[FN#320] It is said in Hiao King that music is the best means to improve customs and manners.
CHAPTER II
REFUTATION OF INCOMPLETE AND SUPERFICIAL (DOCTRINE)[FN#321]
There are in the Buddhist doctrines, to state briefly, the five grades (of development), beginning with the most superficial, and ending with the most profound teachings. (They are as follows:) (1) The Doctrine for Men and Devas; (2) the Doctrine of the Hinayanists; (3) the Mahayana Doctrine of Dharma-laksana; (4) the Mahayana Doctrine of the Nihilists[FN#322]; (5) the Ekaydna Doctrine that teaches the Ultimate Reality.[FN#323]
[FN#321] A. 'The imperfect doctrines taught by the Buddha.'
[FN#322] A. 'These first four doctrines are treated of in this chapter.'
[FN#323] A. 'This is mentioned in the third chapter.'
1. The Doctrine for Men and Devas.
The Buddha, to meet temporarily the spiritual needs of the uninitiated, preached a doctrine concerning good or bad Karma as the cause, and its retribution as the effect, in the three existences (of the past, the present, and the future). That is, one who commits the tenfold sin[FN#324] must be reborn after death in hell, when these sins are of the highest grade;[FN#325] among Pretas,[FN#326] when of the middle grade; and among animals, when of the lowest grade.
[FN#324] (1) Taking life, (2) theft, (3) adultery, (4) lying, (5) exaggeration, (6) abuse, (7) ambiguous talk, (8) coveting, (9) malice, (10) unbelief.