Chicago, September, 1911.
CONTENTS
| [PART I] FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES | ||
|---|---|---|
| CHAPTER | PAGE | |
| [I.] | Introduction | 3 |
| [II.] | Osmotic Pressure and the Theory of Solution, I | 8 |
| [III.] | Osmotic Pressure and the Theory of Solution, II | 21 |
| [IV.] | The Theory of Ionization: Ionization and Electrical Conductivity | 33 |
| [V.] | The Theory of Ionization, II: Ionization and Osmotic Pressure; Ionization and Chemical Activity | 67 |
| [VI.] | Chemical Equilibrium. The Law of Mass Action | 90 |
| [VII.] | Physical or Heterogeneous Equilibrium.—The Colloidal Condition | 118 |
| [VIII.] | Simultaneous Chemical and Physical Equilibrium.—The Solubility- or Ion-Product | 139 |
| [PART II] SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS AND THE APPLICATION OF FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES | ||
| [IX.] | Systematic Analysis for the Common Metal Ions. The Ions of the Alkalies and of the Alkaline Earths. Order of Precipitation of Difficultly Soluble Salts with a Common Ion | 157 |
| [X.] | Aluminium; Amphoteric Hydroxides; Hydrolysis of Salts. The Aluminium and Zinc Groups | 171 |
| [XI.] | The Copper and Silver Groups. Precipitation with Hydrogen Sulphide | 199 |
| [XII.] | The Copper and Silver Groups (Continued). The Theory of Complex Ions | 216 |
| [XIII.] | The Arsenic Group. Sulpho-acids and Sulpho-salts | 242 |
| [XIV.] | Oxidation and Reduction Reactions, I | 251 |
| [XV.] | Oxidation and Reduction, II. Oxidation by Oxygen, Permanganates, etc.; Oxidation of Organic Compounds | 277 |
| [XVI.] | Systematic Analysis for Acid Ions | 299 |
LIST OF REFERENCES AND THEIR ABBREVIATIONS
Note.—(Stud.) affixed to a reference indicates that the original article is recommended as suitable reading for college students taking their second year of work in chemistry.
- Am. Chem. J.—American Chemical Journal.
- Ann. de Chim. et de Phys.—Annales de Chimie et de Physique.
- Ber. d. chem. Ges.—Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft.
- Le Blanc's Lehrbuch der Elektrochemie (1903).
- Böttger's Qualitative Analyse (1908).
- Compt. rend.—Comptes rendus.
- Fresenius's Manual of Qualitative Chemical Analysis (1909).
- Fresenius's Quantitative Chemical Analysis (1904).
- Van 't Hoff's Lectures on Theoretical and Physical Chemistry (1898).
- H. C. Jones's The Elements of Physical Chemistry.
- J. Am. Chem. Soc.—Journal of the American Chemical Society.
- J. Chem. Soc. (London).—Journal of the Chemical Society (London).
- J. of Physiology.—Journal of Physiology.
- J. Phys. Chem.—Journal of Physical Chemistry.
- J. prakt. Chem.—Journal für praktische Chemie.
- Kohlrausch und Holborn's Leitvermögen der Elektrolyte (1898).
- Landolt-Börnstein-Meyerhoffer's Physikalisch-Chemische Tabellen.
- Liebig's Ann.—Liebig's Annalen der Chemie.
- Nernst's Theoretical Chemistry (1904).
- Nernst's Theoretische Chemie (1909).
- Ostwald's Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Chemie (1893).
- Ostwald's Scientific Foundations of Analytical Chemistry (1908).
- Ostwald's Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen der analytischen Chemie (1894).
- Phil. Mag.—Philosophical Magazine.
- Phil. Trans. Royal Soc.—Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.
- Poggendorff's Ann.—Poggendorff's Annalen der Physik und Chemie.
- Proc. Am. Acad.—Proceedings of the American Academy.
- Remsen's Inorganic Chemistry, Advanced Course, 1904.
- Smith's General Inorganic Chemistry (1909).
- Smith's General Chemistry for Colleges (1908).
- Treadwell's Qualitative Analyse (1902).
- Walker's Introduction to Physical Chemistry (1909).
- Wiedemann's Ann.—Wiedemann's Annalen der Physik und Chemie.
- Z. analyt. Chem.—Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie.
- Z. anorg. Chem.—Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie.
- Z. für Elektrochem.—Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie.
- Z. phys. Chem.—Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie.
QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS PART I FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Qualitative chemical analysis is concerned with the determination of the kinds of matter present in any given substance. In its broadest sense it includes the determination of all kinds of matter, the elements, rare as well as common, and all their combinations, organic compounds as well as inorganic. The recognition of the presence of rare elements, such as radium, uranium, thorium, tungsten, cerium, etc., is becoming a matter of growing importance with the modern development of the subject of radioactivity and the technical exploitation of the rarer elements, and it is a common experience for an analytical chemist to be called upon to determine the presence or absence of alcohol in beverages, of formalin in milk or other foods, and not a rare experience to be obliged to make tests for the presence of alkaloids like strychnine, morphine, cocaine, or for the presence of numerous other organic compounds. In this book, however, we shall limit our material to the more common elements and their most important inorganic combinations, including only a few typical organic acids. The limitation of our experimental material will make it possible to devote special attention to the scientific principles underlying analysis, to secure a clear and definite grasp of them, and to impart with simple material such experience in the technique and methods of analysis as will train the student to apply both his theoretical and practical knowledge to any field of analysis occasion may require. Accurate qualitative analysis, [p004] in any field, will depend on the care taken in mastering the theoretical significance and the technique of the methods recommended for the specific problem before the analyst; the details of the methods themselves, in any problem involving more than elementary analysis, are sought and found by him as a matter of practice in suitable larger works, in monographs and in the original literature. With the object of suggesting this broader application of the training acquired and of cultivating the invaluable habit of the professional chemist of consulting larger works and the literature, frequent reference will be made to such larger works, and to original papers in which more special subjects of analysis or theory are elaborately treated.
To recognize, in a substance, the presence of any element or compound, one must know its characteristic reactions, which will make it possible to distinguish it from all other elements or compounds. Further, in order to reach conclusions with the greatest possible speed, directness, and conclusiveness, it is usually best to carry out an examination in some systematic way, rather than in a haphazard and irregular fashion. We distinguish, accordingly, two parts in our laboratory work: first, the study of characteristic tests or reactions of the common elements and such of their compounds as are of importance in elementary analysis (Part III), and, secondly, practice in a systematic method of analysis (Part IV). In the study of the reactions, the way will be paved for systematic analysis, by taking the elements in the groups, which form the basis of the system of analysis employed, and by analyses of mixtures of the elements of a group immediately after the group has been studied.