The Elements of Qualitative Chemical Analysis, vol. 1, parts 1 and 2. / With Special Consideration of the Application of the Laws of Equilibrium and of the Modern Theories of Solution.

by Julius Stieglitz

[205] Arrhenius, Z. Elektrochem., 6, 10 (1899); Z. phys. Chem., 31, 197 (1899).

[206] Salts have constants averaging about 7, and running from 5 to 28; the constant for ice is about 3. Landolt, Börstein, Meyerhoffer, Tabellen, p. 766 (1905).

[207] We have: Ice, 3, water (at 0°), 80; glacial acetic acid, 2.8, acetic acid (liquid), 10; cane sugar, 4, cane sugar in aqueous solution (40%), 67.5, (6.5%), 45.3. Ibid.

[208] Z. phys. Chem., 23, 280 (1897).

[209] Wiedemann's Ann., 60, 625 (1897).

[210] See Walden, Z. phys. Chem., 61, 636 (1908), in regard to the difficulties of the problem.

[211] Loc. cit.

[212] Cf. Szyszkowski, Z. phys. Chem., 58, 420 (1907).

[213] Arrhenius made a calculation of the effect, taking into account all the rather involved changes produced by the salt. Loc. cit.

[214] For instance, the principle of "isohydric solutions," discovered by Arrhenius, has been established empirically and it involves relations which are in marked disagreement with the demands of the law of chemical equilibrium. Vide A. A. Noyes, Report of the Congress of Arts and Sciences, IV, p. 318 (1904).