NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS
1888

Copyright, 1887, 1888 by
CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS

Press of J. J. Little & Co.
Astor Place, New York.

[Table of
contents
for
Volume I.]

CONTENTS.

Volume II.

PAGE
CHAPTER XXII.
MILLING MACHINERY AND MILLING TOOLS.
The Milling Machine; Advantages possessed by[1]
The hand milling machine[1]
Power milling machine[2]
Universal milling machines[2], [3]
The Brown and Sharpe Universal Milling Machine, general view of[4]
The construction of the bearings and of the head[5]
Sectional view of head[6]
The dividing mechanism[6]
The index plate[7]
Table of index holes for gear cutting[7]
The automatic feed motion[8], [9]
Special index plate for gear cutting[9]
The Brainard Milling Machine[9]
The various attachments of[10]
The rotary vise[10]
Universal head and back centre[10]
Universal head for gear cutting[11]
The head for cutting spirals[12]
The cam cutting attachment[12]
The Lipe Universal Milling Machine[12]
Sectional view of the Lipe machine[13]
The feed motions of the Lipe machine[13]
The index head of the Lipe machine[14]
The adjustable centre rest[14]
The Universal Milling Machine for heavy work[15]
Construction of the driving gear and feed motion[15]
Pratt and Whitney’s double spindle milling machine[16]
Milling Cutters or Mills[16] to [24]
Cutters with spiral teeth[17]
Table of sizes of Brown and Sharpe standard cutters[17]
Table of standard sizes of Brainard cutters[17]
Face cutters[17]
Twin cutters and right and left hand cutters[18]
Advantages and disadvantages of face cutters[18]
Angular cutters[19]
Right and left angular cutters[19]
The Brown and Sharpe patent cutters[19]
Shank cutters[19]
The direction of the feed for shank cutters[20]
Applications of shank cutters[21]
Sizes of shank cutters[21]
Fly cutters[21]
Different methods of making fly cutters, and the advantages and defects of each method[21]
Circular cutters, and holders for fly cutters[22]
Matched cutters; methods of matching cutters[23]
Gang or composite cutters; cutters with inserted teeth[24]
Cutter Arbors[25]
Milling[25] to [30]
Comparison of the advantages of end milling, face milling, and twin milling[25]
The length of feed in face milling[26]
Cutting grooves in cylindrical work[27]
Angular cutters for groove cutting[27]
The crowding of grooving cutters and how to avoid it[27]
The direction of the feed in cutting spiral grooves[27]
Setting angular grooving cutters[28]
Cutting right and left hand grooves and determining the direction of the feed for the same[29]
Fluting twist drills[29]
Finding the angle of the cutter in cutting spiral grooves[29]
Producing different shaped grooves with the same cutter[29], [30]
Holding work on the milling machine; milling taper work[30]
Chucks for Milling Machines[31]
Vertical Milling Machine[31]
Profiling Machine[31], [32]
Grinding Machine, for milling cutters[32] to [37]
Fixture for grinding parallel cutters[32]
Errors in grinding milling cutters[32]
Grinding thin cutters[33]
Grinding taper cutters[33]
Fixture for grinding taper work[33]
Fixture for taper cutters and for face cutters[34]
The position of the emery wheel and clearance on the cutter[35]
Grinding the teeth of spiral cutters[36]
Positions of emery wheels in cutter grinding as affecting the strength of the cutting edges[36], [37]
CHAPTER XXIII.
EMERY WHEELS AND GRINDING MACHINERY.
Grinding Operations; Classification of[38]
The qualifications of emery wheels[38]
Cements used in the manufacture of emery wheels[38]
Grades of coarseness and fineness of emery wheels[38]
Grades of wheels and the work they are suitable for[39]
Speeds of emery wheels[39]
Balancing emery wheels[39]
Emery Grinding Machines[40]
The Sellers drill grinding machine[41]
The construction of the drill holding chuck[41]
Varying the drill position to suit the diameter of the drill, and thus maintain equal conditionsfor all diameters of drills[41]
Errors of construction in ordinary drill grinding machines[41]
The construction whereby the Sellers machine maintains an equal degree of clearance from end toend of the cutting edge upon all sizes of drills[41], [42],
[43],[44]
The Sellers attachment for thinning the points of large twist drills[44]
The front rake of twist drills[44]
Emery grinder for true surfaces[45]
For engine guide bars[45]
For car axle boxes[45]
Emery grinder with traversing emery wheel[46]
For rough work[46]
For planing machine knives or cutters[46]
Emery wheel swing frame for dressing large castings, &c.[46]
Emery belt grinding machine[47]
Presenting emery wheels to the work, or the work to the wheels[47]
Annular emery wheels[48]
Recessed emery wheel[48]
The wear of emery wheels[48]
Polishing Wheels[49] to [51]
The construction of[49]
Lapping the leather on[49]
Method of keeping them true[50]
Charging with emery[50]
The speed of[50]
Polishing materials for[50]
Brush wheels for polishing[50]
Speed of brush wheels[50]
Polishing materials for brush wheels for brass work[50]
Solid leather wheels[51]
Rag polishing wheels[51]
Polishing materials for rag wheels[51]
Polishing device for engravers’ steel plates[51]
Grindstones and Tool Grinding[51]
The various kinds of[51]
Suitable for wood working tools[52]
Suitable for saws or iron plates[52]
The speeds of[52]
The changes of pulley diameter necessary as the diameter of the stone decreases in order tomaintain a nearly uniform circumferential speed of grindstone[52]
Arrangement of, for saw plates[52]
Hacking[53]
Device for truing[53]
Automatic traversing device for[53]
Considerations that determine the position in which the work should be applied to[53]
Oil-stones, the various kinds of[54]
Truing oil-stones[54]
Removing the feather edge left by[54]
Oil-stoning edge tools[54]
CHAPTER XXIV.
GEAR CUTTING MACHINES.
Gear Cutters—The Brainard Automatic[55]
Plan view of the mechanism[55]
Method of operating the cutter slide[55]
The arrangement of the positive feed shipping motion[55]
Arrangement and construction of the dividing mechanism[55]
The Brainard half automatic gear cutting machine[56]
Gear cutting engine with vertical cutter spindle[56]
Gear planing machine[56]
Piat’s French gear cutting machine[56] to [61]
CHAPTER XXV.
VISE WORK.
Definition of Vise Work[62]
The Vise[62]
The height of vise jaws[62]
The wood-worker’s vise[62]
The Stephens vise[62]
Swivelling vises[62]
The Prentiss vise[62]
Leg vise with parallel motion[63]
Various forms of vise clamps[64]
Hammers[64]
The effects of the speed of a hammer blow[65]
Experiments by Robert Sabine on the duration of a blow[65]
Machinists’ hand hammers[66]
Shapes of hammer eyes[66]
The proper method of putting handles in[67]
Paning of pening hammers[68]
The plate straightener’s and saw maker’s hammers[69]
The principles involved in straightening plates[69]
The dog-head hammer[69]
The effects of hammer blows upon plates[69]
Saw straightening and saw hammering[70], [71]
Machinist’s sledge hammer[71]
The file cutter’s hammers[71]
Riveter’s hammer[71]
The cooper’s hammer[71]
The mallet[72]
Pening or paning[72]
Applications of pening to straighten work or refit it[72]
Riveting crank pins[73]
Chisels[73]
Forms of bar steel for chisels[73]
The widths and thicknesses of the cutting ends of[74]
Angles of the cutting edges of[74]
Shapes of the cutting edges of[74]
Chisel holders[74]
Cape or cross-cut[74]
Round nosed[75]
The cow-mouthed[75]
Curved or oil groove[76]
The diamond point chisel[76]
Applications of machinists’ chisels[76]
The carpenter’s chisel[77]
The angle of presentation of chisels[77]
Plane Blades[77]
The form of, necessary to produce a given shape of moulding[77]
Finding the shape of knives, plane blades, or cutters necessary to produce given shapes upon the work[78] to [83]
Scale for marking out the necessary shapes of moulding knives[83]
Instruments for[84]
Files[85]
Shapes of file teeth[85]
The cut of files[85]
Sizes and kinds of flat files[86]
Groubet files[87]
Rasps, the kinds and cut of[88]
The names of files[88], [89]
Round, half-round, and three-square files[90]
Knife files, cross files, reaper files, tumbler files[91]
The selection of files[91]
Putting handles on files[92]
Instruction on holding files[92]
Slim files[92]
The warping of files[93]
Using bent files[93]
Cross filing[93]
Draw filing[94]
Cleaning files[94]
Filing out round corners[95]
Using round files[95]
Files for soft metals[95]
Resharpening files[95]
The Sand Blast process[96]
Red Marking for vise work[96]
Hack Saw[97]
Screw Drivers and their proper shape[97]
Scrapers for true surfaces[97]
Angles for the facets of scrapers[97]
Various forms of scrapers[97]
Reamers[98]
The spacing of reamer teeth[98]
Odd and even numbers of reamer teeth[98]
Adjustable reamers[98]
Taper reamers[99]
Reamers for framing[99]
Half-round reamers[99]
Square reamers[99]
CHAPTER XXVI.
VISE WORK (Continued).
Examples in Vise Work[100] to [113]
The use of chisels[100]
File cutting[100]
Cutting key seats[101]
Sinking feathers in shafts[101]
Methods of securing feathers[102]
Filing up a double eye or knuckle joint[103]
Filing pins[103]
Blocks for filing pins[104]
Hand vise[104]
Filing bolt heads and nuts[104], [105]
Making outside calipers[105], [106]
Fitting keys[107]
Cutting keyways by hand[108]
Cutting out keyways by drifts[109]
Forms of drifts[109]
Methods of using drifts[109]
Templates[110]
Making male and female templates[110] to [112]
CHAPTER XXVII.
VISE WORK (Continued).
Examples in Vise Work[113] to [127]
The various form of connecting rods[113]
Solid ended connecting rods[113]
Clip ended connecting rod[114]
Strap ended connecting rod[115]
Double gibbed connecting rod[115]
Locomotive connecting rod[115]
Bolted connecting rod straps[115]
Marine engine connecting rod[116]
Tapered connecting rod ends and their advantages[117]
Stepped connecting rod straps and their advantages[117]
Fitting up connecting rods[117], [119]
Welding up stub ends of connecting rods[118]
Aligning welded connecting rods[118]
Fitting on connecting rod straps[119]
Filing out connecting rod keyways[119]
Fitting the keys and gibs[119]
Fitting connecting rod brasses to their straps[120], [122]
The joint faces of connecting rod straps[121]
Disadvantages of joints left open to take up the wear[121]
Obviating this disadvantage[121]
Marking the lengths of connecting rods[122]
Fitting up a fork end connecting rod[122]
Aligning fork end connecting rods[123]
Repairing connecting rods[124]
Setting connecting rod brasses together[125]
Lining up connecting rod brasses[126]
Adjusting the lengths of connecting rods[126]
Setting up the keys of connecting rods[126]
Shapes of the crowns of brasses[127]
Fitting up a link motion[127]
Templates for filing the link slot[127]
Case-hardening[128] to [133]
Sheehan’s case-hardening process[128]
Preparing work for[129]
Setting work after[129]
Fitting brasses to pillow blocks or axle-boxes[130]
Bedding brasses[132]
The proper shape for the patterns of brasses[132]
Originating a True Plane[133]
Finding which of three surfaces is the nearest to a true plane[133]
Methods of testing the surfaces[134]
A new process of originating surface plates[134]
The deflection of surface plates[134]
The Friction of Plane Surfaces[135]
Oiling True Surfaces[135]
CHAPTER XXVIII.
ERECTING.
Spirit-level[136]
Plumb-level[136]
Joints[136] to [141]
Filing or making joints[137]
Ground joints[137]
Scraped joints[137]
Cylinder covered joints[137]
Making a scraped joint with the studs in their places[138]
Joints for rough surfaces[138]
Gauze wire joints[138]
Water joints[138]
Joints to withstand great heat[138]
Rubber joints[139]
Boiler fitting joints[139]
Easily removable joints[140]
Rust or caulked joints; caulking tools[141]
Thimble joints[141]
Expansion joint[141]
Pipes, Cocks and Plugs[141] to [145]
Pipe cutters[141]
Pipe vises[141]
Pipe tongs[143]
Erecting pipe work[144]
Refitting leaky cocks and plugs[144]
Grinding cocks and-plugs[145]
Boxes and Brasses[145] to [149]
Fitting brasses to their journals[145]
Various forms of bearings and brasses or boxes[147]
Locomotive axle boxes[148]
Lead lined brasses[148]
Open brasses[149]
Lubrication[149] to [154]
Examples of oil cavities and oil grooves for brasses[150]
Qualities of lubricants[151]
Testing lubricants[151]
Best method of using thin oils[152]
The influence of the atmosphere on oils[153]
Longevity of lubricants[153]
Testing oils for salts and acids[153]
Swiss watchmakers’ oil tests[153]
The blotting paper oil test[154]
Friction and Wear[154]
Morin’s experiments on[154]
Order of the value of metals to resist wear[154]
White metal or babbitt metal lined boxes[155]
Methods of babbitting boxes[156]
The pressure on journals[156]
Cranks[156]
Placing at right angles[156], [157]
Engine Cylinders[158] to [161]
Fitting[158]
Setting[159]
Reboring cylinders in their places[160]
Scraping out cylinder ends[161]
CHAPTER XXIX.
ERECTING ENGINES AND MACHINERY.
Engine Guide Bars[162]
Setting[162]
The spring of[162]
Testing[163]
Setting by stretched lines[163]
Heating and Knocking of Engines[164]
The ordinary causes of[164], [166]
Aligning New Engines[166] to [171]
Classification of the errors in engine alignment[166]
Testing the alignment of the crank[167]
Showing separately the causes of beating and pounding[168]
Methods of discovery and determining the errors of alignment[169]
Errors of alignment in crank pins[170]
Methods of discovering errors of crank pin alignment[170]
Remedying errors of crank pin alignment[171], [172]
Slide Valves[173] to [175]
Finding the dead centre of the crank[173]
Taking up the lost motion when setting the valve[174]
Measuring the valve lead[174]
Finding the dead centre with a spirit level[174]
Setting Eccentrics on crank shafts[175]
Setting double eccentrics by lines[175]
Erecting the Framework of machinery[176], [177]
Repairing and Patching broken frames[178]
Erecting an Iron Planer[179]
Foundations for an iron planer[180]
Fitting up and erecting a lathe[181]
Testing Lathes[181]
Instruments for testing lathes[182]
Testing lathe carriages[183]
Erecting Line Shafting[184] to [186]
CHAPTER XXX.
LINE SHAFTING.
Line Shafting[187] to [190]
Sizes of[187]
Cold rolled shafting[187]
Distance between bearings of line shafting[187]
Tests of hot rolled and cold rolled shafting[188]
Collars for shafting[189]
Diameters of line shafting[189]
The strength of line shafting[190]
Speeds for shafting[190]
Counter Shafts[191]
Friction Clutches[192]
Shafting Hangers[193]
Various forms of[193]
Open-sided[193]
Wall hangers[194]
Pillow Blocks for shafting[194]
Couplings[194] to [199]
For line shafts[194]
With split sleeves[195]
Errors in[196]
Self-adjusting[196]
Plate[196]
Clamp[197], [198]
For light shafting[199]
Universal[199]
CHAPTER XXXI.
PULLEYS.
Classification[200], [201]
Wood pulleys[200]
Solid and split pulleys[200]
Expansion pulleys[200]
Self-oiling pulleys[200]
Crowned pulleys[201]
Fastening pulleys to their shafts[201]
Balancing pulleys[202]
The Transmitting Power of pulleys[204]
Size of pulleys for countershafts[205]
Calculating the Speeds of pulleys[206]
CHAPTER XXXII.
LEATHER BELTING.
Hides[207], [208]
The parts of a hide used for belting[207]
The thickness and stretch of the parts of a hide[207]
Experiments on the strength of the parts of a hide[208]
Single and double belts[208]
Grain Side of Leather[208]
Weakness of the[208]
Why the grain side should go next to a pulley[208]
Belts[209] to [217]
The length of[209]
Belt clamp[210]
The sag of belts[210]
Belt connection at an angle[211]
Guide pulleys for belts[211]
The tension and creep of belts[212]
Methods of joining the ends of belts[213]
Forms of belt lacings[214]
Covers for belt lacings[215]
Lap joints for belts[215]
Joining thin belts[215]
Bevelled joints for belts[215]
Pegged belts[215]
Belt hooks and belt screws[216]
Angular or V-belts[217]
The line of motion of belts[217]
Changing or shipping belts[217]
Automatic belt replacer[218]
Pull of a belt[218]
The Sellers experiments on transmission of power[218] to [225]
Belt 51⁄2′′ wideby 7⁄32′′ thick[219]
Belt 21⁄4′′ wideby 5⁄16′′ thick[219]
Rawhide belt 4′′ by9⁄32′′[220]
Double oak tanned belt 4′′ by5⁄16′′[220], [221]
Oak tanned belt 2′′ by3⁄16′′[222]
Coefficient of friction and velocity of slip[222]
Torsional moment[223]
Increase of tensions[224]
CHAPTER XXXIII.
FORGING.
Testing Iron by bending it[226]
Testing machines[227], [228]
Tools for Blacksmiths[228] to [232]
Forges[228], [229]
Chisels, &c.[230]
Anvils[230]
Swages[230], [231]
Spring swages[231]
Swage blocks[232]
Swaging[232], [233]
Examples in Welding[233], [235]
Iron[233], [234]
Steel to iron[234]
Best method of[234], [237]
Examples in Forging[238] to [252]
Device for bolt forging[238]
Forging turn buckles[239]
Methods of bending iron[240]
Device for bending iron[240], [241]
Forging steel forks[241]
Forging under the hammer[242], [243]
Forging rope sockets[243], [244]
Forging wrought iron wheels for locomotives[244], [245]
Forging rudder frames[245], [246]
Welding scrap iron for large shafts[247]
Construction of furnace for heating scrap[247]
Forging crank shafts[248], [249]
Forging large crank shafts[249], [252]
Forging machines[252] to [263]
Foot-power hammer or Oliver[252], [253]
Standish’s foot-power hammer[252], [253]
Power hammers and steam hammers[252], [253]
Bradley’s cushioned hammer[252], [253]
Corr’s power hammer[254], [255]
Kingsley’s trip hammer[255]
The drop hammer[255], [256]
Steam hammers[257], [258]
Double frame steam hammer[258]
Double frame steam drop hammer[258]
Double frame steam drop hammer for locomotive and car axles and truck bars[259]
The Edgemore Iron Works’ hydraulic forging press[260]
Dies for forging eye bars[260]
Nail forging machine[260]
Rolls for forming knife blades[261]
Machine for forging threads on rods[261], [262]
Finishing machine for horseshoes[262], [263]
Circular saw for cutting hot iron[263]
CHAPTER XXXIV.
WOOD WORKING.
Pattern Making[264], [267]
Choice and preservation of wood for[264]
Bending Timber[265], [266]
The bending block[265], [266]
Steaming wood for bending[266], [267]
Wood Working Tools[267] to [274]
Planes for pattern making[267]
Compass planes[268]
Stanley’s iron frame block plane[269]
Stanley’s bull-nose rabbet plane[269]
Bailey’s patent adjustable planes[269]
The combination plane[269], [270]
The beading bit[270], [271]
Tool for cutting material into parallel slips[271]
The chisel and chisel handles[271]
Firmer and paring chisels and gouges[272]
Rip saws[272], [273]
Cross cut saw[273]
Common gauges for marking off work[274]
Mortise gauge[274]
Cutting gauge[274]
Wood Joints[274], [275]
Mortise joint[274]
Tenon joint[274]
Dovetail joint[275]
Mitre joint[275]
Half check joint[275]
Examples of Pattern Making[275] to [285]
Patterns for piston gland[275]
Construction of piston gland pattern[276], [277]
Rapping small cast gears[277]
Casting pillow block[277]
Pattern for pillow block[277]
Pulley pattern[278], [279]
Building up segments for patterns[278], [279]
Getting out arms for pulleys[280]
Making pipe patterns[280], [281]
Globe valve pattern[281], [282]
Angle valve pattern[283], [284]
Branch pipes[284] to [286]
CHAPTER XXXV.
WOOD WORKING MACHINERY.
Classification[287]
Circular Saws[287] to [305]
Gauges for circular saws[287]
Table of diameters[287]
Thickness[287]
Size of mandrel hole[287]
Shingle saw[287], [288]
Concave saw[287], [288]
Stretching of circular saws by heat[288]
The tension of circular saws[288]
Causes of alteration of tension and method of discovering the same[288]
Truth of circular saws[288]
Various effects of circular saws heating[288]
Truing circular saws[288]
Sharpening the teeth of circular saws[289], [290]
The gumming, gulleting or chamfering machine[290]
Inserted teeth of saws[290]
Chisel teeth saws[290], [291]
Inserting teeth in circular saws[290], [291]
Swing frame saws[290], [292]
Fence for swing frame saws[293]
Examples of work done on swing frame machine[293]
Swing machine with fixed table[294]
Double saw machine[294], [295]
Gauges for sawing machine[294]
Method of employing the mitre gauge[294]
Cropping and gauging gauge[296]
Bevel or mitre sawing machines[296], [298]
Roll feed circular saw machine[298], [300]
Segmental circular saws[300]
Fastening saw segments to their disks[301]
Gang edging machines[301]
Rack feed saw bench[301]
Construction of the feed motion[301] to [304]
Fibrous packing for circular saw[305]
Tubular Saw Machine[305]
Cross Cutting or Gaining Machine[305], [306]
Scroll Sawing Machine[306]
Construction of various scroll sawing machines[306], [307]
Band Sawing Machine[308] to [312]
Various kinds of teeth for band saws[308], [309]
Pitch of teeth for band saws[309]
The adjustment of the saws of band saw machines[309], [310]
Filing the teeth of band saw machines[309]
Re-sawing band saw machine[309], [310]
To regulate the tension of band saws[310], [311]
Construction of band saw guides[311]
Various band saw machines[311], [312]
Reciprocating Cross Cutting Saw[312]
Construction of[312]
Horizontal Saw Frame Machine[312] to [315]
Construction of the saw driving mechanism[314]
Construction of the feed motion[315]
Construction of the saw[315]
Planing Machines[315] to [341]
Buzz planer[315]
Construction of the work table[316]
Construction of the cutter head[316]
Skew knives[316]
Roll feed wood planing machine[317]
The construction of the feed rolls[317]
Adjustment of the feed rolls[317]
Construction of the pressure bars[317]
Adjustment of the roll pressure[318]
Adjustment of the work table[318]
The roll driving mechanism[319]
The cutter head[320]
Three feed roll wood planing machine[322], [323]
Pony planer[323]
Construction of the feed mechanism[324]
Balancing cutter heads and knives[324], [326]
Farrar planing machine[326], [327]
Planing and matching machine[328]
Construction of the feed rolls[329]
Construction of the upper cylinder[329]
Construction of the lower cylinder[329]
Construction of a matcher hanger[329]
The timber planer[330], [331]
Construction of parts of the timber planer[331]
How the timber planer operates[331], [332]
Panel planing and trying up machine[332], [334]
Moulding machine[334]
Double head panel raiser and double sticker[335], [336]
Moulding cutters[336], [337]
Cutter heads and circular cutters[337]
The Shimer head[337]
Head for producing match board grooves[337], [338]
Jointing machine[338]
Knives of jointing machine[338]
Speed of cutter head or disc[338]
Stroke jointers[338], [339]
Machine for cutting mitre joints[339]
Moulding or friezing machines[339]
Important points of friezing machines[339]
Construction of moulding and friezing machines[340], [341]
Shape of cutters for moulding and friezing machine[341]
Rotary cutters for all kinds of work, and for edge moulding and friezing machine[341] to [343]
Boring Machines[342]
Fences for[342]
Augers or bits for[342]
Boring machines for heavy work[343]
Mortising Machines[344]
Tools used in mortising machines[344]
Motion of chisel bar and auger[344]
Construction of bed[344]
Adjustment of carriage[344]
Tenoning Machines[344], [345]
Construction of revolving heads[344], [345]
Tenoning machine for heavy work[346]
Sand-papering Machines[346], [349]
Construction of sand-papering machines[347], [348]
Movements of sand-papering machine[347]
Cylinder sand-papering machines[348]
Self-feeding sand-papering machine[348]
Sizes of machines[348]
Construction of feed rolls[348]
Finishing and roughing cylinders[348]
Brush attachment[348]
Double wheel sanding machines[348], [349]
CHAPTER XXXVI.
STEAM BOILERS.
Strength of Boiler Shells[350]
Strength of Boiler Plate[351]
Explanation of pressure in steam boilers[351]
Boiler Joints or Seams[351] to [357]
Forms of rivet joints[351]
Single riveted lap joint[351]
Double riveted lap joint[352]
Single riveted butt joint with straps[352]
Double riveted butt joint with straps zigzag riveted[352]
Triple riveted lap joint zigzag riveted[352]
Lap joint with covering plate[352]
Double riveted lap joint chain riveted[353]
Double riveted butt joints with double straps[353]
Treble riveted butt joint with double straps[353], [354]
Rules for spacing the rivets in boiler seams[353]
Rule for finding diagonal pitch of riveted joints[353]
High percentage joint[353]
Rivets unevenly pitched[354]
Rule for calculating the percentage strength of joint with unevenly pitched rivets[354]
Strength of circumferential seams of stationary engine boilers[354], [355]
Table of additions to be made to the factor of safety for various constructions of riveted joints[355]
Table of diameter of rivets for single riveted lap joints[356]
Rule for making rivet and plate area equal[336]
Table of rivet diameter and pitch for single riveted lap joints[356]
Rule for finding the pitch for double, diagonal riveted lap joints[356]
Example in the use of rule for diagonal pitch of rivets[356]
Rule for finding distance V where the diagonal pitch has been found[357]
Comparing chain with zigzag riveted joints[357]
Interior of Boilers[358] to [364]
The internally fired flue boiler[358], [359]
Boiler with Field tubes[350]
Vertical water tube boiler[360]
Construction of field tubes[360]
Arrangement of field tubes[360]
Vertical boilers with external uptakes[361]
Horizontal return tubular boiler[361], [362]
Construction of horizontal return tubular boiler[362], [363]
Various arrangements of tubes in boilers[364]
Setting Boilers[364], [366]
Ground plan of brickwork[365]
Setting full arch front boilers[365]
Table of measurements for setting tubular stationary boilers with full arch front[366]
Table of measurements for setting stationary boilers with half arch front[366]
The Evaporative Efficiencies of Boilers[366] to [368]
Table of the pressure, temperature and volume of steam[367]
Calculating the evaporation of a boiler[368]
Care and Management of Boilers[368] to [371]
Examining safety valves[368]
Water gauge glass[368]
Gauge cocks[368]
Lighting boiler fires[368]
The thickness of the fire for boilers[368]
Managing the fire[368]
Shaking grate bars[369]
The slice bar[369]
The hoe[369]
The poker[369]
The clinker hook[369]
The rake[369]
The quantity of water in a boiler[369]
Leaving the fire for the night[369]
Leaving the safety valve for the night[369]
Regulating the boiler feed[369]
Dirty feed water[370]
Defective feed pumps[370]
Scale in boilers[370]
Preventing the formation of scale[370]
Feed water heaters[370]
Low water in boilers[370]
Priming or foaming[370]
The known causes of priming[370]
Wastefulness of priming[370]
The detection of priming[370]
To prevent or stop priming[370]
Surface blow off cock or mechanical boiler cleaner[370]
Blowing off a boiler[370]
Blowing down a boiler[370]
Washing out a boiler[371]
Cleaning a boiler[371]
Scaling a boiler[371]
Examining a boiler[371]
CHAPTER XXXVII.
STEAM ENGINES.
Engine Cylinders[372] to [374]
The bores of[372]
Sizes of[372]
Wear of[372]
Counterbore of[372]
Clearance in[372]
Lubrication of[373]
The cocks of[373]
Relief valves of[373]
The steam ports of[373]
Lagging[374]
Jacketed cylinders[374]
Engine Pistons[374]
The speeds of[374]
With releasing gears[374]
With positive valve gears[374]
The rings of[374]
The follower[374]
Testing the rings of[374]
Engine Piston Rods[375]
Methods of securing[375]
Packing[375]
Glands for[375]
Engine Cross Heads[375]
Engine Guide Bars[375]
Engine Connecting Rods[375]
Connecting rod keys[375]
Angularity of[375]
The lengths of[375]
Valves[376] to [378]
The D-valve[376]
The point of cut off[376]
Period of expansion of the steam[376]
Point of release of the steam[376]
Point of compression of the steam[376]
Lead of[376]
Point of admission of the steam[376]
The lip[376]
Exhaust lap[376]
Steam lap[376]
Tracing the action of[376]
Double ported valves[377]
The Allen valve[377]
Webb’s patent valve[377]
Balanced valves[377]
Circular valves[377]
Piston valves[378]
Separate cut off valves[378]
Meyer’s cut off valves[378]
Gonzenback’s cut off valve[378]
Eccentrics[378]
Shifting eccentrics[378]
The action of[378]
The angular advance of[378]
Designing Slide Valves[380]
Valve Motions[381]
Diagram for designing[381]
Link Motion[383]
In full gear forward[383]
In full gear backward[383]
The action of[383]
Setting the valves[383]
Governors[384]
Fly ball or throttling[384]
Isochronal[384]
Dancing[384]
Speed of[384]
Spring adjustment of[384]
Sawyer’s valve for[384]
Speeder for[384]
Starting a Slide Valve Engine[384]
Crank position in[384]
Examination of an Engine[385], [387]
Adjusting connecting rod brasses[385]
Adjusting main bearing[386]
Taking a lead[386]
Squaring a valve[386]
Heating, to avoid[386]
Setting a valve[386]
Leaky throttle valves[386]
Freezing an engine, prevention of[386], [387]
Pumps[387], [388]
Lift and force[387]
Plunger[387]
Rotary[387]
Single-acting[387]
Double-acting[387]
Displacement of[387]
Principles of action of[387], [388]
Speed of[388]
Capacity of[388]
Air chamber of[388]
Belt[388]
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
THE LOCOMOTIVE.
Modern Freight Locomotive[389], [390]
General construction[389]
Course of steam from boiler to smoke stack[389]
Boiler feed[389]
Position of parts for starting[389]
Steam supply to injectors[389]
Oil supply to slide valve and cylinder[389]
Control of safety valve[389]
Pop valve[389]
Automatic air brake[390]
Draught of fire[390]
Sand valves[390]
American Passenger Locomotive[390] to [393]
General construction[390]
Steam reversing gear[390], [391]
Link motion in full gear forward[391]
In mid gear[392]
In full gear backward[392]
Reversing gear[392]
Changing gear of link motion[393]
Running forward[393]
Running backward[393]
Special Operations[394]
Setting the slide valves[394]
Getting the length of eccentric rods[394]
Setting the lead[394]
Backward eccentric[394]
Marking sector notches[394]
Setting Allen valves[395]
Special Parts[395] to [400]
The injector[395] to [397]
Westinghouse automatic air brake[398] to [400]
Locomotive Running[400] to [404]
General discussion[400]
Getting the engine ready[400]
Laying the fire[400]
Banking the fire[401]
Starting up a banked fire[401]
Examining the engine[401]
Oiling the engine[401]
Starting the engine[401]
Saving fuel[402]
Methods of firing[402]
Examples of trips[402]
Accidents on the Road[402]
Knocking out cylinder heads[402]
Heating of piston rods[403]
Throwing off a wheel tire[403]
Throwing off a driving wheel[403]
Breaking a spring[403]
Bursted tubes[403]
Slipping eccentrics[403]
Hot axle boxes[403]
Breaking a lifting link[403]
Breaking the saddle pin[403]
Adjusting the wedges of the axle boxes[404]
CHAPTER XXXIX.
THE MECHANICAL POWERS.
Power[405]
Lever[405]
The principles of[405]
Wheels and pulleys considered as levers[405], [406]
Power transmitted by gear wheels and pulleys combined[407]
Horse Power[407]
Calculating the horse power of an engine[407]
Testing the horse power of an engine[408]
Safety Valve Calculations[409]
Heat[410]
Latent heat[410]
Water[410]
Steam[410]
Saturated[410]
Superheated[410]
Expansion of[411]
Absolute pressure of[411]
Weight of[411]
Volume and pressure of[411]
Heat[411]
Conversion of heat into work[411]
Joule’s equivalent[411]
Mechanical equivalent of heat[411]
Mariotte’s law[411]
Radiation of heat[412]
Conduction of heat[412]
Convection of heat[412]
CHAPTER XL.
THE INDICATOR.
Computations from Indicator Diagrams[413]
Indicators[413]
Description of[413]
Thompson indicator[413]
Tabor indicator[413]
Diagrams[414]
Admission of steam to indicator[414]
Expansion line or curve[414]
Exhaust line[414]
Back pressure line[414]
Atmospheric line[414]
Theoretical diagram[414]
Compression line or curve[415]
Condensing engine diagram[415]
Vacuum line of indicator diagram[415]
(Barometer, construction of)[415]
(Barometer, graduation of)[416]
Indicator springs[416]
Tables of springs for indicators[416]
Attachment of indicators to an engine[416], [417]
Pantagraph motions[417]
Expansion curve, testing of[417], [418]
Theoretical expansion curve[417], [418]
Calculations from diagrams[418] to [421]
Horse power[418], [419]
Area[419]
Rule for calculating horse power[419]
Mean effective pressure[420]
Steam used in engines[420]
Water consumption[420], [421]
Defective diagrams of engines[421]
Excessive lead of engines[421]
Theoretical compression curve of engines[422]
CHAPTER XLI.
AUTOMATIC CUT-OFF ENGINES.
Definition[423]
Corliss Automatic Cut-off Engine[423], [424]
Valve gear of[424], [425]
Governor of[425], [426]
Admission of steam into[426]
Lap of valve of[426], [427]
High Speed Automatic Engines[427], [428]
Speed of[427]
Wheel governors for[427], [428]
Straight Line Automatic Engine[428], [429]
Important details of[429], [430]
Steam Fire Engine[430], [431]
Boilers of[430], [433]
Pumps[431], [432]
Heaters for[432], [433]
CHAPTER XLII.
MARINE ENGINES.
Various Kinds of Marine Engines[434] to [451]
High pressure engines[434]
Compound condensing engines[434], [435]
Triple expansion engines[436]
Donkey engines[442]
Trunk engines[446]
Oscillating engines[446]
Geared engine[446]
Compound engine of the steamship Poplar[447], [450], [451]
Arrangement of Marine Engine Pumps[436]
Boilers of Marine Engines, Arrangement of[436], [437]
Various Parts of Marine Engines, etc.[438] to [449]
Valve for intermediate cylinder of triple expansion engines[438]
Link motions for triple expansion engines[438]
Auxiliary or by-pass valve[438], [439]
Oiling apparatus[439], [440]
Surface condensers[440]
Circulating pumps[440]
The snifting valve[440]
The blow-through valve[440]
Air pumps[441]
The air chamber[441]
Feed escape or feed relief valve[441]
Bilge injections for marine engines[441], [442]
Surface condensing, advantages of[442]
Valves of the surface condensing engine[442]
Case hardening[442]
Link motion for marine engines[443]
The separate expansion valve[443]
Friction of slide valves[443]
Double beat valves[443]
The siphon[443]
Steam lubricators[444]
Marine engine valves that are worked by hand[444]
Vacuum gauge[444]
Condenser, to find the total pressure in the[444]
Paddle wheels[444], [445]
Screw propeller[445]
The thrust bearing[445]
Marine engine, the principal parts of[445]
Lagging marine engines[446]
Propeller cylinders[446]
Fuel required[446]
Freezing of pipes[446]
Failure of engine to start, causes of[446], [447]
Defective vacuum, causes of[447]
Heating, causes of[447]
Construction of a triple expansion engine[447] to [449]
CHAPTER XLIII.
MARINE BOILERS.
Plates for Marine Boilers[452]
Iron[452]
Steel[452]
Strength of[452]
Boiler Stays[452]
Methods of securing[452]
Boiler Tubes[452]
Methods of securing[452]
Causes of leaks[452]
Repairing leaks[452]
The Up-take[453]
The Receiver[453]
The Fittings and their Uses[453], [454]
Valves[453], [454]
Gauges[453], [454]
Cocks[454]
Important Features and Facts[454], [455]
Boiler scale[454]
The salinometer[454]
Priming, the prevention of[454]
Supplemental parts[454], [455]
The superheater[454]
The draught[455]
Wasting of plates[455]
Fuel, the quantity of[455]
To Relieve the Boiler in Case of Accident[455]
Steel Marine Boiler[456]
The “Martin” Boiler[456]
Testing and Examining Boilers[456] to [459]
Hydraulic tests[456]
Related to stays[456], [457]
On new and old boilers[456], [457]
Internal examinations[458]
Preparation for[458]
Safety valves[458]
Bottom of the boiler[458]
Bottom and sides of the furnace[458]
Boxes and stays[458]
Use of chipping hammer[458]
Pit holes in the bottom of a furnace[458]
Drilling through the plates[458]
Flanges of furnaces[458]
Deposits on the necks of stays[458]
Man-hole door[458]
Superheater[459]
Proportions for grate surface[459]
Outside examination[458]
Cement beds for boilers[458]
Proportions for circular tubular boilers[459]
CHAPTER XLIV.
HARDENING AND TEMPERING.
Purposes[460]
To resist wear[460]
To increase elasticity[460]
To provide a cutting edge[460]
Manufacturer’s Temper[460]
Blacksmith’s Temper[460]
Color Tempering[460]
Practical Processes[461] to [464]
The muffle[461]
Warping[461]
Rapidity of reduction of temper[461]
Brown and Sharpe’s practice[461]
Waltham Watch Co.’s practice[461]
Pratt and Whitney Co.’s practice[461]
Morse Twist Drill Co.’s practice[461]
Outside hardening[462]
Heating in fluxes[462]
Monitor Sewing Machine Co.’s practice[462]
Hardening saws[462]
Drawing the temper[462]
1. Lying in an open furnace[462]
2. Stretched in a frame[462]
3. Between dies[462]
Stiffening saws[463]
Tomlinson Carriage Spring Co.’s practice[463]
Columbia Car Spring Co.’s practice[463]
New Haven Clock Co.’s practice[464]
APPENDIX.
Part I.—Test Questions for Engineers[467]
Part II.—Dictionary of Workshop Terms[473]