, and a soft cloth is better
than a sponge. The body should be carefully dried and lightly powdered
to absorb any moisture that may remain.
THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS.
THE DERIVATIONS OF THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS.
January.--The Roman god Janus presided over the beginning of everything;
hence the first month of the year was called after him.
February.--The Roman festival Februs was held on the 15th day of this
month, in honor of Lupercus, the god of fertility.
March--Named from the Roman god of war, Mars.
April.--Latin, Aprilis, probably derived from aperire, to open; because
spring generally begins, and the buds open in this month.
May.--Lat. Maius, probably derived from Maia, a feminine divinity
worshiped at Rome on the first day of this month.
June.--Juno, a Roman divinity worshiped as the Queen of Heaven.
July (Julius)--Julius Caesar was born in this month.
August.--Named by the Emperor Augustus Caesar, B. C. 30, after himself,
as he regarded it as a fortunate month, being that in which he had
gained several victories.
September (septem, or 7).--September was the seventh month in the old
Roman calendar.
October (octo, or 8).--Eighth month of the old Roman year.
November (novem, or 9).-November was the ninth month in the old Roman
year.
December (decem, or 10).--December was the tenth month of the early
Roman year. About the 21st of this month the sun enters the Tropic of
Capricorn, and forms the winter solstice.
DAYS OF THE WEEK.
Sunday, (Saxon) Sunnandaed, day of the sun,
Monday, (German) Montag, day or the moon.
Tuesday, (Anglo-Saxon) Tiwesdaeg, from Tiw, the god of war.
Wednesday, (Anglo-Saxon) Wodnesdaeg, from Odin, the god of storms.
Thursday, (Danish) Thor, the god of thunder.
Friday, (Saxon) Frigedaeg, day of Freya, goddess of marriage.
Saturday, the day of Saturn, the god of time.
The names of the seven days of the week originated with the Egyptian
astronomers. They gave them the names of the sun, moon, and five
planets, viz.: Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn.
WHAT HOUSEKEEPERS SHOULD REMEMBER.
That cold rain water and soap will remove machine grease from washable
fabrics.
That fish may be scaled much easier by first dipping them into boiling
water for a minute.
That fresh meat beginning to sour will sweeten if placed outdoors in the
cool air over night.
That milk which has changed may be sweetened or rendered fit for use
again by stirring in a little soda.
That a tablespoonful of turpentine boiled with your white clothes will
greatly aid the whitening process.
That kerosene will soften boots and shoes that have been hardened by
water and will render them as pliable as new.
That thoroughly wetting the hair once or twice with a solution of salt
and water will keep it from falling out.
That salt fish are quickest and best freshened by soaking in sour milk.
That salt will curdle new milk; hence, in preparing porridge, gravies,
etc., salt should not be added until the dish is prepared.
That one teaspoonful of ammonia to a teacup of water, applied with a
rag, will clean silver or gold jewelry perfectly.
That paint stains that are dry and old may be removed from cotton and
woolen goods with chloroform. It is a good plan to first cover the spot
with olive oil or butter.
That clear boiling water will remove tea stains. Pour the water through
the stain and thus prevent it spreading over the fabric.
That charcoal is recommended as an absorbent of gases in the milk-room
where foul gases are present. It should be freshly powdered and kept
there continually, especially in hot weather, when unwholesome odors are
most liable to infect the milk.
That applying kerosene with a rag, when you are about to put your stoves
away for the summer, will prevent them from rusting. Treat your farming
implements in the same way before you lay them aside for the fall.
That a teaspoonful of borax, put in the last water in which clothes are
rinsed, will whiten them surprisingly. Pound the borax so it will
dissolve easily. This is especially good to remove the yellow that time
gives to white garments that have been laid aside for two or three
years.
That a good agency for keeping the air of the cellar sweet and wholesome
is whitewash made of good white lime and water only. The addition of
glue or size, or anything of that kind, only furnishes organic matter to
speedily putrefy. The use of lime in whitewash is not only to give a
white color, but it greatly promotes the complete oxidation of effluvia
in the cellar air. Any vapors that contain combined nitrogen in the
unoxidized form contribute powerfully to the development of disease
germs.
CHARACTER AS SEEN IN FACES.
Thick lips indicate genius and conservatism. Large dilating nostrils are
a sign of poetic temperament and a sensitive nature. A long forehead
denotes liberality. Arched eyebrows, good ancestry and amiability. A
bold, projecting Roman nose indicates enterprise. Delicate nose, good
nature. A large nose, strength of will and character. An eye that looks
one cheerfully and frankly in the face shows honesty and faithfulness.
Lips slightly curved upward at the ends indicate a fine sense of humor.
Soft round cheeks denote gentleness and affection; dimples in the
cheeks, roguery; in the chin, one who falls easily in love. A broad chin
denotes firmness. Straight lips, firmly closed, resolution. Large ears
denote generosity.
BELL TIME ON SHIPBOARD.
Time on shipboard is divided into periods of four hours--from midnight
to midnight--and the lapse of every half hour is marked by one or more
strokes of the bell--from one stroke for the end of the first half hour
to eight strokes or, in nautical language, eight bells, for the end of
the fourth hour. Thus 12:30 a. m. is 1 bell; 1:00 a. m., 2 bells; 1:30
a. m., 3 bells; 2:00 a. m., 4 bells; 2:30 a. m., 5 bells; 3:00 a. m., 6
bells; 3:30 a. m., 7 bells; 4:00 a. m., 8 bells. Then 4:30 a. m. is
indicated by 1 bell; 5:00 a. m., 2 bells, etc.; 8 bells being sounded at
8:00 a. m., 12:00 m., 4:00 p. m., 8:00 p. m. and 12:00 p. m.
Four to 8:00 p. m. is divided into two "dog watches" called "first dog
watch" and "last dog watch," so as to change the watches daily;
otherwise starboard or port watch would be on deck the same hours day
after day.
QUEER ANALOGIES IN NATURE.
The cocoanut is, in many respects, like the human skull, although it
closely resembles the skull of the monkey. A sponge may be so held as to
remind one of the unfleshed face of the skeleton, and the meat of an
English walnut is almost the exact representation of the brain. Plums
and black cherries resemble the human eyes; almonds, and some other
nuts, resemble the different varieties of the human nose, and an opened
oyster and its shell are a perfect image of the human ear. The shape of
almost any man's body may be found in the various kinds of mammoth
pumpkins. The open hand may be discerned in the form assumed by
scrub-willows and growing celery. The German turnip and the eggplant
resemble the human heart. There are other striking resemblances between
human organs and certain vegetable forms, The forms of many mechanical
contrivances in common use may be traced back to the patterns furnished
by nature. Thus, the hog suggested the plow; the butterfly, the ordinary
hinge; the toadstool, the umbrella; the duck, the ship; the fungous
growth on trees, the bracket. Anyone desirous of proving the oneness of
the earthly system will find the resemblances in nature a most amusing
study.--Scientific American.
MODERN FABLES.
Luxury.
Of two cats, one, thinking to be very fine, hunted only humming birds,
and the other hunted only mice. The first had to hunt much longer than
the other, because humming birds were scarce, so that it spent nearly
all its life in getting food, while the other had little trouble to get
all it wanted. "How unfortunate it is," said the first cat, "that I have
formed my liking for what is so hard to get and is so little when I have
it."
Fastidiousness.
A fastidious ox would not drink while standing in the water with his
head turned down stream lest he should soil the water with his feet. But
once when drinking with his head turned up stream he saw a whole drove
of hogs washing in the water above him.
Attracting Attention.
A flea, which saw many people trying to get the attention of a king and
waiting long for that purpose, said: "Though I am but a little thing, I
will get his attention." So he jumped up the throne until he got on the
king's head. Here he received recognition from the king by a slap, and
when he boasted to a dog of his success, the latter said: "Some get
attention by their merit, others by their demerit. In making yourself a
nuisance you get recognition before the lords of the realm, but only as
a flea."
Gambling.
A monkey playing with a steel trap got his tail cut off. He went back
the next day to get his tail, when he got his foot cut off. "Now," he
said, "I will go back and get both my foot and my tail." He went back,
and the third time he got his head cut off, which ended his monkeying
with the trap.
Mugwumpery.
A mule on one side of a fence was discontented because he was not on the
other side. He finally jumped over, when he was equally discontented
because he was not back again. "Which side of the fence do you want to
be on?" asked a horse. "It does not matter," replied the mule, "provided
I am on the other side."
The Non-Partisan.
A dog, running about in an irregular way, was asked where he was going.
"I am not going anywhere," replied the dog, "but only running about to
learn where to go."
Partisanship.
The swans, wishing to drive the peacocks from a park, procured a law
against big feet. The peacocks retaliated by getting a counter law
against big necks. Soon one side could see nothing but ugly feet, and
the other nothing but long necks. At last they came to think peacocks
were all feet and swans all neck.
NUMBER OF MILES BY WATER FROM NEW YORK.
To Amsterdam, 3,510;
Bermudas, 660;
Bombay, 11,574;
Boston, 310;
Buenos Ayres, 7,110;
Calcutta, 12,425;
Canton, 13,900;
Cape Horn, 8,115;
Cape of Good Hope, 6,830;
Charleston, 750;
Columbia River, 15,965;
Constantinople, 5,140;
Dublin, 3,225;
Gibraltar, 3,300;
Halifax, 612;
Hamburg, 3,775;
Havana, 1,420;
Havre, 3,210;
Kingston, 1,640;
Lima, 11,310;
Liverpool, 3,210;
London, 3,375;
Madras, 11,850;
Naples, 4,330;
New Orleans, 2,045;
Panama, 2,358;
Pekin, 15,325;
Philadelphia, 240;
Quebec, 1,400;
Rio Janeiro, 3,840;
Sandwich Islands, 15,300;
San Francisco, 15,858;
St. Petersburg, 4,420;
Valparaiso, 9,750;
Washington, 400;
around the Globe, 25,000.
BUSINESS LAW IN BRIEF
It is a fraud to conceal a fraud.
Ignorance of the law excuses no one.
A contract made on a Sunday is void.
A contract made with a lunatic is void.
The act of one partner binds all the others.
An agreement without consideration is void.
The law compels no one to do impossibilities.
Agents are liable to their principals for errors.
Principals are liable for the acts of their agents.
A receipt for money paid is not legally conclusive.
Signatures made with a lead pencil are good in law.
The seal of a party to a written contract imports consideration.
A contract made with a minor cannot be enforced against him. A note made
by a minor is voidable.
Each individual in a partnership is liable for the whole amount of the
debts of the firm.
A note which does not state on its face that it bears interest, will
bear interest only after due.
A lease of land for a longer term than one year is void unless in
writing.
An indorser of a note is exempt from liability if notice of its dishonor
is not mailed or served within twenty-four hours of its non-payment.
In case of the death of the principal maker of a note, the holder is not
required to notify a surety that the note is not paid, before the
settlement of the maker's estate. Notes obtained by fraud, or made by an
intoxicated person, are not collectible.
If no time of payment is specified in a note it is payable on demand.
An indorser can avoid liability by writing "without recourse" beneath
his signature.
A check indorsed by the payee is evidence of payment in the drawer's
hands.
An outlawed debt is revived should the debtor make a partial payment.
If negotiable paper, pledged to a bank as security for the payment of a
loan or debt, falls due, and the bank fails to demand payment and have
it protested when dishonored, the bank is liable to the owner for the
full amount of the paper.
Want of consideration--a common defense interposed to the payment of
negotiable paper--is a good defense between the original parties to the
paper; but after it has been transferred before maturity to an innocent
holder for value it is not a defense.
Sometimes the holder of paper has the right to demand payment before
maturity; for instance, when a draft has been protested for
non-acceptance and the proper notices served, the holder may at once
proceed against the drawer and indorsers.
Negotiable paper, payable to bearer or indorser in blank, which has been
stolen or lost, cannot be collected by the thief or finder, but a holder
who receives it in good faith before maturity, for value, can hold it
against the owner's claims at the time it was lost.
If a note or draft is to be paid in the State where it is made, the
contract will be governed by the laws of that State. When negotiable
paper is payable in a State other than that in which it is made, the
laws of that State will govern it. Marriage contracts, if valid where
they are made, are valid everywhere. Contracts relating to personal
property are governed by the laws of the place where made, except those
relating to real estate, which are governed by the laws of the place
where the land is situated.
THE RIGHT OF DOWER.
Dower is one-third of the husband's estate, and in general cannot be
destroyed by the mere act of the husband. Hence, in the sale of real
estate by the husband, his wife must, with the husband, sign the
conveyance to make the title complete to the purchaser. In the absence
of such signature, the widow can claim full dower rights after the
husband's death. Creditors, also, seize the property subject to such
dower rights.
The husband in his will sometimes gives his wife property in lieu of
dowry. In this case, she may, after his death, elect to take either such
property or her dower; but she cannot take both. While the husband lives
the wife's right of dower in only inchoate; it cannot be enforced.
Should he sell the land to a stranger, she has no right of action or
remedy until his death.
In all cases the law of the State in which the land is situated governs
it, and, as in the case of heirship, full information must be sought for
in statute which is applicable.
MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE.
Marriage may be entered into by any two persons, with the following
exceptions: Idiots, lunatics, persons of unsound mind, persons related
by blood or affinity within certain degrees prohibited by law, infants
under the age of consent, which varies in the different States, and all
persons already married and not legally divorced.
The causes for which a divorce may be obtained vary greatly in the
different States. In South Carolina only fraud and force are recognized
as invalidating the marriage tie, this State having no divorce law. In
the District of Columbia and all the other States with the exception of
Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan and Virginia, cruelty is a statutory
cause, and desertion in all but New York. In most of the States neglect
is also recognized as a valid cause. Imprisonment for crime is a cause
in all except Florida, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York.
Physical inability is a cause in all the States except California,
Connecticut, Idaho, North Dakota and Texas. Intemperance, in all but
Massachusetts, New Jersey, North Carolina, North Dakotah, Rhode Island,
Vermont, Virginia and West Virginia. The time of residence required to
secure a divorce varies from 6 months in Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada and
Texas to 3 to 5 years in Massachusetts. In most States it is one year.
Remarriage is permitted in all the States having divorce laws except
Georgia, and alimony is also provided for in all these States.
RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN.
Any and all property which a woman owns at her marriage, together with
rents, issues and profits thereof, and the property which comes to her
by descent, devise, bequest, gift or grant, or which she acquires by her
trade, business, labor, or services performed on her separate account,
shall, notwithstanding her marriage, remain her sole and separate
property, and may be used, collected and invested by her in her own
name, and shall not be subject to the interference or control of her
husband, or be liable for his debts, unless for such debts as may have
been contracted for the support of herself or children by her as his
agent.
A married woman may likewise bargain, sell, assign, transfer and convey
such property, and enter into contracts regarding the same on her
separate trade, labor or business with the like effect as if she were
unmarried. Her husband, however, is not liable for such contracts, and
they do not render him or his property in any way liable therefor. She
may also sue and be sued in all matters having relation to her sale and
separate property in the same manner as if she were sole.
In the following cases a married woman's contract may be enforced
against her and her separate estate: 1. When the contract is created in
or respecting the carrying on of the trade or business of the wife. 2.
When it relates to or is made for the sole benefit of her sole or
separate estate. 3. When the intention to charge the separate estate is
expressed in the contract creating the liability.
When a husband receives a principal sum of money belonging to his wife,
the law presumes he receives it for her use, and he must account for it,
or expend it on her account by her authority or direction, or that she
gave it to him as a gift. If he receives interest or income and spends
it with her knowledge and without objection, a gift will be presumed
from acquiescence.
Money received by a husband from his wife and expended by him, under her
direction, on his land, in improving the home of the family, is a gift,
and cannot be recovered by the wife, or reclaimed, or an account
demanded.
An appropriation by a wife, herself, of her separate property to the use
and benefit of her husband, in the absence of all agreement to repay, or
any circumstances from which such an agreement can be inferred, will not
create the relation of debtor and creditor, nor render the husband
liable to account.
Though no words of gift be spoken, a gift by a wife to her husband may
be shown by the very nature of the transaction, or appear from the
attending circumstances.
A wife who causelessly deserts her husband is not entitled to the aid of
a court of equity in getting possession of such chattels as she has
contributed to the furnishing and adornment of her husband's house. Her
legal title remains, and she could convey her interest to a third party
by sale, and said party would have a good title, unless her husband
should prove a gift.
Wife's property is not liable to a lien of a sub-contractor for
materials furnished to the husband for the erection of a building
thereon, where it is not shown that the wife was notified of the
intention to furnish the materials, or a settlement made with the
contractor and given to the wife, her agent or trustee.
The common law of the United States has some curious provisions
regarding the rights of married women, though in all the States there
are statutory provisions essentially modifying this law. As it now
stands the husband is responsible for necessaries supplied to the wife
even should he not fail to supply them himself, and is held liable if he
turn her from his house, or otherwise separates himself from her without
good cause. He is not held liable if the wife deserts him, or if he
turns her away for good cause. If she leaves him through good cause,
then he is liable. If a man lives with a woman as his wife, and so
represents her, even though this representation is made to one who knows
she is not, he is liable the same way as if she were his wife.
THE LAW OF FINDING.
The general rule is that the finder has a clear title against every one
but the owner. The proprietor of a hotel or a shop has no right to
demand property of others found on his premises. Such proprietors may
make regulations in regard to lost property which will bind their
employes, but they cannot bind the public. The finder has been held to
stand in the place of the owner, so that he was permitted to prevail in
all action against a person who found an article which the plaintiff had
originally found, but subsequently lost. The police have no special
rights in regard to articles lost, unless those rights are conferred by
statute. Receivers of articles found are trustees for the owner or
finder. They have no power in the absence of special statute to keep an
article against the finder, any more than the finder has to retain an
article against the owner.
THE LAW OF COPYRIGHT.
The new copyright law, which went into effect July 1, 1909, differs in
many respects from the law previously in force. Its main provisions are
given below, but those desiring to avail themselves of its protection
should write to the Register of Copyrights, Library of Congress,
Washington, D. C., for full instructions and the necessary blanks. etc.
The new law provides that the application for registration of any work
"shall specify to which of the following classes the work in which
copyright is claimed belongs": (a) Books, including composite and
cyclopedic works, directories, gazetteers, and other compilations; (b)
periodicals, including newspapers; (c) lectures, sermons, addresses
prepared for oral delivery: (d) dramatic or dramatico-musical
compositions; (c) musical compositions; (f) maps; (g) works of art;
models or designs for works of art; (h) reproductions of a work of art;
(i) drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character:
(j) photographs; (k) prints and pictorial illustrations.
Necessary Steps to Secure Copyright.
For works reproduced in copies for sale: 1. Publish the work with the
copyright notice. The notice may be in the form "Copyright, 19 .....
(year date of publication) by (name of copyright proprietor)." 2.
Promptly after publication, send to the Copyright Office, Library of
Congress, Washington, D. C., two copies of the best edition of the work,
with an application for registration and a money order payable to the
Register of Copyrights for the statutory registration fee of $l.
In the case of books by American authors, or permanent residents of the
United States, the copies deposited must be accompanied by an affidavit,
under the official seal of an officer authorized to administer oaths,
stating that the typesetting, printing and binding of the book have been
performed within the United States. Affidavit and application forms will
be supplied on request.
Books of foreign origin in a language or languages other than English
are not required to be manufactured in the United States. In the case of
a book in the English language published abroad before publication in
this country, an ad interim copyright for 30 days may be secured under
certain conditions.
Copyright may also be had of certain classes of works (see a, b, c,
below) of which copies are not reproduced for sale, by filing an
application for registration, with the statutory fee of $1, sending
therewith: (a) in the case of lectures or other oral addresses or of
dramatic or musical compositions, one complete manuscript or typewritten
copy of the work. Registration, however, does not exempt the copyright
proprietor from the deposit of printed copies. (b) In the case of
photographs not intended for general circulation, one photographic
print. (c) In the case of works of art (paintings, drawings, sculpture),
or of drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character,
one photograph or other identifying reproduction of the work. In all
these cases, if the work is later reproduced in copies for sale, such
copies must be deposited.
Duration of Copyright.
The original term of copyright runs for twenty-eight years, and may be
renewed under certain conditions for a further term of twenty-eight
years, making fifty-six years in all.
Assignments.
Copyrights are assignable by any instrument of writing.
Every assignment of copyright must be recorded in the Copyright Office
within three months after its execution in the United States or within
six months after its execution without the limits of the United States.
LEGAL HOLIDAYS IN VARIOUS STATES.
Jan. 1, New Year's Day. All the States (including District of Columbia),
except Mass., Miss. and N. H.
Jan. 19, Lee's Birthday. In Ga., Fla., N. C, S. C., Va., Ala., Ark.
Feb. 12, Lincoln's Birthday. In Col., Conn., Del., Ill., Kans., Mass.,
Minn., Nev., N. J., N. Y., N. Dak., Penn., Wash. and Wyo.
Feb. 22. Washington's Birthday. In all the States and District of
Columbia; in Miss., observed in the schools.
April 14, 1911, Good Friday. In Ala., Dela., Fla., La., Md., Minn.,
N.J., Penn., Tenn.
April 19, Patriots' Day. In Me. and Mass.
April 26, Confederate Memorial Day. In Ala., Fla., Ga., and Miss.
May, second Sunday, Mothers' Day, recognized in sixteen States.
May 10, Confederate Memorial Day. In N. C and S. C.; in Tenn., second
Friday of May.
May, last Friday, Pioneer Day. In Mont.
May 30, Decoration Day. In all States and Territories, and the District
of Columbia. except Fla., Ga., Ida., La., Miss., N.C., S. C., Tenn.,
Tex. In Va., called Confederate Memorial Day.
June 3, Jefferson Davis' Birthday. In Fla. Ga., Ala., Miss., Tenn., Tex.
and S. C. In La., called Confederate Memorial Day.
July 4, Independence Day. In all States, Territories and the District.
Sept. 4, 1911, Labor Day. In all States, Territories and the District.
except N. Dak.
Oct. 12, Columbus Day. In N. Y., Penn., Ill., Conn., N. J., Mich.,
Mont., Calif., O., Md., Ky., and R. I.
Nov. 1, All Saints' Day. In La.
November--General Election Day. In Ariz., Calif., Col., Del., Fla.,
Ida., Ill. (Chicago, Springfield and East St. Louis only), Ind., Ia.,
Kans., Ky., La., Md., Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., Nev., N. H., N. J., N.
Mex., N. Y., N. C., N. Dak., O. (5:30 a. m. to 9 a. m. only). Okla.,
Ore. (Presidential only), Penn., R. I., S. C., S. Dak., Tenn., Tex., W.
Va., Wash., Wis., Wyo.
By act of March 3, 1875, elections of Representatives in Congress take
place on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in Nov., 1876, and
every second year thereafter.
Nov. 30, 1911, Thanksgiving Day, observed in all the States, Ariz., N.
Mex. and the Dist. of Col.
December 25, Christmas Day. In all the States, Territories and the
District.
Arbor Day. In Ariz., Me., Md., N. Mex., Wis., Wyo., and Penn., by
appointment of the Governor. Tex., Feb. 22; Neb., Apr. 22; Utah., Apr.
15; R. I., second Friday in May; Mont., second Tuesday in May; Ga.,
first Friday in December; Col. (in the schools), third Friday in Apr.;
Okla., Friday after second Monday in March; Ark., first Saturday in
March.
Half Holidays.
Every Saturday after 12 o'clock noon; in Calif., public offices; in
Ill., cities of 200,000 or more inhabitants; in Md., Mich., N. Y., N.
J., O., Penn., R. I., Va., Dist. of Col. (for banking); New Orleans,
Charleston, La. and Mo., cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants; in Tenn.
(State and county offices); in Col., for June, July, August; in Ind.,
from first Saturday in June to last Saturday in October, for public
offices in counties with a county seat of 100,000 or more population.
PRINCIPAL POINTS OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW.
Congress must meet at least once a year.
One State cannot undo the acts of another.
Congress may admit as many new States as desired.
The Constitution guarantees every citizen a speedy trial by jury.
A State cannot exercise a power which is vested in Congress alone.
One State must respect the laws and legal decisions of another.
Congress cannot pass a law to punish a crime already committed.
U. S. Senators are chosen by the legislatures of the States by joint
ballot.
Bills for revenue can originate only in the House of Representatives.
A person committing a felony in one State cannot find refuge in another.
The Constitution of the United States forbids excessive bail or cruel
punishment.
Treaties with foreign countries are made by the President and ratified
by the Senate.
In the U. S. Senate Rhode Island or Nevada has an equal voice with New
York.
When Congress passes a bankruptcy law it annuls all the State laws on
that subject.
Writing alone does not constitute treason against the United States.
There must be an overt act.
Congress cannot lay any disabilities on the children of a person
convicted of crime or misdemeanor.
The Territories each send a delegate to Congress, who has the right of
debate, but not the right to vote.
The Vice-President, who ex-officio presides over the Senate, has no vote
in that body except on a tie ballot.
An act of Congress cannot become a law over the President's veto except
on a two-thirds vote of both houses.
An officer of the Government cannot accept title of nobility, order or
honor without the permission of Congress.
Money lost in the mails cannot be recovered from the Government.
Registering a letter does not insure its contents.
It is the House of Representatives that may impeach the President for
any crime, and the Senate hears the accusation.
If the President holds a bill longer than ten days while Congress is
still in session, it becomes a law without his signature.
Silver coin of denominations less than $1 is not a legal tender for more
than $5.00. Copper and nickel coin is not legal tender.
The term of a Congressman is two years, but a Congressman may be
re-elected to as many successive terms as his constituents may wish.
Amendments to the Constitution requires two-thirds vote of each house of
Congress and must be ratified by at least three-fourths of the States.
When the militia is called out in the service of the General Government,
they pass out of the control of the various States under the command of
the President.
The President of the United States must be 35 years of age: a United
States Senator, 30; a Congressman, 25. The President must have been a
resident of the United States fourteen years.
A grand jury is a secret tribunal, and may hear only one side of a case.
It simply decides whether there is good reason to hold for trial. It
consists of twenty-four men, twelve of whom may indict.
A naturalized citizen cannot become President or Vice-President of the
United States. A male child born abroad of American parents has an equal
chance to become President with one born on American soil.
CHAMOIS SKINS.
The animal from which the chamois skin derives its name inhabits the
high mountains from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus. Chamois are most
numerous in the Alps, where they dwell in small herds and feed on the
herbage of the mountain sides. They are about the size of a small goat,
dark chestnut-brown in color, with the exception of the forehead, the
sides of the lower jaws and the muzzle, which are white. Its horns,
rising above the eyes, are black, smooth and straight for two-thirds of
their length, when they suddenly curve backward.
The chamois hunter, provided with a gun, a bag of provisions, an
iron-shod staff to assist him in climbing and leaping, an ax to cut
steps in the ice and shoes studded with iron points, traverses the
mountains and follows his prey not only during the day, but also at
night.
Nearly all the chamois skins now in the market are made from the skins
of the lamb or sheep. This industry has been largely developed in
England and France, and these countries have supplied the market of the
United States almost exclusively until recent years, when the
manufacture of these goods was commenced in the United States.
WHAT'S IN A NAME?
ORIGIN AND MEANING OF NAMES OF MEN.
A
Aaron, Hebrew, a mountain, or lofty.
Abel, Hebrew, vanity.
Abraham, Hebrew, the father of many.
Absalom, Hebrew, the father of peace.
Adam, Hebrew, red earth.
Adolphus, Saxon, happiness and help.
Adrian, Latin, one who helps.
Alan, Celtic, harmony; or Slavonic, a hound.
Albert, Saxon, all bright.
Alexander, Greek, a helper of men.
Alfred, Saxon, all peace.
Alonzo, form of Alphonso, q. v.
Alphonso. German, ready or willing.
Ambrose, Greek, immortal.
Amos, Hebrew, a burden.
Andrew, Greek, courageous.
Anthony, Latin, flourishing.
Archibald, German, a bold observer.
Arnold, German, a maintainer of honor.
Arthur, British, a strong man.
Augustus, Latin, venerable, grand.
B
Baldwin, German, a bold winner.
Barnaby, Hebrew, a prophet's son.
Bartholomew, Hebrew, the son of him who made the waters to rise.
Beaumont, French, a pretty mount.
Benjamin, Hebrew, the son of a right hand.
Bennett, Latin, blessed.
Bertram, German, fair, illustrious.
Bertrand, German, bright, raven.
Boniface, Latin, a well-doer.
Brian, French, having a thundering voice.
C
Cadwallader, British, valiant in war.
Caesar, Latin, adorned with hair.
Caleb, Hebrew, a dog.
Cecil, Latin, dim-sighted.
Charles, German, noble-spirited.
Christopher, Greek, bearing Christ.
Clement, Latin, mild-tempered.
Conrad, German, able counsel.
Cornelius, Latin, meaning uncertain.
Crispin, Latin, having curled locks.
Cuthbert, Saxon, known famously.
D
Daniel, Hebrew, God is judge.
David, Hebrew, well-beloved.
Denis, Greek, belonging to the god of wine.
Douglas, Gaelic, dark gray.
Duncan, Saxon, brown chief.
Dunstan, Saxon, most high.
E
Edgar, Saxon, happy honor.
Edmund, Saxon, happy peace.
Edward, Saxon, happy keeper.
Edwin, Saxon, happy conqueror.
Egbert, Saxon, ever bright.
Elijah, Hebrew, God the Lord.
Elisha, Hebrew, the salvation of God.
Emmanuel, Hebrew, God with us.
Enoch, Hebrew, dedicated.
Ephraim, Hebrew, fruitful.
Erasmus, Greek, lovely, worthy to be loved.
Ernest, Greek, earnest, serious.
Esau, Hebrew, hairy.
Eugene, Greek, nobly descended.
Eustace, Greek, standing firm.
Evan, or Ivan, British, the same as John.
Evard, German, well reported.
Ezekiel, Hebrew, the strength of God.
F
Felix, Latin, happy.
Ferdinand, German, pure peace.
Fergus, Saxon, manly strength.
Francis, German, free.
Frederic, German, rich peace.
`
G
Gabriel, Hebrew, the strength of God.
Geoffrey, German, joyful.
George, Greek, a husbandman.
Gerald, Saxon, all towardliness.
Gideon, Hebrew, a breaker.
Gilbert, Saxon, bright as gold.
Giles, Greek, a little goat.
Godard, German, a godly disposition.
Godfrey, German, God's peace.
Godwin, German, victorious in Cod.
Griffith, British, having great faith.
Guy, French, a leader.
H
Hannibal, Punic, a gracious lord.
Harold, Saxon, a champion.
Hector, Greek, a stout defender.
Henry, German, a rich lord.
Herbert, German, a bright lord.
Hercules, Greek, the glory of Hera or Juno.
Horace, Latin, meaning uncertain.
Howel, British, sound or whole.
Hubert, German, a bright color.
Hugh, Dutch, high, lofty.
Humphrey, German, domestic peace.
I
Ignatius, Latin, fiery.
Ingram, German, of angelic purity.
Isaac, Hebrew, laughter.
J
Jabez, Hebrew, one who causes pain.
Jacob, Hebrew, a supplanter.
James, or Jaques, beguiling.
Job, Hebrew, sorrowing.
Joel, Hebrew, acquiescing.
John, Hebrew, the grace of the Lord.
Jonah, Hebrew, a dove.
Jonathan. Hebrew, the gift of the Lord.
Joseph, Hebrew, addition.
Joshua, Hebrew, a savior.
Josiah, or Josias, Hebrew, the fire of the Lord.
Julius, Latin, soft-haired.
L
Lambert, Saxon, a fair lamb.
Lancelot, Spanish, a little lance.
Laurence, Latin, crowned with laurels.
Lazarus, Hebrew, destitute of help.
Leonard, German, like a lion.
Leopold, German, defending the people.
Lewis or Louis, French, the defender of the people.
Lionel, Latin, a little lion.
Llewellin, British, like a lion.
Llewellyn, Celtic, lightning.
Lucius, Latin, shining.
Luke, Creek, a wood or grove.
M
Manfred, German, great peace.
Mark, Latin, a hammer.
Martin, Latin, martial.
Matthew, Hebrew, a gift or present.
Maurice, Latin, sprung of a Moor.
Meredith, British, the roaring of the sea.
Michael, Hebrew, who is like God.
Morgan, British, a mariner.
Moses, Hebrew, drawn out.
N
Nathaniel, Hebrew, the gift of God.
Neal, French, somewhat black.
Nicholas, Greek, victorious over the people.
Noel, French, belonging to one's nativity.
Norman, French, one born in Normandy.
O
Oliver, Latin, an olive.
Orlando, Italian, counsel for the land.
Orson, Latin, a bear.
Osmund, Saxon, house peace.
Oswald, Saxon, ruler of a house.
Owen, British, well descended.
P
Patrick, Latin, a nobleman.
Paul, Latin, small, little.
Percival, French, a place in France.
Percy, English, adaptation of "pierce eye."
Peter, Greek, a rock or stone.
Philip, Greek, a lover of horses.
Phineas, Hebrew, of bold countenance.
R
Ralph, contracted from Randolph, or Randal, or Rudolph, Saxon, pure
help.
Raymond, German, quiet peace.
Reuben, Hebrew, the son of vision.
Reynold, German, a lover of purity.
Richard, Saxon, powerful.
Robert, German, famous in counsel.
Roderick, German, rich in fame.
Rollo, form of Roland, q.v.
Rufus, Latin, reddish.
Roger, German, strong counsel.
Roland, German, counsel for the land.
S
Samson, Hebrew, a little son.
Samuel, Hebrew, heard by God.
Saul, Hebrew, desired.
Seth, Hebrew, appointed.
Silas, Latin, sylvan or living in the woods.
Simeon, Hebrew, hearing.
Simon, Hebrew, obedient.
Solomon, Hebrew, peaceable.
Stephen, Greek, a crown or garland.
Swithin, Saxon, very high.
T
Theobald, Saxon, bold over the people.
Theodore, Greek, the gift of God.
Thomas, Hebrew, a twin.
Timothy, Greek, a fearer of God.
Titus, Greek, meaning uncertain.
Toby, Hebrew, goodness of the Lord.
V
Valentine, Latin, powerful.
Victor, Latin, conqueror.
Vincent, Latin, conquering.
Vivian, Latin, living.
W
Walter, German, a conqueror.
Wilfred, Saxon, bold and peaceful.
William, German, defending many.
Z
Zaccheus, Syriac, innocent.
CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN.
A
Adela, German, same as Adeline, q. v.
Adelaide, German, same as Adeline, q. v.
Adeline, German, a princess.
Agatha, Greek, good.
Agnes, German, chaste.
Althea, Greek, hunting.
Alice, Alicia, German, noble.
Alma, Latin, benignant.
Amabel, Latin, lovable.
Amy, Amelia, French, beloved.
Angelina, Greek, lovely, angelic.
Anna, or Anne, Hebrew, gracious.
Arabella, Latin, a fair altar.
Aurora, Latin, morning brightness.
B
Barbara, Latin, foreign or strange.
Bella, Italian, beautiful.
Benedicta, Latin, blessed.
Bernice, Greek, bringing victory.
Bertha, Greek, bright or famous.
Bessie, short form of Elizabeth. q.v.
Blanche, French, fair.
Bona, Latin, good.
Bridget, Irish, shining bright.
C
Camilla, Latin, attendant at a sacrifice.
Carlotta. Italian, same as Charlotte, q. v.
Caroline, Latin, noble-spirited.
Cassandra, Greek, a reformer of men.
Catherine, Greek, pure or clean,
Charity, Greek, love, bounty.
Charlotte, French, all noble.
Chloe, Greek, a green herb.
Christina, Greek, belonging to Christ.
Clara, Latin, clear or bright.
Constance, Latin, constant.
D
Dagmar, German, joy of the Danes.
Deborah, Hebrew, a bee.
Diana, Greek, Jupiter's daughter.
Dorcas, Greek, a wild roe.
Dorothy, Greek, gift of God.
E
Edith, Saxon, happiness.
Eleanor, Saxon, all-fruitful.
Eliza, Elizabeth, Hebrew, the oath of God.
Emily, corrupted from Amelia.
Emma, German, a nurse.
Esther, Hester, Hebrew, secret.
Eudora, Greek, good gift.
Eugenia, French, well-born.
Eunice, Greek, fair victory.
Eva, or Eve, Hebrew, causing life.
F
Fanny, dim. of Frances, q.v.
Flora, Latin, flowers.
Florence, Latin, blooming, flourishing.
Frances, German, free.
G
Gertrude, German, all truth.
Grace, Latin, favor.
H
Hannah, Hebrew, gracious.
Harriet, German, head of the house.
Helen, or Helena, Greek, alluring.
Henrietta, fem. and dim. of Henry, q. v.
Hilda, German, warrior maiden.
Honora, Latin, honorable.
Huldah, Hebrew, a weasel.
I
Irene, peaceful.
Isabella, Spanish, fair Eliza.
J
Jane, or Jeanne, fem. of John, q.v.
Janet, Jeanette, little Jane.
Jemima, Hebrew, a dove.
Joan, Joanna. Hebrew, fem. of John, q. v.
Joyce, French, pleasant.
Judith, Hebrew, praising.
Julia, Juliana, fem. of Julius, q. v.
K
Katherine, form of Catherine, q. v.
Ketura, Hebrew, incense.
L
Laura, Latin, a laurel.
Lavinia, Latin, of Latium.
Letitia, Latin, joy or gladness.
Lilian, Lily, Latin, a lily.
Lois, Greek, better.
Louisa, German. fem. of Louis, q.v.
Lucretia, Latin, a chaste Roman lady.
Lucy, Latin, fem. of Lucius.
Lydia. Greek, descended from Lud.
M
Mabel, Latin, lovely or lovable.
Madeline, form of Magdalen, q. v.
Margaret, Greek, a pearl.
Martha, Hebrew, bitterness,
Mary, Hebrew, bitter.
Matilda, German, a lady of honor.
Maud, German, form of Malilda, q.. v.
May, Latin, month of May.
Mercy, English, compassion.
Mildred, Saxon, speaking mild.
Minnie, dim. of Margaret. q. v.
N
Naomi, Hebrew, alluring.
O
Olive, Olivia, Latin, an olive.
Ophelia, Greek, a serpent.
P
Patience, Latin, bearing patiently.
Penelope, Greek, a weaver.
Persis, Greek, destroying.
Philippa, Greek, fem. of Philip.
Phoebe, Greek, the light of life.
Phyllis, Greek, a green bough.
Polly, variation of Molly, dim. of Mary, q. v.
Priscilla, Latin, somewhat old.
Prudence, Latin, discretion.
R
Rachel, Hebrew, a lamb.
Rebecca, Hebrew, fat or plump.
Rhoda, Greek, a rose.
Rose or Rosa, Latin, a rose.
Rosalind, Latin, beautiful as a rose.
Roxana, Persian, dawn of day.
Rosamond, Saxon, rose of peace.
Ruth, Hebrew, trembling, or beauty.
S
Sabina, Latin, sprung from the Sabines.
Salome, Hebrew, a princess.
Selina, Greek, the moon.
Sibylla, Greek, the counsel of God.
Sophia, Greek, wisdom.
Susan, Susanna, Hebrew, a lily.
T
Tabitha, Syriac, a roe.
Theodosia, Creek, given by God.
U
Ursula, Latin, a she bear.
V
Victoria, Latin, victory.
Vida, Erse, fem. of David.
W
Walburga, Saxon, gracious.
Winifred, Saxon, winning peace.
Z
Zenobia, Greek, the life of Jupiter.
PRINCIPAL AMERICAN CITIES
With Population of over 100,000 in 1910.
(The population for 1900 is given in parentheses by way of comparison.)
New York, N. Y., 4,766,883 (3,437,202);
Chicago, Ill., 2,185,283 (l,698,572);
Philadelphia, Pa., 1,549,008 (1,293,697);
St. Louis, Mo., 687,029 (575,238);
Boston, Mass., 670,585 (560,892);
Cleveland, O., 560,663 (381,768);
Baltimore, Md., 558,485 (508,957);
Pittsburg, Pa., 533,905 (451,512);
Detroit. Mich., 465,766 (285,704);
Buffalo, N. Y., 423,715 (352,387);
San Francisco, Cal., 416,912 (342,782);
Milwaukee, Wis., 373,857 (285,315);
Cincinnati, O., 364,462 (325,902);
Newark. N. J., 347,469 (246,070);
New Orleans. La., 339,075 (287,104);
Washington. D. C., 331,069 (278,718);
Los Angeles, Cal., 319,198 (102,479);
Minneapolis, Minn., 301,408 (202,718);
Jersey City, N. J., 267,779 (206,433);
Kansas City, Mo., 248,331 (163,752);
Seattle, Wash., 237,194 (80,671);
Indianapolis, Ind., 233,650 (169,164);
Providence, R. I., 224,326 (175,597);
Louisville, Ky., 223,928 (204,731);
Rochester, N. Y., 218,149 (162,608);
St. Paul, Minn., 214,744 (163,065);
Denver, Col., 213,381 (133,859);
Portland, Ore., 207,214 (90,426);
Columbus, O., 181,548 (125,560);
Toledo, O., 168,497 (131,822);
Atlanta, Ga., 154,839 (89,672);
Oakland, Cal., 150,174 (66,960);
Worcester, Mass., 145,986 (118,421);
Syracuse, N. Y., 137,249 (108,374);
New Haven, Conn., 133,605 (108,027);
Birmingham, Ala., 132,683 (38,415);
Memphis, Tenn., 131,105 (102,320);
Scranton, Pa., 129,867 (102,026);
Richmond, Va., 127,628 (85,050);
Paterson, N. J., 125,600 (105,171);
Omaha, Neb., 124,096 (102,555);
Fall River, Mass., 119,295 (104,803);
Dayton, O., 116,577 (85,333);
Grand Rapids, Mich., 112,571 (87,565);
Nashville, Tenn., 110,364 (80,865);
Lowell, Mass., 106,294 (94,969);
Cambridge, Mass., 104,839 (91,886);
Spokane, Wash., 104,402 (36,848);
Bridgeport, Conn., 102,054 (70,996);
Albany, N. Y., 100,253 (94,151).
STATE FLOWERS.
The following list includes all the "State flowers" Commonly accepted or
officially adopted:
Alabama, goldenrod;
Arizona, sequoia cactus;
Arkansas, apple blossom;
California, poppy;
Colorado, columbine;
Delaware, peach blossom;
Georgia, Cherokee rose;
Idaho, syringa;
Illinois, violet;
Iowa, wild rose;
Kansas, sunflower;
Louisiana, magnolia;
Maine, pine cone;
Michigan, apple blossom;
Minnesota, moccasin;
Mississippi, magnolia;
Montana, bitter root;
Missouri, goldenrod;
Nebraska, goldenrod;
New Jersey, sugar maple (tree);
New York, rose;
North Dakota, goldenrod;
Oklahoma, mistletoe;
Oregon, Oregon grape;
Rhode Island, violet;
Texas, blue bonnet;
Utah, Sego lily;
Vermont, red clover;
Washington, rhododendron.
HEIGHT OF NOTED STRUCTURES.
Following is the height in feet of some noted monuments and structures:
Amiens cathedral, 383;
Bunker Hill monument, 221;
Capitol, Washington, 288;
City Hall, Philadelphia, 535;
Cologne cathedral, 512;
Eiffel tower, 984;
Florence cathedral, 387;
Fribourg cathedral, 386;
Masonic Temple, Chicago, 354;
Metropolitan building. N. Y., 700;
Milan cathedral, 360;
the Great Pyramid, 451;
Rouen cathedral, 464;
St. Paul's, London, 404;
St. Peter's, Rome, 433;
Singer building, N. Y., 612;
Strassburg cathedral, 465;
St. Stephen's, Vienna, 470;
Ward building, Chicago, 394;
Washington monument, 556.
MAXIMUM AGE OF TREES.
Palm, 250 years;
elm, 355 years;
cypress, 388 years;
ivy, 448 years;
maple, 516 years;
larch, 576 years;
lemon, 640 years;
plane, 720 years;
cedar, 800 years;
chestnut, 860 years;
walnut, 900 years;
lime, 1,076 years;
spruce, 1,200 years;
oak, 1,600 years;
olive, 2,000 years;
yew, 2,880 years;
baobab, 5,100 years;
dragon, 5,900 years.
Eucalyptus, or Australian gum-tree, sometimes grows twenty-four feet in
three months: bamboo, two feet in twenty-four hours.
DICTIONARY OF AERONAUTICS
The new science of aeronautics has given rise to many new words, among
them some of awkward derivation, and even those properly formed and
worthy of preservation in the language are often erroneously used. The
following compact lexicon is therefore both interesting and instructive:
Aeroplane--A generic term applied in common use to all classes of
sustaining surfaces; strictly applicable only to flat surfaces.
Adjusting Surfaces--Commonly a comparatively small surface, usually at
the end of a wing tip, used to adjust lateral balance; preferably
restricted to surfaces capable of variable adjustment, but not of
movement by controlling devices. See "Stabilizer'" and "Wing tip" and
compare "Aileron."
Advancing Edge--The front edge of a sustaining or other surface.
Advancing Surface--A surface that precedes another through the air, as
in a double monoplane.
Aerocurve--A proposed substitute for aeroplane.
Aerodrome--A substitute proposed by Langley for aeroplane. Strictly
applicable to a course rather than to a vehicle.
Aileron (a'ler-on)--A small hinged or separated wing tip or surface
capable of independent manipulation for the purpose of maintaining
lateral balance.
Aviation (a-vi-a'shun)--Dynamic flight by means of heavier-than-air
mechanisms.
Aviator (a'vi-a-ter)--The operator or pilot of a heavier-than-air
machine.
Aerofoil--Term used to indicate lifting surface,
Angle of Incidence--The angle which a line drawn from the leading to the
trailing edge of the plane makes with the horizontal trailing angle
between the tangent to the trailing edge of the plane and the chord or a
line drawn from the leading to the trailing edge.
Arc--Any portion of a circle or other curve.
Aspect--The top or plan view of an aeroplane surface.
Automatic Stability--Applied to lateral or longitudinal stability
maintained by the action of suitable elements on mechanisms independent
of any control exercised by the operator. There is a tendency to
restrict the term to such stability secured by automatic manipulation of
controlling devices, rather than to systems in which balance is
maintained by the use of dihedral arrangements.
Biplane (bi'plane)--An aeroplane with two superposed main surfaces.
Balance--To maintain equilibrium by hand or automatic movement of
balancing surfaces, as opposed to equilibrium maintained by stabilizing.
See "Stabilizer."
Body--The center part of an aeroplane or other aerial vehicle, in which
the motor, fuel tanks, passenger accommodation, etc., are placed.
Camber--The camber of the ribs is the amount of curvature which is
imparted to them in the same way that a motor car spring or a road has a
camber or curvature.
Chassis (shas-see)--That part of the main framework of a monoplane to
which the main planes and tail planes are fitted and which contains the
engine and aviators seat.
Center of Pressure--Really a line of pressure along the under side of a
wing or aeroplane surface, on either side of which the pressures are
equal.
Center of Gravity--The center of weight, about which the vehicle
balances in all directions.
Chord--A straight line drawn between the ends of the arc of a circle or
other curve.
Dirigible (dir'-igihle)--Steerable or navigable; applied to balloons.
Derrick--A tower in which a falling weight is dropped in starting an
aeroplane.
Diagonal--A diagonal brace or stay in a framework.
Dihedral (di-he'dral)--Said of wing pairs inclined at an upward angle to
each other.
Elevator--A principal supplementary surface, usually of a miniature form
of the main planes. Used for purpose of altering the vertical direction
of machine.
Gap--The distance between two main planes in a biplane.
Gliding--Flying down a slant of air without power.
Gyroscopic Effect--The property of any rotating mass whereby it tends to
maintain its plane of rotation against disturbing forces.
Gauchissement (or warping)--Applied to the main planes and produces the
same ultimate effect as the use of ailerons.
Hangar (hang'ar)--A shed for housing balloons or aeroplanes, generally
the latter.
Horsepower--A rate of work equivalent to the lifting of 33,000 ft.-lb. a
minute.
Head Resistance--The resistance of a surface to movement through the
air; closely proportionate to its projected area.
Heavier-than-air--Applied to dynamic flying machines weighing more than
the air they displace.
Horizontal Rudder--A horizontally placed rudder for steering in vertical
directions.
Lift--The sustaining effect, expressed in units of weight of an
aeroplane or wing surface.
Monoplane--An aeroplane with one or more main surfaces in the same
horizontal plane.
Main Plane--Usually the largest or lowest supporting surface of a
multi-surfaced aeroplane.
Mast--A spar or strut used for the attachment of wire or other stays to
stiffen the wings or other parts of a structure.
Main Spars--Lateral spars upon which the main planes are built.
Main Landing Wheels--In an alighting gear, the wheels that take the
chief shock in landing.
Ornithopter--A dynamic flying machine of the heavier-than-air type, in
which sustension is provided by the effect of reciprocating wing
surfaces.
Pylon--A tower to mark the course in aerial racing contests.
Ribs--Supports for the fabric, made of ash or spruce and bent to the
correct curves.
Rudder--One or more steering planes are invariably fitted to practical
machines to control the direction of flight.
Superposed Planes--Arrangement of one plane over the other, as in the
Wright, Voisin and Farman machines.
Supplementary Planes (or surfaces)--Additional surfaces which are used
for stabilization.
Stabilizer--Any surface for automatically maintaining lateral or
longitudinal balance.
Struts--Fixtures used in biplane construction to maintain an equal
distance between two planes.
Skids--Long skates on which the machine can land in safety.
Span--The distance from tip to tip of the main planes in a transverse
direction to that of flight.
Soaring Flight--The flight of certain large birds without wing flapping.
Its solution and imitation constitute one of the problems of aerial
navigation.
Sustaining Surface--Any surface placed in a horizontal or approximately
horizontal position, primarily for the purpose of affording sustension.
Triplane--An aeroplane with three main surfaces.
Webs--Small blocks of wood placed between the ribs which act as distance
pieces.
Wing Warping--A system of maintaining lateral balance by differential
twisting of wing tips in such manner as to increase the sustension on
one side and decrease it on the other.
--New York Tribune.
COLLEGE COLORS.
Amherst--Purple and white.
Beloit--Old gold,
Bowdoin--White.
Brown--Brown and white.
Columbia--Light blue and white.
Cornell--Carnelian and white.
Dartmouth--Green.
Harvard--Crimson.
Indiana--Crimson and cream.
Iowa--Scarlet and black.
Iowa State--Cardinal and gold.
Johns Hopkins--Black and old gold.
Lake Forest--Red and black.
Leland Stanford--Cardinal.
Northwestern--Royal Purple.
Oberlin--Crimson and gold
Princeton--Orange and black.
Purdue--Old gold and black.
University of Chicago--Maroon.
University of Illinois--Orange and navy blue.
University of Michigan--Maize and blue.
University of Minnesota--Old gold and maroon.
University of Notre Dame--Gold and blue.
University of Pennsylvania--Red and blue.
University of Rochester--Dandelion yellow.
University of Wisconsin--Cardinal.
Vassar--Rose and gray.
Williams--Royal purple.
Yale--Blue.
THE CLAIMS OF OSTEOPATHY.
Strictly construing the claims of osteopathic doctors, it is an
anti-medicine system of practice for the cure of every disease to which
the human body is liable.
Dr. Andrew T. Still, who claims to have made the discoveries that led to
the establishment of the school of Osteopathy, asserts that all diseases
and lesions are the result of the luxation, dislocation, or breakage of
some bone or bones; this, however, is not now maintained to any great
extent by his followers. Osteopathists, though, do generally claim that
all diseases arise from some maladjustment of the bones of the human
body, and that treatment, therefore, must be to secure the normal
adjustment of the bones and ligaments that form the skeleton. They claim
that a dislocation is not always necessarily the result of external
violence; it may be caused by the ulceration of bones, the elongation of
ligaments, or excessive muscular action.
The constriction of an important artery or vein, which may be caused by
a very slightly displaced bone, an indurated muscle, or other organ, may
produce an excess of blood in one part of the body, thereby causing a
deficiency in some other part. A dislocated member will generally show
alteration in the form of the joint and axis of the limb; loss of power
and proper motion; increased length or shortening of the limb;
prominence at one point and depression at another; greatly impaired
circulation, and pain due to the obstruction of nerve force in the parts
involved.
The osteopathist claims that pain and disease arise mainly from some
mal-adjustment in some part of the body, and that a return to good
health involves treatment for the normal adjustment of the skeleton; he
asserts, though any luxation may be only partial, it may cause pressure
at some point upon a blood vessel, or a nerve of which the patient may
be unconscious, and thus be a barrier to the restoration of good health.
Osteopathy asserts that trying to heal the body of an ailment caused by
a dislocated member, be it a bone, ligament, or nerve, by which abnormal
pressure is maintained upon a blood vessel or a nerve, would be like
trying to operate a machine with an important cog out of gear. To cure
it involves the reduction of a dislocation; the breaking up of
adhesions, and the arousing of the enervated organ or organs partially
or wholly failing in the performance of function.
THE LAW OF TRADEMARKS.
Any person, firm or corporation can obtain protection for any lawful
trademark by complying with the following:
1. By causing to be recorded in the Patent Office the name, residence
and place of business of persons desiring the trademark.
2. The class of merchandise and description of the same.
3. A description of the trademark itself with facsimiles.
4. The length of time that the said mark has already been used.
5. By payment of the required fee--$6 for labels and $25 for trademarks.
6. By complying with such regulations as may be prescribed by the
Commissioner of Patents.
7. A lawful trademark must consist of some arbitrary word (not the name
of a person or place), indicating or not the use or nature of the thing
to which it is applied; of some designating symbol, or of both said word
and symbol.
HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT.
Patents are issued in the name of the United States, and under the seal
of the Patent Office. A patent is a grant by the Government to the
inventor, his heirs or assigns, for a limited period, of the exclusive
right to make, use or sell any new and useful art, machine, manufacture
or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, or
any new, original and ornamental design for any article of manufacture.
Every patent contains a grant to the patentee, his heirs or assigns, for
the term of seventeen years, of the exclusive right to make, use and
vend the invention or discovery throughout the United States and the
Territories, referring to the specification for the particulars thereof.
If it appears that the inventor, at the time of making his application,
believed himself to be the first inventor or discoverer, a patent will
not be refused on account of the invention or discovery, or any part
thereof, having been known or used in any foreign country before his
invention or discovery thereof, if it had not been before patented or
described in any printed publication.
Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent; neither can claim one
separately. Independent inventors of distinct and independent
improvements in the same machine cannot obtain a joint patent for their
separate inventions; nor does the fact that one furnishes the capital
and another makes the invention entitle them to make application as
joint inventors; but in such case they may become joint patentees.
Application for a patent must be made in writing to the Commissioner of
Patents, from whom blanks and printed instructions can be obtained by
mail.
REISSUES.--A reissue is granted to the original patentee, his legal
representatives, or the assignees of the entire interest, when, by
reason of a defective or insufficient specification, or by reason of the
patentee claiming as his invention or discovery more than he had a right
to claim as new, the original patent is inoperative or invalid, provided
the error has arisen from inadvertence, accident or mistake and without
any fraudulent or deceptive intention.
CAVEATS.--A caveat, under the patent law, is a notice given to the
office of the caveator's claim as inventor, in order to prevent the
grant of a patent to another for the same alleged invention upon an
application filed during the life of the caveat without notice to the
caveator.
Any citizen of the United States who has made a new invention or
discovery, and desires further time to mature the same, may, on payment
of a fee of $10, file in the Patent Office a caveat setting forth the
object and the distinguishing characteristics of the invention, and
praying protection of his right until he shall have matured his
invention. Such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives of
the office and preserved in secrecy, and shall be operative for the term
of one year from the filing thereof.
An alien has the same privilege, if he has resided in the United States
one year next preceding the filing of his caveat, and has made oath of
his intention to become a citizen.
The caveat must comprise a specification, oath, and, when the nature of
the case admits of it, a drawing, and, like the application, must be
limited to a single invention or improvement.
FEES.--Fees must be paid in advance, and are as follows. On filing each
original application for a patent, $15. On issuing each original patent,
$20. In design cases: For three years and six months, $10: for seven
years, $15; for fourteen years, $30. On filing each caveat, $10.
On every application for the reissue of a patent, $30. Added to these
are the usual charges of patent solicitors for preparing the application
and for drawings etc.
SHAKESPEARE'S COUNSEL.
(Polonius' Advice to His Son Laertes.)
And these few precepts in thy memory
See thou character: Give thy thoughts no tongue.
Nor any unproportion'd thought his act.
Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar.
Those friends thou hast, and their adoption tried,
Grapple them to thy soul with hooks of steel;
But do not dull thy palm with entertainment
Of each new-hatch'd, unfledged comrade. Beware
Of entrance to a quarrel, but, being in,
Bear 't that the opposed may beware of thee.
Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice;
Take each man's censure, but reserve thy judgment.
Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy.
But not express'd in fancy; rich, not gaudy;
For the apparel oft proclaims the man. * * *
Neither a borrower nor a lender be:
For loan oft loses both itself and friend,
And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.
This above all: to thine own self be true,
And it must follow, as the night the day,
Thou canst not then be false to any man.
--"Hamlet," 1 :3.
POOR RICHARD'S SAYINGS.
(Benjamin Franklin.)
Drive thy business! Let not thy business drive thee!
Diligence is the mother of good luck.
Now I have a sheep and a cow, everybody bids me good morrow.
If you would know the value of money, go and try to borrow some.
Great estates may venture more, but little boats should keep near shore.
What maintains one vice would bring up two children.
God helps them that help themselves.
Poverty often deprives a man of all spirit and virtue, 'Tis hard for an
empty bag to stand upright.
Beware of little expenses; a small leak will sink a great ship.
For age and want, save while you may. No morning sun lasts a whole day.
HOW TO MAKE CHANGE QUICKLY.
Always consider the amount of purchase as if that much money were
already counted out, then add to amount of purchase enough small change
to make an even dollar, counting out the even dollars last until full
amount is made up.
If the purchase amounts to 57 cents, and you are handed $2.00 in
payment, count out 43 cents first to make an even dollar. Then layout
the other dollar.
Should the purchase be $3.69, to be taken out of $20.00, begin with
$3.69 as the basis and make up even $4.00 by laying out 31 cents. This
31 cents with the amount of the purchase you will consider as $4.00, and
count out even dollars to make up the $20.00 which the customer has
handed in.
MERCHANTS' COST AND PRICE MARKS.
All merchants use private cipher marks to note cost or selling price of
goods. The cipher is usually made up from some short word or sentence of
nine or ten letters, as: