[Fig. 2749] represents a gouge for lathe work, its handle being made long enough to be held in both hands and used as described with reference to turning with hand tools.

Another tool, very useful to the pattern-maker, is the skew chisel, which is also described in connection with hand turning.

Saws.—There are two principal kinds of saws, the rip saw for cutting lengthwise of the grain of the wood, and the cross-cut saw for cutting across the grain. In shaping these saws the end to be obtained is to enable them to sever the fibre of the wood in advance of the effort to remove it from the main body.

Fig. 2750.

VOL. II. THE ACTION OF SAW TEETH. PLATE XIII.
Fig. 2751.Fig. 2752.
Fig. 2753.Fig. 2754.
Fig. 2755.Fig. 2756.

In [Fig. 2750], for example, the grain of the wood runs lengthwise and the throat, or front face of each tooth, is hooking or hooked, so that the cutting edge will cut through the fibres at their ends before it is attempted to remove them from the main body of the wood. Suppose, for example, that the saw shown in [Fig. 2750] was put into a piece of timber and a tooth pressed hard enough on the wood to leave a mark, and this mark would appear as in [Fig. 2751] at e, extending across a width equal to the full width of the saw tooth. It would do this because the front face or throat b and the back face a are both at a right angle to the saw length as is denoted by the dotted lines. As the grain is supposed in [Fig. 2751] to run lengthways of the timber, clearly the fibre between the indentation e and the saw slot is severed and would be removed as the tooth passed farther down through the wood, the action of first severing the fibre at its end and then removing it being carried on by each tooth.

In [Fig. 2752] is shown a cross-cut saw in action upon a piece of wood in which the grain or fibre runs across the timber, and in this case the teeth require to be shaped to cut on each side of the saw instead of directly in front of it, because in that way only can the ends of the wood fibre be severed before it is dislodged from its place.

To enable the cross-cut saw to accomplish this, one tooth cuts on one side of the saw slot and the next tooth on the other, as at a and b in [Fig. 2751], from which it will be seen that as the grain runs lengthways of the timber, the fibres between the lines a and b will be severed at their ends by the extreme edges of the teeth before the thicker part of the tooth reaches them to remove them.