The Elements of Qualitative Chemical Analysis, vol. 1, parts 1 and 2. / With Special Consideration of the Application of the Laws of Equilibrium and of the Modern Theories of Solution.

by Julius Stieglitz

[103] Walden, Z. phys. Chem., 54, 129 (1906); McCoy, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 30, 1074 (1908).

[104] Z. phys. Chem., 54, 229 (1906).

[105] The degrees of ionization were always determined from the relation α = Λ_v / Λ_∞ according to the method discussed on page [50].

[106] Walden, loc. cit.

[107] Cf. Arrhenius, Theories of Chemistry, p. 83 (1907).

[108] In hydrogen chloride, the hydrogen and the chlorine atoms may be held in the molecules H⁺Cl⁻ by the electric attraction of a positive charge on the hydrogen, and a negative charge on the chlorine atom (see p. [43]).

[109] Franklin and Kraus, Am. Chem. J., 23, 305 (1900) (Stud.)

[110] It is very likely that in aqueous acids, a large proportion, at least, of the hydrogen-ion is similarly combined with water. (Lapworth, J. Chem. Soc., (London) 93, 2187 (1908). See Chapter XII.)

[111] Vide the discussion on the "Constitution of Water," and the summary by J. Walker, Transactions of the Faraday Society, VI, 71–123 (1910).

[112] Proc. Am. Acad., 1892; Liebig's Ann. 287, 263 (1895).