1. To sharp a natural degree, use a sharp. Fig. 18.
2. To sharp a sharped degree, use a double sharp. Fig. 19.
3. To sharp a flatted degree, use a natural. Fig. 20.
4. To flat a natural degree, use a flat. Fig. 21.
5. To flat a flatted degree, use a double flat. Fig. 22.
6. To flat a sharped degree, use a natural. Fig. 23.
[27.] When two different notations represent the same pitch, the word enharmonic is applied. Thus we may say that F sharp and G flat (on keyboard instruments at least) are enharmonically the same.
This word enharmonic is used in such expressions as enharmonic change, enharmonic keys, enharmonic interval, enharmonic modulation, enharmonic relation, etc., and in all such combinations it has the same meaning, viz.—a change in notation but no change in the pitch represented.
28. A note is a character expressing relative duration, which when placed on a staff indicates that a certain tone is to be sounded for a certain relative length of time. The pitch of the tone to be sounded is shown by the position of the note on the staff, while the length of time it is to be prolonged is shown by the shape of the note. Thus e.g., a half-note on the second line of the treble staff indicates that a specific pitch (g') is to be played or sung for a period of time twice as long as would be indicated by a quarter-note in the same composition.
29. A rest is a character which indicates a rhythmic silence of a certain relative length.
30. The notes and rests in common use are as follows:
| Whole-note. An open note-head without stem. | |
| Half-note. An open note-head with stem. | |
| Quarter-note. A closed note-head with stem. | |
| Eighth-note. A closed note-head with stem and one hook. | |
| Sixteenth-note. A closed note-head with stem and two hooks. | |
| Thirty-second-note. A closed note-head with stem and three hooks. | |
| Whole-rest. | |
| Half-rest. | |
| Quarter-rest. | |
| Eighth-rest. | |
| Sixteenth-rest. | |
| Thirty-second-rest. |
31. The English names for these notes are: