CONTENTS.

[PREFACE.]

[CHAPTER I.]

THE DRAWING BOARD.

The T square[18]
The triangles[19]
Curves[21]
Selecting and testing drawing instruments[22]
Lead pencils[23]
Mixing India ink[25]
The drawing paper[26]
Tracing paper[29]
The ink[30]
Testing and selecting India ink[30]
Draftsmen's measuring rules[33]

[CHAPTER II.]

THE PREPARATION AND USE OF THEINSTRUMENTS.

Preparing the lining pen for use[34]
The shapes of the lining pen points[35]
Oil stoning pen points[36]
Preparing the circle pen for use[38]
The shape for circle pen points[38]
Shaping circle pens for very small circles[39]
A form of pen point recently introduced; forming the penpoint[39]
The method of oil-stoning circle pen points[40]
The needle point and pen point[42]
How to use the circle pen[43]
German instrument to avoid slipping of a needle point[44]
How to use the lining pen[45]
Applying the ink to the bow-pen[46]
Using a straight line or lining pen with a T square[47]

[CHAPTER III.]

LINES AND CURVES.

Explanation of simple geometrical terms; radius; explanation of conventional dotted lines[48]
A line at a right angle to another; a point; parallel lines[49]
A line produced; a line bisected; a line bounding a circle; an arc of a circle; segments of a circle; the chord of an arc; a quadrant of a circle[50]
A sector of a circle; a line tangent to a circle; a semicircle; centre of a circle; axis of a cylinder; to draw a circle that shall pass through three given points[51]
To find the centre from which an arc of a circle has been struck; the degrees of a circle[52]
The protractor[53]
To find the angle of one line to another[54]
To find the angles of three lines one to the other[55]
Acute angles and obtuse angles[57]
Triangles; right angle triangle; obtuse angle triangle; equilateral triangle; isosceles triangle[58]
Scalene triangle; a quadrangle; quadrilateral or tetragon[59]
Rhomboid; trapezoid; trapezium[60]
The construction of polygons[61]
The names of regular polygons[62]
The angles of regular polygons; the ellipse[63]
Form of a true ellipse[69]
The use of a trammel for drawing an ellipse[72]
To draw a parabola mechanically[73]
To draw a parabola by lines[74]
To draw a heart cam[75]

[CHAPTER IV.]

SHADOW LINES AND LINE-SHADING.

Section lining or cross-hatching[77]
To represent cylindrical pieces one within the other; to represent a number of pieces one within the other[78]
To represent pieces put together and having slots or keyways through them.[79]
Effects of shading or cross-hatching[80]
Lines in sectional shading or cross-hatching made to denote the material of which the piece is composed—lead, wood, steel, brass, wrought iron, cast iron[81]
Line-shading[82]
The shade line to indicate the shape of piece; representation of a washer[83]
A key drawn with a shade line; shade line applied to a nut; a German pen regulated to draw lines of various breadths[84]
Example of line-shading in perspective drawing, shown in a pipe threading stock and die[85]
A cylindrical pin line-shaded; two cylindrical pieces that join each other; a lathe centre; a piece having a curved outline[86]
Line-shading applied to a ball or sphere; applied to a pin in a socket shown in section[87]
A piece of tube, where the thickness of the tube is shown; where the hollow or hole is seen, the piece shown in section; where the body is bell-mouthed and the hollow curve shown by shading[88]
Example of line-shading to denote the relative distances of various surfaces from the eye[89]
Line-shading to denote that the piece represented is of wood; shade-lines being regular or irregular[90]

[CHAPTER V.]

MARKING DIMENSIONS.

Examples in marking dimensions[91]

[CHAPTER VI.]

THE ARRANGEMENT OF DIFFERENT VIEWS.
The different views of a mechanical drawing; elevation; plan; general view; a figure to represent a solid cylinder[94]
To represent the different sides of a cube; the use of a cross to denote a square[95]
A triangular piece requires two or three views[96]
To represent a ring having hexagon cross section; examples; a rectangular piece in two views[98]
The position of the piece when in its place determines the name of the view in the drawing[103]
View of a lever[105]
Best method of projecting one view from another; the two systems of different views of a piece[106]

[CHAPTER VII.]

EXAMPLES IN BOLTS, NUTS ANDPOLYGONS.

To represent the thread of a small screw[112]
A bolt with a hexagon head[113]
United States standard sizes for forged or unfinished bolts andnuts[116]
The basis of the Franklin Institute or United States standard for bolts and nuts; hexagonal or hexagon heads of bolt[118]
Comparison of hexagon and square heads of bolts; chamfers[120]
Without chamfer; best plan for view of both square and hexagon heads[123]
Drawing different views of hexagon heads[125]
To draw a square-headed bolt; to draw the end view of a hexagon head[125]
Use of the triangle to divide circles[129]
Scales giving the length of the sides of polygons[135]
To find what a square body which measures one inch on each side measures across the corners; to find what diameter a cylindrical piece of wood must be turned to which is to be squared, and each side of which square must measure an inch [136]
To find a radius across corners of a hexagon or a six sided figure, the length of a side being an inch[138]
To draw a stud[142]
To pencil in a cap nut; pencilling for a link having the hubs on one side only[145]
Link with hubs on both sides; pencil lines for a double eye or a knuckle joint[146]
Double eye or knuckle joint with an offset; a connecting rod end[147]

A rod end with a round stem[148]
A bolt with a square under the head[149]
Example in which the corner where the round stem meets the square under the head is sharp; a centre punch giving an example in which the flat sides gradually run out upon a circle, the edges forming curves[150]

[CHAPTER VIII.]

SCREW THREADS AND SPIRALS.

Screw threads for small bolts with the angles of the thread drawn in, and the method of doing this[152]
A double thread; a round top and bottom thread such as the Whitworth thread; a left hand thread; to draw screw threads of a large diameter[156]
Drawing the curves for screw threads[157]
To draw the United States standard thread[160]
To draw a square thread[162]
Form of template for drawing the curves of threads[165]
To show the thread depth in a top or end view of a nut; to draw a spiral spring[166]
To obtain an accurate division of the lines that divide the pitch[167]

[CHAPTER IX.]

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

A locomotive spring; a stuffing box and gland; working drawings of a coupling rod; dimensions and directions marked; a connecting rod drawn and put together as it would be for the lathe, vise, or erecting shop[169]
Drawings for the blacksmith[172]
A locomotive frame[174]
Reducing scales[175]
Making a drawing to scale[177]

[CHAPTER X.]

PROJECTIONS.

A spiral wound around a cylinder whose end is cut off at an angle[178]
A cylindrical body joining another at a right-angle; a Tee for example[180]
Other examples of Tees[181]
Example of a cylinder intersecting a cone[186]
A cylindrical body whose top face if viewed from one point would appear as a straight line, or from another a circle[188]

[CHAPTER XI.]

DRAWING GEAR WHEELS.

Names of the curves and lines of gear teeth[193]
How to draw spur wheel teeth[194]
Professor Willis' scale of tooth proportions[195]
The application of the scale[197]
How to find the curve for the tooth face[198]
To trace hypocycloides for the flanks of teeth[200]
Sectional view of a section of a wheel for showing the dimensions through the arms and hub[202]
To draw an edge view of a wheel; rules for drawing the teeth of wheels; bevel gear wheels[203]
The construction to find the curves[204]
To draw the arcs for the teeth[205]
To draw the pitch circle of the inner and small end of the pinion teeth[206]
One-half of a bevel gear and an edge view projected from the same[207]
A pair of bevel wheels shown in section; drawing of a part of an Ames lathe feed motion; small bevel gears[208]
Example in which part of the gear is shown with teeth in, and the remainder illustrated by circles; drawings of part of the feed motion of a Niles horizontal tool work boring mill[209]
Three bevel gears, one of which is line-shaded; the construction of oval gearing; Professor Rankine's process for rectifying and subdividing circular arcs[210]
Various examples of laying out gear wheels[214]

[CHAPTER XII.]

PLOTTING MECHANICAL MOTIONS.

To find how much motion an eccentric will give to its rod[223]
To find how much a given amount of motion of a long arm will move the short arm of a lever[224]
Example of the end of a lever acting directly on a shoe; a short arm having a roller acting upon a larger roller[225]
A link introduced in the place of the roller to find the amount of motion of the rod; a lever actuating a plunger in a vertical line, to find how much a given amount of motion of the long arm will actuate the plunger[226]
Two levers upon their axles or shafts, the arms connected by a link and one arm connected to a rod[227]
A lever arm and cam in one piece on a shaft, a shoe sliding on the line, and held against the cam face by the rod, to find the position of the face of the shoe against the cam[228]
To find the amount of motion imparted in a straight line to a rod, attached to an eccentric strap[229]
Examples in drawing the cut off cams employed instead of eccentrics on river steamboats in the Western and Southern States. Different views of a pair of cams[232]
The object of using a cam instead of an eccentric[234]
Method of drawing or marking out a full stroke cam[237]
Illustration of the lines embracing cut off cams of varying limits of cut-off[240]
Part played by the stroke of the engine in determining the conformation of cut-off cams; manner of finding essential points of drawings of cutoff cams[241]
A cam designed to cut off the steam at five-eighths of the piston stroke[244]
Three-fourths and seven-eighths cams[246]
Necessary imperfections in the operations of cut-off cams[247]
Drawing representing the motion which a crank imparts to a connecting rod[249]
Plotting out the motion of a shaper link quick return[250]
Plotting out the Whitworth quick return motion employed in machines[253]
Finding the curves for moulding cutters[257]

[CHAPTER XIII.]

EXAMPLES IN LINE-SHADING AND DRAWING FORLINE-SHADED ENGRAVINGS.

Arrangement of idle pulleys to guide bolts from one pulley to another; representation of a cutting tool for a planing machine[264]
Drawings for photo-engraving[267]

Drawing for an engraver in wood; drawings for engravings by the wax process[268]
Engraving made by the wax process from a print from a wood engraving; engravings of a boiler drilling machine[269]

[CHAPTER XIV.]

SHADING AND COLORING DRAWINGS.

Coloring the journals of shafts; simple shading; drawing cast-iron, wrought iron, steel and copper[277]
Points to be observed in coloring and shading; colored drawings to be glued around their edges to the drawing board; to maintain an even shade of color; mixing colors[278]
To graduate the depth of tint for a cylindrical surface[279]
The size and use of brushes; light in shading; example for shading a Medart pulley[280]
Brush shading[281]
To show by the shading that the surfaces are highly polished; representation of an oil cup; representation of an iron planing machine[282]
Example in shading of Blake's patent direct acting steam pump[284]
Example of shading an independent condenser[288]

[CHAPTER XV.]

EXAMPLES OF ENGINE WORK.

Drawings of an automatic high speed engine; side and end views of the engine; vertical section of the cylinder through the valve face[289]
Valve motion; governor[292]
Pillow box, block crank-pin, wheel and main journal[294]
Side and edge view of the connecting rod[295]
A two hundred horse power horizontal steam boiler for a stationary engine; cross sectional view of the boiler shell[296]
Side elevation, end view of the boiler, and setting[297]
Working drawings of a one hundred horse power engine; plan and side view of the bed plate, with the main bearing and guide bars; cross sections of the bed plate; side elevation of the cylinder, with end view of the same[299]
Steam chest side and horizontal cross section of the cylinder; steam chest and the valves; cam wrist plate and cut-off mechanism; shaft for the cam plate; cross head; side view and section through the centre of the eccentric and strap[301]
Construction of the connecting rod[303]
[Index][305]
[Catalogue]

Mechanical Drawing

SELF-TAUGHT.

CHAPTER I.

THE DRAWING BOARD.