[399] See, too, in this connection J. Schaller, Das Spiel und die Spiele, p. 239.
[400] Lazarus, op. cit., p. 98. I differ totally from Lazarus’s unwarranted conclusion that in some card games, where the cards are distributed accidentally, the chief stimulus is in the “battle of reason against chance.”
[401] See v. d. Steinen, Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral Brasiliens, p. 230.
[402] Op. cit., pp. 90, 102–109. Lazarus treats exhaustively of this symbolic significance of play and likens it to the symbolism of music, which may be effective without clear consciousness of it on the part of the subject.
[403] Ibid., p. 91.
[404] Second edition, Paris, 1895.
[405] Playful rivalry is quite rare among animals, and for that reason it was not considered in my former work. It is only during courtship that animals engage in such contests, which are accordingly included under courtship plays.
[406] R. Andree, Ethnogr. Parall. u. Vergl., pp. 95, 96.
[407] Ibid.
[408] The Eclipses Politico-Morales draws the picture of a fashionable lady of the early eighteenth century. She says: “We have our sprees in spite of the men; we dance and carouse the whole night long.... We smoke and chew tobacco and make wagers about them.” A. Schultz, Alltagsleben einer deutschen Frau, etc., p. 186.