The Elements of Qualitative Chemical Analysis, vol. 1, parts 1 and 2. / With Special Consideration of the Application of the Laws of Equilibrium and of the Modern Theories of Solution.

by Julius Stieglitz

INDEX

Numbers marked (†) refer to subjects illustrated by experiments, heavy numbers refer to tables.

• Acetic acid, [98], [101]†, [111]–[114]†
• Acid ions, systematic analysis for, [299] et seq.
  • groups of, [301]
• Acids, [81], [82], [100], [104]
• Acid salts, [103]
• Alkali group, [158], [159]
• Alkaline earth group, [158], [162]
• Aluminate-ion, [172]
• Aluminium group, [158], [188] et seq., [195]
• Aluminium hydroxide, [171] et seq., [196]
• Aluminium-ion, [158], [172], [188] et seq.
• Ammonia, complex ions of, [216] et seq., [224]
  • ionization of, [87]
• Ammonium hydroxide, conductivity of, [77]
  • dissociation of, [160]
  • ionization of, [78]†, [114]
  • strength as base, [78]†, [79]†, [168]†
• Ammonium-ion, [161]
• Ammonium salts, dissociation of, [34]†, [159]
  • effect on ammonium hydroxide, [168]†
• Amphoteric acids, group of, [302]
• Amphoteric hydroxides, [171] et seq., [187], [188], [196]
• Antimony, ions of, [174]
• Argenticyanide-ion, [225]
• Arrhenius's theory of ionization, see Ionization
• Arsenic acid, [247], [250], [283]
• Arsenic group, [158], [210], [242] et seq.
• Arsenic, ions of, [158], [174], [242] et seq.
• Arsenic pentasulphide, [247]
• Arsenious sulphide, colloidal, [125]†
• Association, [19], [64]
• Aurocyanide-ion, [232]
• Avogadro's hypothesis, [33], [34]
• Avogadro-van 't Hoff Hypothesis, [15], [37]
• Azolitmin, [79]
• Barium carbonate, as reagent, [193]
• Barium-ion, [162]
• Bases, [79]†, [81], [105], [106]
• Basic salts, [106], [194]
• Bismuth-ion, [158]
• Boiling-point, [17], [36], [38]
• Borates, hydrolysis of, [90]†
• Bromine, [252]†
• Cadmium-ion, [158]
  • complex ions of, [224], [228]†
  • sulphide, [209]† et seq.
• Calcium-ion, [162]
• Carbonate group, [302]
• Carbonic acid, [90], [100]
• Chemical activity of ions, [72]†, [78]†, [87]†, [232]
  • of acids, [81], [82], [105]†
  • of bases, [79]†, [81]
  • of molecules, [74], [83], [232]
  • of salts, [74]†, [107], [116]†
• Chemical equilibrium, [90] et seq., [96]†
  • and direction of action, [112]
  • and path of action, [235]
  • and physical equilibrium, [139] et seq.
  • of electrolytes, [98], [111]–[115]†
• Chemical equilibrium, law of, [91], [94]
  • and ionization of strong electrolytes, [108]
  • factors of, [95]† et seq.
  • limitations to, [95]
• Chemometer, [253]
• Chloride group, [302]
• Chloride-ion, oxidation of, [275], [276]†
• Chlorine, [46], [252]†, [275]
• Chromium-ion, [158], [188] et seq.
• Chromic acid, [287]
• Cobalt-ion, [158], [192]
• Cobalticyanide-ion, [229]
• Cobalt sulphide, [192]
• Colloidal condition, [125]† et seq.
  • definition of, [130]
  • relations to analysis, [131], [136]†
  • solution theory of, [128]
  • suspension theory of, [129]
• Colloids, electric charges on, [131]†
  • precipitation of, [133]†
  • protective action of, [136], [137]†
• Complex ions, [88], [216] et seq.
  • applications in analysis, [220]†, [230]†
  • of acid ions, [305]
  • of ammonia, [216]† et seq.
  • of cyanide-ion, [225]† et seq.
  • of halide ions, [237]
  • of oxide-ion, [238]
  • of sulphide-ion, [238], [246]
  • organic, [238]†
• Concentration, definition of, [91]
• Conductivity, [44]†, [46], [47]†, [49], [51], [56]
  • partial, see Mobilities
• Copper, equilibrium with cupric-ion, [258], [264]†
  • oxidation of, [257]† et seq.
  • solution-tension of, [259]†
• Copper group, [158], [199] et seq., [210], [216] et seq.
• Cupric-ion, complex ions of, [224]†
  • equilibrium with copper, [258], [264]†
  • reduction of, [257]†
  • sulphide, [212]
• Cuprous-ion, complex ions of, [228]†
• Cyanide-ion, complex ions of, [88]†, [225]† et seq., [232]
• Dialysis, [128]
• Dielectric constants, [62], [63]
• Diffusion, of gases, [29]†
  • of ions, [59]†
  • of solutes, [9]†
• Dissociation of complex ions, [219]†
  • electrolytic, see Ionization
  • gaseous, [34]†, [36], [96]†
• Dry salts, [74]†
• Electrolysis, [46], [58]
• Electrolytes, see Ionogens
• Electron theory, [42]
• Equilibrium, see also Chemical equilibrium and Physical equilibrium constants, [95], [98], [233], [236], [298]
  • oxidation and reduction, [258], [265] et seq., [267]†, [273] et seq.
• Faraday's law, [58]
• Ferric hydroxide, [127]†, [170]†
• Ferric-ion, [88]†, [251]†, [252]†, [269]†
• Ferricyanide-ion, [88]†, [230]†
• Ferrocyanide-ion, [88]†, [230]†
• Ferrous-ion, [88]†, [251]†, [252]†, [269]†
• Formaldehyde, [289]† et seq.
• Fractional oxidation, [305], [306]
• Fractional precipitation, [163], [165]†, [303]
• Fractional solution, [304]
• Freezing-point, [17], [36], [38]
• Fused salts, [75]†
• Gold, [158], [242] et seq.
  • colloidal, [126]†
  • see also Aurocyanide-ion
• Groups of metal ions, [157]
• Groups of acid ions, [301]
• Heat, [75], [76]†
• Heterogeneous equilibrium, see Physical equilibrium
• Hydrogen, oxidation of, [277], [278], [280]†
• Hydrogen chloride, [34], [37], [42], [72]†, [73], [84]
• Hydrogen-ion, action on indicators, [79], [105]†
  • chemical activity, [72]–[74]†, [81], [82], [278] et seq.
  • concentration for precipitation by H₂S, [213]
  • mobility, [54]†, [56]
• Hydrogen sulphide, ionization of, [199], [245]
  • oxidation of, [251]†, [254]†
  • precipitation by, [90]†, [199]† et seq., [203]†
• Hydrol, [175]
• Hydrolysis of salts, [127], [178]† et seq., [190]†
• Hydroxide-ion, action on indicators, [78]†, [79]
  • chemical activity, [79], [81], [168]†
  • mobility, [54]†, [56]
• Indicators, [79], [165], [214]
• Instability constants, [219], [224], [226]
• Iodide-ion, [88]†, [272]†, [305]
• Iodine, [273], [305]
• Ionization and chemical activity, [69], [72]†, [79]†, [90]† et seq., [116]†, [232]
  • and conductivity, [44]†, [77]†, [115]†
  • and dielectric constants, [62]–[64]
  • and electron theory, [42]
  • and Faraday's law, [58]
  • and osmotic pressure, [67]
  • and solvents, [61]
  • constants, [98], [100], [104], [106], [108]
  • degree of, [50]
  • exceptional, of certain salts, [115]†
  • in stages, [100], [102]†
  • of acids, [69], [98], [100], [104], [108]
  • of bases, [69], [105], [106], [108]
  • of colloids, [132]
  • of salts, [69]†, [74]†, [75]†, [107], [108], [115]†
  • theory of Arrhenius, [40], [41], [51]
  • theory of Clausius, [51]
• Ionogens, [69]
• Ion-product, see Solubility-product
• Ions, [42]
  • charges on, [41], [58]
  • combination with solvents, [42], [65]
  • composition of, [69]†, [89]†
  • migration of, [45]†, [53], [54]†
  • mobilities of, [56]
• Kinetic theory, of gases, [26]
  • and osmotic pressure, [26]
• Lead-ion, [158]
  • sulphide, [212], [213]
• Light, [76]
• Litmus, [79]
• Magnesium hydroxide, [168]†
• Magnesium-ion, [162]
• Manganous-ion, [158]
• Mass action, law of, [93], [96]†
• Mercuric chloride, [57]†, [115]†
• Mercuric cyanide, [115]†, [116]†, [231]†
• Mercuric-ion, [158], [257]
• Mercurous-ion, [158]
• Mercury, [257]
• Methyl orange, [79]
• Methyl violet, [213]
• Mobilities of ions, [53]†, [56]
• Molecular weights, [33], [36], [37]
• Nernst's formula, [261] et seq., [296] et seq.
• Nickel-ion, [158]
  • cyanide-ion, [229]
  • sulphide, [192]
• Nitrate group, [302]
• Nitric acid, [288]†
• Organic acids, group of, [302]
• Organic substances, complex ions of, [238]
  • oxidation of, [289]† et seq.
• Osmosis, [10]†, [22], [24]†
• Osmotic pressure, [8]† et seq.
  • and ionization, [40], [67]
  • definition of, [10]
  • indirect determination of, [16]
  • laws of, [12]–[20]
  • measurement of, [10]
  • theories of, [32]
• Oxalates, complex ions of, [241]†
• Oxidation, [251]† et seq., [282]† et seq.
  • by electric current, [252]†
  • definition of, [251]
  • of organic compounds, [289]†
  • production of current by, [253]†
  • relation to theory of ionization, [251]† et seq.
• Oxidation-reduction, reversibility of, [256]†, [268]† et seq.
  • interpretations of, [251], [282], [286]
• Oxygen, oxidation by, [277], [278], [280]†, [305]
• Oxygen-hydrogen cell, [280]†
• Permanganic acid, [287]†
• Perpetuum mobile, [12]
• Phases, [118]
• Phenolphthaleïn, [79]
• Phosphate group, [302]
• Phosphomolybdates, [305]
• Phosphoric acid, [102]†, [134]
• Physical equilibrium, [118]† et seq.
  • and chemical equilibrium, [139] et seq.
  • applications of law of, [120]
  • law of, [118]
• Platinum, [158], [242] et seq.
• Potassium hydroxide, [77]†−[81]†, [106]
• Potassium-ion, [158], [161]
• Potential differences, [261] et seq.
  • and concentrations, [261], [263]†
  • and osmotic pressures, [261]
  • sign of, [261]
• Precipitates, see also Precipitation
  • solution of, [151]†
  • washing of, [148]
• Precipitation, [122]†, [145]† et seq.
  • and ionization, [74]†, [90], [152]†, [220] et seq.
  • fractional, [163], [165]†
  • influence of a common ion, [144]†, [146], [147]
  • influence of electrolytes, [144]†, [150]†
  • of electrolytes, [145]†
• Primary ionization, [101], [102]†
• Purple of Cassius, [126]†, [134]†
• Reduction, see also Oxidation
  • by electric current, [252]†
  • definition of, [252]
  • interpretations of, [251], [282], [286]
  • production of current by, [253]†
• Salt-effect, [82], [109], [110]†
• Secondary ionization, [101], [102]†, [246]
• Silver, colloidal, [127]†
• Silver-ammonium-ion, [217] et seq.
• Silver bromide, [224], [303]
• Silver chloride, colloidal, [138]†
  • precipitation of, [150]
  • solubility of, [221]
• Silver chromate, [141], [165]†
• Silver group, [157], [199] et seq., [216] et seq.
• Silver iodide, [224], [303]
• Silver-ion, [158]
  • as oxidizing agent, [290]†
  • complex ions of, [216]†, [225]†
• Sodium hydroxide, [81], [106], [173]
• Sodium-ion, [158], [161]
• Solubility, [121], [123], [146], [147], [153], [155]
• Solubility-product principle, [141] et seq.
  • applications of, [145]†, [147], [149], [151]
  • derivation of, [139] et seq.
• Solution, theories of, [8], [32]
• Solution of electrolytes, [151]
• Solutions, concentrated, [15], [32], [142]
  • dilute, see Osmotic pressure
  • non-aqueous, [62], [73]†, [84]
  • supersaturated, [121]†
• Solution-tension, electrolytic, [258] et seq.
  • constants, [259], [266], [294], 295
• Solvents and ionization, [61], [64]
  • and solubility of electrolytes, [154], [155]
• Strength of acids, [104]
• Strength of bases, [78]†, [106]
• Strontium-ion, [158], [162]
• Sulphate group, [302]
• Sulphide-ion, complex ions of, [238], [246]
  • concentration of, [202]
  • oxidation of, [251]†, [254]†
• Sulphides, precipitation of, [199]†, [203]† et seq.
  • solubilities of, [203] et seq., [212]
• Sulpho-acids, [244] et seq.
• Sulpho-bases, [244]† et seq.
• Sulpho-salts, [243] et seq.
• Sulphuric acid, ionization of, [103]†
• Supersaturation, [121]†
• Systematic analysis, of metal ions, [157] et seq.
  • of acid ions, [299] et seq.
• Tartaric acid, complex ions of, [238]†
• Tin, ions of, [158], [174], [242] et seq.
• Unsaturated compounds, [64]
• Uranyl salts, [286]
• Valence, [59]
  • and precipitating power of ions, [135]
• Van 't Hoff's hypothesis, see Avogadro
• Van 't Hoff's theory of solution, [12] et seq.
  • apparent exceptions to, [18]
• Vapor tension, [17], [36], [38]
• Velocity of action, [92]
• Water, see also Hydrolysis
  • composition of, [175]
  • dielectric constant of, [63]
  • formation by electrolytic oxidation, [280], [282]†
  • ionization by, [37], [41], [47]†, [61], [73]†, [74]†
  • ionization of, [53], [104], [106], [176] et seq.
  • oxonium ions of, [238]
  • secondary ionization of, [246], [278]
• Zinc, [257]†, [266]†
• Zinc group, [158], [188] et seq., [210]
• Zinc-ion, [266]
• Zinc sulphide, [204]† et seq.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE.

Original printed spelling and grammar is generally retained. Footnotes were renumbered and relocated to the ends of chapters. Notes to tables were left in their original locations. Some mathematical and chemical formulas and equations were modified in format or rearranged. Original small caps type Looks like This. The transcriber created the cover image, and hereby releases it to the public domain.

This book uses many uncommon Unicode characters, and careful selection of the ebook reader software and font used to view it is necessary. Some of the uncommon characters not already mentioned are: U+2296 ⊖, U+2295 ⊕, U+221E ∞, U+221B ∛, U+2212 −, U+21C4 ⇄, U+2192 →, U+21C5 ⇅, U+2572 ╲, and U+2571 ╱, etc. A monospaced font will improve the appearance of the data tables. However, the Thin Space U+2009 is used in most of the chemical and mathematical equations, and an exact monospaced font will not display Thin Space correctly. Adobe's "Source Code Pro" is an unusual "monospace font" that does display Thin Space and the data tables correctly.

The archaic form of scientific notation exemplified by "0.0₄13", is herein simplified either to decimal form—"0.000013"in this example—or to modern scientific E notation, "1.3E−5". In this, "E" means "times ten raised to the power of". Furthermore, E notation has also been substituted herein for many numbers originally printed like this: "a × 10^b ".

The name "van't Hoff" was changed to "van 't Hoff" throughout; likewise "Van't" to "Van 't". The hyphen is used inconsistently throughout the book, in words such as "hydrogen-ion" versus "hydrogen ion" or "non-ionized" versus "nonionizied". These have been retained. The word "difficulty" was sometimes employed as an adverb; herein it is converted to "difficultly" in this usage.

Page [45]: Changed "permangante" to "permanganate".