But he had one great joy and distinguished triumph still in store for him. From the time when the "gag" rule had been first established, Mr. Adams had kept up an unbroken series of attacks upon it at all times and by all means. At the beginning of the several sessions, when the rules were established by the House, he always moved to strike out this one. Year after year his motion was voted down, but year after year he renewed it with invincible perseverance. The majorities against him began to dwindle till they became almost imperceptible; in 1842 it was a majority of four; in 1843, of three; in 1844 the struggle was protracted for weeks, and Mr. Adams all but carried the day. It was evident that victory was not far off, and a kind fate had destined him to live not only to see but himself to win it. On December 3, 1844, he made his usual motion and called for the yeas and nays; a motion was made to lay his motion on the table, and upon that also the question was taken by yeas and nays—eighty-one yeas, one hundred and four nays, and his motion was not laid on the table. The question was then put upon it, and it was carried by the handsome vote of one hundred and eight to eighty. In that moment the "gag" rule became a thing of the past, and Mr. Adams had conquered in his last fight. "Blessed, forever blessed, be the name of God!" he writes in recording the event. A week afterwards some anti-slavery petitions were received and actually referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia. This glorious consummation having been achieved, this advanced stage in the long conflict having been reached, Mr. Adams could not hope for life to see another goal passed. His work was nearly done; he had grown aged, and had worn himself out faithfully toiling in the struggle which must hereafter be fought through its coming phases and to its final success by others, younger men than he, though none of them certainly having over him any other militant advantage save only the accident of youth.
His mental powers were not less than at any time in the past when, on November 19, 1846, he was struck by paralysis in the street in Boston. He recovered from the attack, however, sufficiently to resume his duties in Washington some three months later. His reappearance in the House was marked by a pleasing incident: all the members rose together; business was for the moment suspended; his old accustomed seat was at once surrendered to him by the gentleman to whom it had fallen in the allotment, and he was formally conducted to it by two members. After this, though punctual in attendance, he only once took part in debate. On February 21, 1848, he appeared in his seat as usual. At half past one in the afternoon the Speaker was rising to put a question, when he was suddenly interrupted by cries of "Stop! Stop!—Mr. Adams!" Some gentlemen near Mr. Adams had thought that he was striving to rise to address the Speaker, when in an instant he fell over insensible. The members thronged around him in great confusion. The House hastily adjourned. He was placed on a sofa and removed first to the hall of the rotunda and then to the Speaker's room. Medical men were in attendance but could be of no service in the presence of death. The stern old fighter lay dying almost on the very field of so many battles and in the very tracks in which he had so often stood erect and unconquerable, taking and dealing so many mighty blows. Late in the afternoon some inarticulate mutterings were construed into the words, "Thank the officers of the House." Soon again he said intelligibly, "This is the last of earth! I am content!" It was his extreme utterance. He lay thereafter unconscious till the evening of the 23d, when he passed quietly away.
He lies buried "under the portal of the church at Quincy" beside his wife, who survived him four years, his father and his mother. The memorial tablet inside the church bears upon it the words "Alteri Sæculo,"—surely never more justly or appropriately applied to any man than to John Quincy Adams, hardly abused and cruelly misappreciated in his own day but whom subsequent generations already begin to honor as one of the greatest of American statesmen, not only preëminent in ability and acquirements, but even more to be honored for profound, immutable honesty of purpose and broad, noble humanity of aims.
INDEX
Abolitionists, their part in anti-slavery movement, [244], [245];
urge Adams to extreme actions, [254].
Adams, Abigail, shows battle of Bunker Hill to her son, [2];
life near Boston during siege, [2], [3];
letter of J. Q. Adams to, on keeping journal, [5];
warns him against asking office from his father as President, [23];
his spirited reply, [23].
Adams, C. F., on beginning of Adams's diary, [6];
on Adams's statement of Monroe doctrine, [131].
Adams, John, influence of his career in Revolution upon his son, [2];
leaves family near Boston while attending Continental Congress, [2], [3];
letter of his son to, on reading, [3];
first mission to France, [4];
second one, [4];
advises his son to keep a diary and copies of letters, [5];
makes treaty of peace, [13];
appointed Minister to England, [14];
elected President, [23];
at Washington's suggestion, appoints J. Q. Adams Minister to Prussia, [24];
recalls him, [25];
his rage at defeat by Jefferson, [25], [26];
disrupts Federalist party by French mission, [26];
his rivalry with and hatred for Hamilton, [26], [27];
charges defeat to Hamilton, [27];
qualified sympathy of J. Q. Adams with, [27], [28];
his enemies and adherents in Massachusetts, [28];
his unpopularity hampers J. Q. Adams in Senate, [31], [34].
Adams, John Quincy, birth, [1];
ancestry, [1];
named for his great-grandfather, [1];
describes incident connected with his naming, [1], [2];
early involved in outbreak of Revolution, [2];
life near Boston during the siege, [2], [3];
scanty schooling, [3];
describes his reading in letter to John Adams, [3], [4];
accompanies his father to France in 1778, [4];
and again to Spain, [4], [5];
tells his mother of intention to keep diary while abroad, [5], [6];
begins it in 1779, its subsequent success, [6];
its revelation of his character, [7], [10];
unchangeableness of his traits, [7], [8];
describes contemporaries bitterly in diary, [9], [10];
shows his own high character, [10];
also his disagreeable traits, [11], [12];
difficulty of condensing his career, [12];
his schooling in Europe, [13];
at fourteen acts as private secretary to Dana on mission to Russia, [13];
assists father in peace negotiations, [13];
his early gravity, maturity, and coolness, [14], [15];
decides not to accompany father to England, but return home, [15];
gives his reason for decision, [15], [16];
studies at Harvard, [17];
studies law with Parsons at Newburyport, [17];
begins practice in Boston in 1790, [17];
writes Publicola papers against Paine's "Rights of Man," [18];
writes in papers against Genet, [18];
his restlessness and ambition, [19].
Foreign Minister. Appointed Minister to the Hague, [19];
his voyage, [19];
in Holland at time of its capture by French, [20];
cordially received by French, [20];
his skill in avoiding entanglement, [20];
persuaded by Washington to remain, although without occupation, [21];
prevented from participating in Jay's negotiations over the treaty, [21];
has dealings with Grenville, [22];
marriage with Miss Johnson, [22], [23];
transferred to Portugal, [23];
question as to propriety of remaining minister after his father's election, [23];
persuaded by Washington to remain, [23], [24];
appointed minister to Prussia, [24];
ratifies treaty of commerce, [24];
travels in Europe, [24];
recalled by his father, [25];
resumes practice of law, [25];
not involved in Federalist quarrels, [27], [28];
removed by Jefferson from commissionership in bankruptcy, [28];
elected to State Senate, [28];
irritates Federalists by proposing to allow Democrats a place in council, [29];
his entire independence, [29], [30];
elected to United States Senate over Pickering, [30].
United States Senator. His journey to Washington, [30], [31];
unfriendly greeting from his father's enemies, [31];
isolation in the Senate, [32], [33];
unfriendly relations with Pickering, [32];
refuses to yield to unpopularity, [33], [34];
estranges Federalists by his absence of partisanship, [34], [35];
votes in favor of Louisiana purchase, although calling it unconstitutional, [35], [36];
condemned by New England, [36];
votes for acquittal of Chase, [36];
realizes that he is conquering respect, [36], [37];
introduces resolutions condemning British seizures of neutrals, [38], [39];
and requesting President to insist on reparation, [39];
his measure carried by Democrats, [39];
comments on Orders in Council and Napoleon's decrees, [42], [46];
refuses to follow New England Federalists in advocating submission, [47], [48];
disgusted at Jefferson's peace policy, [48];
but supports Non-importation Act, [49];
believes in hostile purpose of England, [49], [50];
urges Boston Federalists to promise support to government during Chesapeake affair, [51];
attends Democratic and Federalist meetings to this effect, [51], [52];
read out of party by Federalists, [52];
votes for and supports embargo, [53];
execrated in New England, [53];
his patriotic conduct, [53-55];
his opinion of embargo, [55];
regrets its too long continuance, [55], [56];
advocates in vain military and naval preparations, [56];
refused reëlection by Massachusetts legislature, [56], [57];
resigns before expiration of term, [57];
harshly criticised then and since for leaving Federalists, [57], [58];
propriety and justice of his action, [58], [59];
led to do so by his American feeling, [61], [62];
absurdity of charge of office-seeking, [63];
disproved by his whole character and career, [63], [64];
his courage tested by necessity of abandoning friends, [64];
repels advances from Giles, [65];
statement of his feelings in his diary, [65], [66];
refuses election to Congress from Democrats, [66];
sums up barrenness of his career in Senate, [66-68];
approached by Madison in 1805 with suggestion of foreign mission, [68];
his cool reply, [69];
nominated Minister to Russia by Madison, [69];
appointment refused, then confirmed, [69], [70].
Minister to Russia. Peace of Ghent. His voyage, [70];
his life at St. Petersburg, [70], [71];
his success as foreign representative, [71], [72];
disgusted by snobbery of American travelers, [72];
declines to take part in squabbles for precedence, [72], [73];
hampered by meagre salary, [73];
describes Russia during Napoleonic wars, [74];
nominated to act as peace commissioner with England, [75], [76];
describes negotiations in his diary, [77];
suggests refusing to meet British commissioners at their lodgings, [77];
remarks on arrogance of British, [81];
vents irritation upon colleagues, [82], [83];
begins drafting communications, but abandons duty to Gallatin, [82];
nettled at criticisms of colleagues on his drafts, [82], [83];
quarrels with all but Gallatin, [84];
incompatible with Clay, [84];
urges strong counter-claims, [85];
thinks negotiations certain to fail, [86];
obliged to work for peace as defeated party, [86], [87];
willing to return to status quo, [87];
disagrees with Clay over fisheries and Mississippi navigation, [88];
determined to insist on fisheries, [89], [90], [92];
suspects British intend to prevent peace, [90];
controverts Goulburn, [91];
signs treaty, [93];
at Paris during Napoleon's "hundred days," [98];
appointed Minister to England, [98];
with Clay and Gallatin, makes treaty of commerce with England, [98];
his slight duties as minister, [98], [99];
bored by English dinners, [99], [100];
sensitive to small income, [100].
Secretary of State. Appointed, [100];
describes dullness of Washington in diary, [102];
as host, [103];
his habits of life, [104];
prominent candidate for succession to Monroe, [105];
intrigued against by Crawford, [106];
and by Clay and Calhoun, [106], [107];
expects Spanish colonies to gain independence, [109];
but maintains cautious public attitude, [109];
describes Spanish ambassador, [111];
negotiates concerning boundaries of Louisiana, [111], [112];
his position, [112];
fears opposition from Clay and Crawford, [112];
urged by Monroe not to claim too much, [113];
rejects English mediation, [114];
uses French Minister as go-between, [114];
succeeds in reaching a conclusion, [114], [115];
a triumph for his diplomacy, [115];
chagrined at discovery of Spanish land grants, [116], [117];
and at refusal of Spanish government to ratify treaty, [118];
urges the seizure of disputed territory, [118];
at first indifferent to Missouri question, [119];
soon appreciates the slavery issue, [119];
predicts an attempt to dissolve the Union, [119], [120];
sharp comments on slavery, slaveholders, and Northern weakness, [120];
notes Calhoun's threat of alliance of slave States with England, [121];
thinks abolition impossible without disunion, [121], [122];
maintains power of Congress over slavery in Territories, [122];
realizes that failure of treaty damages his chance for presidency, [123];
refuses to reopen question with new Spanish envoy, [123];
forces ratification of treaty with annulment of land grants, [124];
his satisfaction with outcome of negotiations, [125], [126];
prepares report on weights and measures, [126];
its thoroughness, [127];
his pride of country without boastfulness in negotiations, [127], [128];
declines to consider what European courts may think, [128], [129];
considers it destiny of United States to occupy North America, [129];
considers annexation of Cuba probable, [130];
always willing to encroach within America, [130], [131];
tells Russia American continents are no longer open for colonies, [131];
fears possibility of European attack on Spain's colonies, [132];
willing to go to war against such an attack, [133];
but, in default of any, advocates non-interference, [133], [134];
refuses to interfere in European politics, [134];
unwilling to enter league to suppress slave trade, [135];
the real author of Monroe doctrine, [136];
dealings with Stratford Canning, [136];
his reasons for refusing to join international league to put down slave trade, [138], [139];
discusses with him the Astoria question, [140-148];
insists on Canning's making communications on question in writing, [141];
stormy interviews with him, [142-147];
refuses to discuss remarks uttered in debate in Congress, [142], [145];
angry breach of Canning with, [147], [148];
success of his treatment of Canning, [148];
description in his diary of presidential intrigues, [150] ff.;
his censorious frankness, [150];
his judgments of men not to be followed too closely, [151];
accuses Clay of selfishness in opposition to Florida treaty, and in urging recognition of Spanish colonies, [151], [152];
compares him to John Randolph, [153];
later becomes on better terms, [154];
his deep contempt for Crawford, [154];
gradually suspects him of malicious practices, [154], [155];
and of sacrificing everything to his ambition, [155], [156];
sustained by Calhoun in this estimate, [157];
supports Jackson in Cabinet, [158], [160];
strains his conscience to uphold Jackson's actions, [160], [161];
defends him against Canning, [162];
gives a ball in his honor, [162];
wishes to offer him position of Minister to Mexico, [163];
favors Jackson for Vice-President, [163];
determines to do nothing in his own behalf as candidate, [164];
no trace of any self-seeking in his diary, [164], [165];
holds aloof at all stages, [165];
manages to be polite to all, [166];
yet prepares to be keenly hurt at failure, [166];
considers election a test of his career, [167];
and of his personal character in the eyes of the people, [167];
picture of his anxiety in his diary, [168];
receives second largest number of electoral votes, [169];
preferred by Clay to Jackson, [171];
elected by the House of Representatives, [173];
dissatisfied with the result, [174];
would have preferred a new election if possible, [174];
congratulated by Jackson at his inauguration, [175];
wishes office as a token of popular approval, [175];
realizes that this election does not signify that, [176].
President. Freedom from political indebtedness, [177];
his cabinet, [177];
asks Rufus King to accept English mission, [177], [178];
renominates officials, [178];
refuses to consider any rotation in office, [179];
refuses to punish officials for opposing his election, [179], [180];
charged with bargaining for Clay's support, [181-183];
unable to disprove it, [183];
story spread by Jackson, [184];
after disproof of story, continues to be accused by Jackson, [187];
meets strong opposition in Congress, [188];
notes combination of Southern members against him, [189];
sends message concerning Panama Congress, [189];
accused in Senate and House of having transcended his powers, [160];
aided by Webster, [190];
reasons for Southern opposition to, [191];
confronted by a hostile majority in both Houses, [192];
lack of events in his administration, [193];
advocates internal improvements, [194];
declines to make a show before people, [194];
his digging at opening of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, [194], [195];
formation of personal opposition to his reëlection by Jackson, [195], [196];
his only chance of success to secure a personal following, [197];
refuses to remove officials for political reasons, [198];
fails to induce any one except independent men to desire his reëlection, [199];
his position as representative of good government not understood, [200];
refuses to modify utterances on internal improvements, to appease Virginia, [201];
refuses to "soothe" South Carolina, [201];
alienates people by personal stiffness and Puritanism, [202], [203];
fails to secure personal friends, [203];
friendly relations with Cabinet, [204], [205];
nominates Barbour Minister to England, [205];
fills vacancy with P. B. Porter at Cabinet's suggestion, [205];
refuses to remove McLean for double-dealing, [206];
his laboriousness, [206];
daily exercise, [206], [207];
threatened with assassination, [207], [208];
stoicism under slanders, [208];
refuses to deny accusation of being a Mason, [209];
accused of trying to buy support of Webster, [209];
other slanders, [209];
shows his wrath in his diary, [210];
hatred of Randolph, [210], [211];
of Giles, [211];
defeated in election of 1828, [212];
feels disgraced, [213], [214];
significance of his retirement, [213];
the last statesman in presidency, [213];
his depression, [214], [215];
looks forward gloomily to retirement, [215].
In Retirement. Returns to Quincy, [216];
followed by slanders of Giles, [216];
declines to enter into controversy with Federalists over disunion movement of 1808, [216], [217];
attacked by the Federalists for his refusal, [217], [218];
prepares a crushing reply which he does not publish, [218];
dreads idleness, [220];
unable to resume law practice, [220];
his slight property, [221];
reads Latin classics, [221];
plans biographical and historical work, [221];
writes in diary concerning his reading, [222];
does not appreciate humor, [222];
has difficulty in reading Paradise Lost, [223];
learns to like Milton and tobacco, [223];
asked if willing to be elected to Congress, [225];
replies that he is ready to accept the office, [225];
elected in 1830, [225];
as candidate for governor, withdraws name in case of choice by legislature, [226].
Member of House of Representatives. His principal task the struggle with Southern slaveholders, [226];
gains greater honor in this way than hitherto, [226], [227];
his diligence and independent action in the House, [227];
called "old man eloquent," [227];
not in reality a pleasing or impressive speaker, [227], [228];
but effective and well-informed, [228];
his excessive pugnacity, [229];
his enemies, [229], [230];
success as debater, [230];
absence of friends or followers, [231];
supported by people in New England, [232];
declares intention to be independent, [233];
greeted with respect, [233];
on Committee on Manufactures, [233];
willing to reduce duties to please South, [234];
condemns apparent surrender of Jackson to South Carolina, [234];
pleased with Jackson's nullification proclamation, [235];
wishes to coerce South Carolina before making concessions, [235];
insists on a decision of question of nullification, [235];
dissatisfied with Jackson's failure to push matters, [236];
in opposition to Jackson, [237], [238];
supports proposal of Jackson to take determined attitude toward France, [239];
wins no gratitude from Jackson, [240];
receives attempt at reconciliation coolly, [240];
opposes granting of Doctorate of Laws to Jackson by Harvard, [241], [242];
considers Jackson's illness a sham, [242];
presents abolition petitions from beginning of term, [243];
does not favor abolition in District of Columbia, [243];
always disliked slavery and slaveholders, [243];
not an agitator or reformer, [244];
his qualifications to oppose slave power in Congress, [245], [246];
hostility in Congress and coldness in Boston, [246];
his support in his district, [247];
and among people of North, [247];
continues to present petitions, [248];
presents one signed by women, [249];
opposes assertion that Congress has no power to interfere with slavery in a State, [250];
opposes gag rule, [250];
advocates right of petition, [251];
tries to get his protest entered on journal, [251], [252];
savage reply to an assailant, [252];
receives and presents floods of petitions, [252], [253];
single-handed in task, [253];
urged to rash movements by abolitionists, [254];
his conduct approved by constituents, [255];
resolves to continue, although alone, [255];
description in his diary of presentation of petitions, [255-261];
continues to protest against "gag" rule as unconstitutional, [256];
scores Preston for threatening to hang abolitionists, [257], [258];
defies the House and says his say, [258], [259];
wishes petitions referred to a select committee, [259];
passage at arms with chairman of Foreign Affairs Committee, [259], [260];
taunts Connor with folly of "gag" rule, [261];
holds that Congress, under war power, may abolish slavery, [261-263];
attacked by Southerners, [262], [263];
cites precedents, [263];
his theory followed by Lincoln, [264];
refers to the theory in letter, [265];
opposes annexation of Texas, [265], [266];
his reasons, [266] n.;
presents absurd petitions, [266];
presents petitions asking for his own expulsion, [268];
allows matter to drop, [268];
presents petition from slaves and asks opinion of speaker, [269];
fury of slaveholders against, [270];
resolutions of censure against, [271];
disconcerts opponents by his cool reply, [272], [273];
but receives new attacks and resolutions of censure, [274], [275];
defended by a few New Englanders, [276];
reluctance of Southerners to allow him to reply, [276];
his speech, [277-279];
sarcasms upon his enemies, [277], [278];
presents petition asking for his own removal from chairmanship of Committee on Foreign Affairs, [280];
prevented from defending himself, [280];
presents petition for dissolution of Union while disapproving it, [280], [281];
resolutions of censure against, [281], [282];
attacked by Marshall and Wise, [283];
objects to injustice of preamble, [284];
defies his enemies and scorns mercy, [285];
bitter remarks on his opponents, [285];
helped by Everett, [286];
slight outside sympathy for, [286];
abused in newspapers, [286];
threatened with assassination, [286], [287];
willing to have matter laid on table, [287];
his triumph in the affair, [288];
attempt to drive him from Foreign Affairs Committee, [289];
refusal of Southerners to serve with, [289];
refuses to notice them, [289];
retains respect of House for his honesty, [290];
appealed to, to help organize House in 1839, [292];
his bold and successful action, [293-295];
praised by Wise, [294];
succeeds in presiding eleven days until organization, [294], [295];
deprecates a resolution of thanks, [295];
his occasional despondency and loneliness, [295], [296];
describes his enemies, [296];
tries to act justly to all of them, [297];
castigates Wise for dueling, [297];
called insane, [297], [298];
his bitter language on opponents in the Diary, [298-300];
low opinion of Congress, [299];
on partisanship, [299], [300];
describes his unpopularity, [301];
describes all his acts as turned to his discredit, [301];
his ill-health, [302], [303], [305];
chairman of committee on Smithsonian bequest, [303];
his religious and social activity, [304];
in Amistad case, [304];
continues attack upon gag rule, [305];
his final victory and exultation, [306];
struck by paralysis, [307];
greeted on return to House, [307];
his death in Capitol, [307], [308];
estimate of character and services, [308].
Characteristics. General view, [10-12], [308];
ambition, [16], [19], [25], [164-167];
censoriousness, [9], [12], [112], [150], [242];
conscientiousness, [66], [200], [277], [296];
coldness, [11], [34], [37], [165], [230], [240];
courage, [10], [15], [33], [54], [58], [64], [113], [208], [252], [253], [293];
dignity, [71], [99], [127], [213], [216];
diplomatic ability, [20], [22], [72], [114], [123], [137-148];
exercise, love of, [206], [207];
honor, [10], [22], [58], [63], [166];
ill-health, [302], [305];
independence, [10], [16], [29], [30], [48], [59], [127], [133], [246];
industry, [8], [11], [126], [206], [227];
invective, [12], [229], [230], [246], [252], [277-279], [281], [283-285], [298-300];
irritability, [83], [154], [210], [211], [302];
knowledge of politics, [11], [91], [228], [245];
legal ability, [18];
literary interests, [221-223];
melancholy, [214];
observation, power of, [74], [77], [111];
oratorical ability, [227], [228];
patriotism, [62], [127], [148];
persistence, [11], [25], [34], [114], [123], [143], [245];
personal appearance, [228];
pessimism, [19], [33], [67], [153], [272], [296], [299];
precocity, [17];
pride, [166], [167], [201];
prolixity, [82], [277];
pugnacity, [49], [50], [52], [81], [133], [141], [160], [228-236], [245], [246], [285];
Puritanism, [7], [30], [66], [150], [164], [202];
religious views, [30], [207], [304];
sensitiveness, [33], [83], [208], [298];
sobriety, [8], [14], [118];
social habits, [103], [202], [203];
suspiciousness, [82], [112], [138], [151], [296];
unpopularity, [195], [202-204], [231], [246], [253], [295], [301], [307].
Political Opinions. Appointments to office, [178-180], [197-200], [206];
cabinet relations with, [204], [205];
candidate, attitude of, [164-167], [197-206];
Chase, impeachment of, [36];
Chesapeake affair, [51];
Congress, powers over slavery, [122], [250], [261-265];
court etiquette, [73];
Cuba, annexation of, [130];
disunion, [119], [122], [281];
election of 1824, [174-176];
emancipation, [121];
embargo, [53], [56];
England, [47], [50], [51], [90], [145], [148];
English society, [100];
Federalist party, [28], [48], [50], [57], [61];
fisheries, [88], [90];
Florida, [115], [118], [123], [130];
France, policy towards, [239];
"gag" rule, [250], [251], [256], [257], [305], [306];
Genet, [118];
gunboat scheme, [48];
internal improvements, [194], [201];
Jackson's administration, [237];
Jackson's Florida career, [160], [163];
Louisiana, [35], [130];
Louisiana boundary, [112], [115];
manifest destiny, [130], [160];
Mississippi navigation, [88], [89];
Missouri Compromise, [121];
Monroe doctrine, [130], [131], [134-136];
non-importation, [40], [49], [55];
nullification, [234], [235];
Oregon, [140-143];
Panama Congress, [189];
party fidelity, [29], [30], [54], [59], [62], [233];
Republican party, [36], [65];
right of search, [38], [139];
slaveholders, [243], [257], [260];
slavery, [120], [121], [243], [255], [304];
slave trade, [135], [138];
Smithsonian bequest, [303];
Spanish-American republics, [109], [131-133];
Texas, annexation of, [265], [266];
treaty of Ghent, [77-98];
weights and measures, [126], [127].
Adams, Dr. William, on English peace commission, [76];
suggests abandonment by United States of its citizens in proposed Indian Territory, [79];
irritated at proposal that English restore possession of Moose Island pending arbitration, [91];
negotiates treaty of commerce, [98].
Alexander, Emperor of Russia, desires to exchange ministers with United States, [69];
his courtesy to Adams, [70], [71];
anecdote of Adams's conversation with, [73];
attempts to mediate between England and United States, [74], [75];
discussions with Castlereagh, [93];
slander concerning relations with Adams, [209], [210].
Alford, Julius C., wishes to burn Adams's petition from slaves, [270];
threatens war, [272], [275].
Ambrister. See Arbuthnot.
Amistad case, share of Adams in, [304].
Anti-Mason movement, used by Jacksonians against Adams, [208], [209];
connection of Adams within Massachusetts, [226], [301].
Arbuthnot and Ambrister, hanged by Jackson, [160];
execution of, defended by Adams, [162].
Atherton, Charles G., bitter remarks of Adams on, [298], [300].
Austria, rejects England's plan for suppression of slave trade, [138].
Bagot, Sir Charles, question of his opinion on Oregon question, discussed by Canning and Adams, [142], [143].
Bank, Jackson's attack on, [240].
Barbour, James, appointed Secretary of War, [177];
desires mission to England, [205].
Barings, give Adams his commission, [98].
Barnard, D. D., by Adams's advice, presents petition for dissolution of Union, [288].
Barrou, James, commands Chesapeake when attacked by Leopard, [45].
Bayard, James A., appointed peace commissioner, [75], [76];
resents proposal to meet at lodgings of English commissioners, [77];
criticises Adams's drafts of documents, [83];
enrages Goulburn, [91];
accused by Adams of trying to injure him, [296].
Benton, T. H., on unfavorable beginning to Adams's administration, [188].
Berkeley, Admiral G. C., commands Leopard, and is promoted for attacking Chesapeake, [46].
Berlin decree, [41].
Beverly, Carter, reports that Jackson has proof of Clay and Adams bargain, [184];
upheld by Jackson, [185];
apologizes to Clay, [187].
Black, Edward J., of Georgia, comment of Adams on, [300].
Bonaparte, Napoleon, issues Berlin and Milan decrees, [41], [42];
seen during "hundred days" by Adams, [98].
Brown, James, votes against Spanish treaty through Clay's influence, [124].
Buchanan, James, refuses to substantiate Jackson's story of corrupt offer from Clay in election of 1824, [186], [187].
Burr, Aaron, compared by Adams to Van Buren, [193].
Cabinet, relations of Adams to, [204], [205];
treachery of McLean, [205], [206].
Calhoun, J. C., candidate for succession to Monroe, [106];
on Southern alliance with England in case of dissolution of Union, [121];
candidacy damaged by Southern origin, [149];
his opinion of Crawford, [156];
displeased at Jackson's disregard of instructions, [160];
elected Vice-President, [169];
irritation of Adams at his failure to suppress Randolph, [211];
reëlected Vice-President, [212];
accused by Adams of plotting to injure him, [296].
Canada, desire of Adams for annexation of, [85], [130].
Canning, George, seeks acquaintance with Adams, [99].
Canning, Stratford, urges American submission to mixed tribunals to suppress slave trade, [135];
his arrogance met by Adams, [136], [137];
discusses with Adams the suppression of slave trade, [137-139];
on Adams's superior years, [139];
high words with Adams over question of an American settlement at mouth of Columbia, [140-147];
loses temper at request to put objections in writing, [141];
and at persistence of Adams in repeating words of previous English minister, [142], [143];
his offer to forget subject declined by Adams, [144];
complains of Adams's language, [145], [146];
resents reference to Jackson's recall, [146], [147];
his anger shown later, [147];
this does not affect relations between countries, [148].
Castlereagh, Lord, unwilling at first to conclude peace, [93];
influenced by attitude of Prussia and Russia, advises concessions, [94];
dealings with Adams, [99];
described by Adams, [99].
Cavalla, ——, imprisoned by Jackson, [159], [160];
seizure defended by Adams, [162].
Chase, Judge Samuel, his acquittal voted for by J. Q. Adams, [36].
Chesapeake attacked by Leopard, [45];
effect upon Adams and Federalists, [50], [51].
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, incident of Adams's opening of, [195].
Choate, Rufus, sympathizes with Adams when attacked by resolutions of censure, [286].
Civil service, appointments to, under Adams, [178-180], [196], [198], [199], [206], [209];
under Jackson, [198].
Clay, Henry, on peace commission, [76];
his irascibility, [82], [84];
criticises Adams's figurative style in documents, [82];
irritates Adams, [84];
his conviviality, [84];
thinks English will recede, [85];
then thinks English will refuse to accept status ante bellum, [87];
willing to sacrifice fisheries to prevent English Mississippi navigation, [88], [89];
thinks fisheries of little value, [89];
willing to meet English with defiance, [90];
threatens not to sign treaty, [90], [92];
abandoned by colleagues on point of impressment, [92];
negotiates treaty of commerce, [98];
his gambling habits, [103];
jealous of Adams's appointment as Secretary of State, [106];
leads opposition to administration, [108];
wishes to recognize independence of Spanish colonies, [109];
threatens to oppose treaty accepting Sabine as Louisiana boundary, [112];
opposes treaty with Spain, [116];
fails to prevent ratification, [124];
ambitious for presidency, [149];
low motives for opposition to administration as signed by Adams, [151];
his honesty in advocating recognition of South American republics, [152];
compared by Adams to Randolph, [153];
becomes reconciled with Adams before election, [154];
denounces Jackson, [160];
vote for, in 1824, [169];
able to decide choice of President by influence in Congress, [169];
at first prefers Crawford, [169], [170];
charged with having offered to support either Jackson or Adams, [170];
his preference for Adams over Jackson, [171];
appointed Secretary of State, [177];
urges removal of Sterret for proposing an insult to Adams, [179];
calls author of bargain slander a liar, [181];
charge against, repeated by Tennessee legislature, [183];
duel with Randolph, [183];
challenges Jackson to produce evidence, [185];
exonerated by Buchanan, [187];
and by Kremer and Beverly, [187];
actually receives advances from Jackson's friends, [187], [188];
opposition to his nomination as Secretary of State, [188];
abused by Randolph, [211];
engineers compromise with South Carolina, [236];
accused by Adams of trying to injure him, [296].
Clifford, Nathan, of Maine, contemptuously described by Adams, [300].
Clinton, De Witt, his candidacy for President in 1824, [149].
Congress, in election of 1824, [165], [169-172];
influence of Clay in, [169];
elects Adams President, [172], [173];
investigates bargain story, [181];
opposition in, to Adams, from the beginning, [188];
attacks Adams's intention to send delegates to Panama Congress, [190];
opposes Adams throughout administration, [192];
resolutions denying its power to interfere with slavery debated in House, [249], [250];
position of Adams with regard to its power to abolish slavery in the States, [250], [261-265];
its degeneracy lamented by Adams, [299].
Connor, John C., taunted by Adams in Congress, [261].
Constitution of United States, in relation to Louisiana purchase, [35];
prohibits submission of United States to mixed foreign tribunals for suppressing slave trade, [138];
in connection with election of 1824, [172];
held by Adams to forbid "gag" rule, [250], [256], [258];
held by Adams to justify abolition of slavery under war power, [261-265];
in relation to Texas annexation, [266].
Crawford, W. H., his ambitions for the presidency, [105], [106], [148];
intrigues against Adams, [106], [154];
his action described by Adams, [112], [113];
advises moderate policy to remove foreign prejudices against United States, [128];
contempt of Adams for, [154];
accused by Adams of all kinds of falsity and ambition, [155], [156], [296];
his real character, [156], [157];
Calhoun's opinion of, [156];
described by Mills, [157];
a party politician, [158];
eager to ruin Jackson, [160];
vote for, in 1824, [169];
his illness causes abandonment by Clay. [170];
receives four votes in House of Representatives, [173];
fills custom-houses with supporters, [180].
Creeks, treaty with, discussed in Senate, [33].
Creole affair, [279].
Cuba, its annexation expected by Adams, [130].
Cushing, Caleb, defends Adams against resolutions of censure, [276];
movement to put him in Adams's place on Committee on Foreign Affairs, [289].
Dana, Francis, takes Adams as private secretary to Russia, [13].
Davis, John, accused by Adams of trying to injure him, [296].
Deas, Mr., exchanges ratifications of Jay treaty, [21];
disliked by English cabinet, [22].
Democratic party, organized as opposition to Adams, [192];
managed by Van Buren, [192], [193], [195];
not based on principle, but on personal feeling, [196];
its attacks upon Adams, [208-210];
its methods condemned by Adams, [237].
Diary, suggested by John Adams, [5];
begun, [6];
its nature and content, [7], [8];
its bitterness, [9], [10];
picture of the author, [10], [11];
quotations from, in Boston, [19];
during career in Senate, [32], [34];
on damaging party, [66];
during peace negotiations, [77], [82], [83], [89], [90];
during election of 1824, [150], [151], [164], [168];
in election of 1828, [201], [210], [211];
during anti-slavery career, [255], [292], [296], [298-300];
in last years, [301-303], [305], [306].
Diplomatic history, mission of Dana to Russia, [13];
mission of Adams to Holland, [19-21];
to Prussia, [24];
Rose's mission to United States, [45], [46];
mission of Adams to Russia, [70-74];
offer of Russia to mediate in war of 1812, [74], [75];
refusal by England, [75];
peace negotiations, [76-98] (see treaty of Ghent);
commercial negotiations with England, [98];
mission of Adams to England, [98-100];
negotiations of Adams with Spain, [110-118], [123-125];
question of Sabine River boundary, [112], [116];
final agreement, details of treaty, acquisition of Florida, [115];
and Western outlet to Pacific, [115];
dispute over Spanish land grants, [116], [117];
rejection of treaty by Spain, [117];
renewed mission of Vivês, [123];
ratification of treaty, [124];
independent attitude of United States under Adams, [127], [128];
Monroe doctrine, [129-136];
dealings with Russia over Alaska, [130], [131];
proposal of Portugal for an alliance, [133];
dealings of Adams with Greek revolt, [134];
dealings of Adams with Stratford Canning over slave trade, [135], [137];
high words over Columbia River settlement, [140-147];
refusal of Adams to explain words uttered in Congress, [142], [145-147];
commercial treaties in Adams's administration, [194].
"Doughfaces," attacks of Adams upon, [120], [229].
Dromgoole, George C., remark on petition to expel Adams, [268];
introduces resolutions of censure on Adams, [275];
ridiculed by Adams, [277], [278].
Duncan, Alexander, bitterly described by Adams, [299].
Eaton, Senator J. H., leads Canning to suspect American plan to colonize Oregon, [140].
Eaton, Mrs., her influence in Jackson's administration, [237].
Election of 1824, candidates, [148], [149];
Adams's opinion of them, [151-163];
choice simply between persons, not principles, [163];
Adams refuses to canvass for himself, [164], [165];
electoral college votes for four candidates, [168], [169];
influence of Clay in House proves decisive factor, [169], [170];
Crawford discarded, [170];
the Clay-Adams bargain story started, [170];
claims of Jackson men, [171];
difficulty of discovering popular vote, [172], [173];
choice of Adams, [173], [174];
subsequent history of bargain story, [180-188].
Election of 1828, question of principle veiled by personality of candidates, [196], [197], [200];
choice of Jackson, [212];
its significance, [213], [214].
Embargo, proposed by Jefferson, [52];
supported by Adams, [53];
opposed by Federalists, [53];
preferred by Adams to submission, [54], [55];
its effects, [55];
its repeal urged by Adams, [55], [56].
England, ratifies Jay treaty, [21];
tries to induce Adams to negotiate instead of Deas, [22];
its commercial policy toward United States, [37], [38];
its right of search protested against by Adams, [39];
Non-importation Act adopted against, [40];
proclaims blockade, [41];
issues Orders in Council, [41], [42];
its policy of impressment, [43], [44];
refuses compensation for Chesapeake affair and promotes Berkeley, [45];
its policy understood by Adams, [49], [50];
embargo against, [51-55];
refuses Russia's offer to mediate in war of 1812, [75];
wins victories, [76];
willing to treat directly, [76];
appoints commissioners, [76];
demands great concessions, [78], [79];
ready, if necessary, to continue war, [86];
alters policy and concludes treaty, [93], [94];
dissatisfied with treaty, [97];
commercial treaty with, [98];
mission of Adams to, [98-100];
social life of Adams in, [99], [100];
its offer to mediate between United States and Spain rejected, [114];
hopes no violent action will be taken against Spain, [118];
endeavors to induce United States to join in suppressing slave trade, [135], [137];
its sincerity suspected by Adams, [138];
its claim to right of search causes refusal of request, [138], [139];
its claims to Oregon discussed by Canning and Adams, [140], [142], [143], [145];
Adams's opinion of its territorial claims, [145].
Era of good feeling, [104];
characterized by personal rivalries, [105];
question of presidential succession, [105], [106];
intrigues, [106], [107], [148].
Evans, George, defends Adams from resolutions of censure, [270].
Everett, Edward, his address to Jackson condemned as fulsome by Adams, [242].
Everett, Horace, defends Adams against resolutions of censure, [283], [286].
Everett, Mr., told by Adams of determination to do nothing to secure election, [164].