Bergson would have us believe that evolution is creative. It is better to say, with Lloyd Morgan, that it is emergent. With new degrees of complexity, new qualitative differences emerge. Thus the sciences are a hierarchy, the subject-matter of one constituting the foundation for the next in the series. All that biology can do for sociology is to help her to build her foundations solidly and correctly: but we all know that without good foundations no building is safe.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bury, J. B., ’20. “The Idea of Progress.” London, 1920.
Carr-Saunders, A. M., ’22. “The Population Problem.” Oxford, 1922.
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Huxley, J. S., ’12. “The Individual in the Animal Kingdom.” Cambridge, 1912.
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Kropotkin, Prince, ’08. “Mutual Aid, A Factor in Evolution.” London, 1908.
Lloyd Morgan, C., ’23. “Emergent Evolution.” London, 1923.
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FOOTNOTES:
[18] For a remarkable critical history of biological thought during this period, see Radl, ’09.
[19] Morley Roberts is a recent exception. See his interesting book, Warfare in the Human Body.
[20] Science, September 1921.
[21] See Thorndike, ’11.
[22] See J. S. Huxley, ’12, for a discussion of the grades of biological individuality.
[23] See, e.g., Wells, ’21, pp. 558, 666.