Richard the Lion Heart

by Kate Norgate

Note VI
Richard, William of Longchamps, and the Great Seal

Roger of Howden in his account of the year 1194, after giving the terms of the truce made between the representatives of the two kings on July 23 in the form of a proclamation addressed “to all whom it may concern” by Drogo de Merlo the Constable of France, Anselm the Dean of S. Martin’s at Tours, and Urse the French king’s chamberlain (iii. 257-60), diverges to English affairs (260-7) and then returns to continental ones as follows:

“Deinde [Ricardus Rex] veniens in Normanniam moleste tulit quicquid factum fuerit de supradictis treugis, et imputans cancellario suo hoc per eum fuisse factum, abstulit ab eo sigillum suum, et fecit sibi novum sigillum fieri, et mandavit per singulas terras suas quod nihil ratum foret quod fuerat per vetus sigillum suum; tum quia cancellarius ille operatus fuerat inde minus discrete quam esset necesse, tum quia sigillum illud perditum erat quando Rogerus Malus Catulus, vice-cancellarius suus, submersus erat in mare ante insulam de Cipro. Et praecepit rex quod omnes qui cartas habebant venirent ad novum sigillum suum ad cartas suas renovandas.” R. Howden, iii. 267.

This story is certainly not strictly accurate; it was not till 1198 that Richard changed his seal, and if the seal was withdrawn from William of Ely in 1194, it was restored to him almost immediately, and he remained the king’s chancellor and trusted friend to the end of Richard’s life. Nevertheless, it seems clear that Richard did momentarily contemplate in 1194 a change of seal and the consequent requirement of confirmation of charters issued under the old seal. When this actually took place four years later, he himself stated his reasons for it as follows: “Quod” [sc. primum sigillum nostrum] “quia aliquando perditum erat, et dum capti essemus in Alemannia in aliena potestate constitutum, mutatum est.” (Confirmation of a charter to Ely, July 1, 1198, printed in Ramsey Cartulary, ed. Hart and Lyons, i. 115, and also in Round’s Feudal England, 542). Mr. Round dismisses Roger’s story as sheer fiction, on the ground that the second reason here given by Richard is “wholly and essentially different” from the first reason given by Roger. Even if this be so, it does not necessarily follow that the whole of Roger’s story is either a fiction, or a delusion, or misdated. Richard’s own statement of his motives is obviously a mere excuse; the self-evident fact that while he was in prison the seal was necessarily “in the power of another” might be a ground for annulling acts passed under it during that time, but could be no genuine reason for revoking likewise all other acts passed under it. One at least of his excuses, however, is far more likely to have been invented in 1194 than in 1198. The king’s temporary loss of control over the seal in 1193-4 might be a colourable pretext for getting rid of the discredited instrument at the earliest possible moment, but could in no way account for its repudiation after it had been, without necessity, suffered to remain in use for four years.

INDEX

• Abou Bekr, [251], [256]
• Achard of Châlus, [325]
• Acre, Philip arrives at, [145];
• siege of, [154], [161-162];
• negotiations for surrender, [162-164];
• surrender of, [164];
• discussions about terms, [169-171];
• slaughter of garrison, [172];
• disturbances at, [211];
• capitulation of, [331-332]
• Aixe taken by Richard, [20]
• Alfonso II, King of Aragon, [11], [56]
• Aloysia of France, betrothed to Richard, [9];
• her promised dowry, [22];
• disputes about, [25], [62], [67], [72];
• betrothal renewed, [65], [82];
• marriage with John proposed, [86];
• engagement to Richard finally broken off, [136-137];
• sent back to France, [302];
• married, [313]
• Amalric I, king of Jerusalem, [158]
• Amwas, [233]
• Andely, [305], [308], [309];
• disputed between archbishop and king, [309];
• Richard’s building at, [310-311]
• Angoulême, disputed succession to, [39-41]
• Angoulême, Aimar, count of, [39], [41 note 4], [44-45], [74], [297]
• Angoulême, Elias, count of, [41 note 4]
• Angoulême, Maud, heiress of, [39]
• Angoulême, Vulgrin III, count of, [19], [20], [29], [31], [38]
• Angoulême, William IV, count of, [5], [7], [15], [20], [29], [38]
• Angoulême, William V, count of, [39], [41 note 4]
• Anjou, Stephen, seneschal of, [93]
• Aquitaine, Ralf de Diceto’s description of, [3];
• its extent and boundaries, [4];
• risings in, [5], [7], [8];
• Richard made duke of, [9];
• its feudal position in 1169, [10];
• rebels in, [15], [40-44];
• ravages of Routiers in, [51], [53];
• end of rebellion, [55-56];
• Henry proposes to transfer it to John, [50], [60];
• invaded by John and Geoffrey, [62];
• Henry II’s dealings with, [65];
• revolts in, [276], [297];
• disuse of the name in Richard’s later years, [324]
• Aragon, Alfonso, king of, see [Alfonso]
• Arras besieged by Baldwin of Flanders, [315];
• relieved by Philip Augustus, ib.
• Arsuf, battle of, [185-188]
• Arthur of Britanny, see [Britanny]
• Ascalon, [177];
• its importance, [190];
• razed by Saladin, ib.;
• rebuilding of, [209];
• Richard at, [214];
• negotiations concerning, [257-259];
• again dismantled, [260]
• Aslam, Emir, [235-237]
• “Assassins,” [301]
• Athlit, [179]
• Austria, Leopold, duke of, [166], [330]
• Auvergne, rival claims upon, [7], [26-27], [94];
• Richard’s successes in, [315]
• Bagnara, La, [126]
• Baldwin IV, king of Jerusalem, [158]
• Baldwin V, king of Jerusalem, [158]
• Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, see [Canterbury]
• Barres, William des, [78], [79], [135], [138], [179], [187]
• Bath, Savaric, bishop of, [275]
• Beauvais, bishop of, captured by Mercadier, [315]
• Bedr-ed-Din, [230], [257-258]
• Beit Nuba, [205], [232], [240]
• Berengaria of Navarre, [62], [64];
• joins Richard in Sicily, [136];
• sails for Acre with Joan, [139];
• their adventures at sea, [141-142];
• marriage and coronation, [145]
• Berry, feudal position of, [4];
• Henry II in, [26]
• Bertin, Peter, seneschal of Aquitaine, [297]
• Béthune, Baldwin of, [93]
• Bigorre, count of, [21]
• Blanchegarde, [220], [221], [231]
• Blondel, [275]
• Bombrac, [198]
• Bonmoulins, meeting of kings at, [81-83]
• Bordeaux, Richard at, [21];
• burnt by Routiers, [38]
• Bordeaux, William, archbishop of, [15]
• Born, Bertrand de, [40-42], [45-47], [56]
• Born, Constantine de, [40]
• Boulogne, Reginald, count of, [313]
• Bourges, promised as Aloysia’s dowry, [22]
• Boutavant, [322]
• “Brabantines,” [15], [38]
• Britanny, revolt in (1173), [14];
• submits to Henry II, ib.;
• Richard’s relations with, [306], [313]
• Britanny, Arthur, duke of, [306]
• Britanny, Geoffrey, duke of, see [Geoffrey]
• Burgundy, Hugh, duke of, [55], [130], [207], [211], [218], [241]
• Burgundy or Provence, kingdom of, [283], [284]
• Cadoc, [307]
• Caesarea, [180], [181]
• Camville, Richard de, [148]
• Canebrake of Starlings, [225]
• Canterbury, Baldwin, Archbishop of, [120]
• Canterbury, Hubert, Archbishop of, see [Hubert]
• Canterbury, Richard at, [107]
• Capharnaum, Crusaders at, [179]
• Casal of the Baths, [203-204], [334-336]
• Casal Imbert, [212]
• Casal Maen, [198]
• Casal of the Plains (Yazour), [198], [204], [207], [334-336]
• Casal of the Straits, [179]
• Casals, the Two, [333-334]
• Castillon-sur-Agen, taken by Richard, [19]
• Castle Arnold, [232]
• Catania, meeting of Richard and Tancred at, [137]
• Celestine III, Pope, his warning to the Emperor, [317]
• Chabot, Theobald, [19]
• Châlus, treasure-trove at, [325];
• besieged by Richard, ib.;
• taken by Mercadier, [327]
• Champagne, Henry, count of, see [Henry]
• Champagne, Theobald, count of, [313]
• Château-Gaillard, [312], [316]
• Châteauroux, dispute about, [21], [22];
• taken by Henry II, [26];
• besieged by Philip of France, [68];
• truce made at, [69], [70];
• taken by Philip, [77];
• Richard’s attempt to regain it, [78]
• Châtillon, conference at, [80]
• Chinon, conference at, [7]
• Clairvaux, castle of, [46], [48]
• Cologne, election of emperor at, [318]
• Cologne, Adolf, archbishop of, [285-286]
• Colombières, meeting of kings at, [89]
• Comnenos, Isaac, see [Isaac]
• Conrad of Montferrat, [145], [151];
• character, [159];
• marries Isabel, ib., [160];
• rivalry with Guy, [160], [167];
• negotiations with Saladin, [194-195], [199];
• negotiates with Richard, [210];
• goes to Acre, [211];
• returns to Tyre, ib.;
• declared to have forfeited the crown, [212];
• again chosen king, [215];
• slain, [216]
• Constance of Britanny, [306]
• Constance, heiress of Sicily, [124]
• Corfu, Richard at, [264], [266]
• Crispin, William, [315]
• Crocodiles, River of, [180], [181]
• Cross, relics of, [242]
• Curbaran, leader of Routiers, [53], [60]
• Cyprus, [141];
• adventures of Joan and Berengaria off, [142];
• English fleet reaches, [142-143];
• conquest of, [143-148];
• given to Guy of Lusignan, [261]
• Dangu surrendered to Richard, [315];
• razed by Philip, ib.
• Darum, [209], [222-223], [245]
• “Dead River,” the, [182]
• Déols, Ralf of, [21]
• Dirnstein or Dürrenstein, Richard imprisoned at, [271]
• Drincourt, siege of, [14]
• Durham, Hugh of Puiset, bishop of, [103], [113]
• Eleanor, Queen, prophecy concerning, [1];
• regent in Aquitaine, [8];
• at Limoges, [11];
• left guardian of Richard and Geoffrey, [12], [13];
• joins the French party, [13];
• imprisoned by Henry, [14];
• released, [63];
• receives surrender of Poitou from Richard, ib.;
• joins him in Sicily, [136];
• returns to England, [138];
• at Richard’s death, [328]
• El-Meshtoub, Seiffeddin, [163]
• Ely, William of Longchamps, bishop of, chancellor, [85], [113];
• negotiates for Richard’s release, [279];
• with Philip, [282];
• deprived of the Seal, [298];
• sent to Germany, [302-303]
• Emma, countess of Poitou, [5]
• Emmaus, see [Amwas]
• Emperors, see [Frederic], [Henry]
• Excideuil, [43]
• Ezz-ed-Din, [230]
• Famagosta, Richard at, [146]
• “Far,” the, of Messina, [123]
• Fauvel, [146], [147], [187], [204]
• Felek-ed-Din, Emir, [236]
• Ferté-Bernard, La, meeting of kings at, [85]
• Figtrees, castle of, [225]
• Flanders, Baldwin VIII, count of, alliance with Richard, [313];
• besieges Arras, [315];
• arranges a conference between the kings, ib.;
• supports Otto’s election to the empire, [319];
• takes St. Omer, ib.
• Flanders, Philip, count of, [68]
• Fleet, Richard’s, its adventures from England to Messina, [121-122];
• at Messina, [138-139];
• voyage to Rhodes, [139-141]
• Fontevraud, Henry II buried at, [91], [92];
• Richard buried at, [329]
• France, kings of, see [Louis], [Philip]
• Frederic Barbarossa, Emperor, his death, [155]
• Fréteval, battle at, [296-297]
• Gascony, [4], [324]
• Genoa, Richard and Philip at, [121]
• Geoffrey, son of Henry II and Eleanor, [13], [14], [49-51], [62], [66]
• Germany, condition of, under Henry VI, [272-273]
• Gisors, conferences at, [14], [16], [79], [94];
• disputes about, [67];
• surrendered to Philip, [280];
• ceded to him, [305];
• encounter between Richard and Philip at, [320]
• Glanville, Ranulf de, [102-103], [120]
• Gorizia, Mainard, count of, [268-269]
• Gouletot, [322]
• Graçay, [94]
• Grandmont, Henry II at, [7], [44]
• “Griffons,” [125-126], [131]
• Gué Saint Rémi, [111]
• Guy of Lusignan, [15], [71];
• king of Jerusalem, [158];
• his character, [159];
• rivalry with Conrad of Montferrat, [160], [167];
• on the march to Arsuf, [182];
• goes to fetch troops from Acre, [194];
• Cyprus given to, [261]
• Haïfa, Crusaders at, [179]
• Hainaut, count of, [313]
• Hautefort, castle of, [40], [56]
• Heraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, [158]
• Henry VI, emperor, his relations with Philip of France, [265], [273];
• with Leopold of Austria, [271-272];
• with Richard, [274], [283-4];
• sends Richard a crown, [301];
• excommunicated, [317];
• death, ib.;
• Richard’s homage to, [336-338]
• Henry II, king of England, [2];
• at Limoges, [5], [6];
• war with Toulouse, [6];
• conference with Aquitanian nobles, [7];
• with Raymond, ib.;
• relations with Louis VII of France, [6], [8], [9];
• relations with Aquitaine, [10];
• conference with Louis at Gisors, [14];
• goes to Poitiers, [16];
• recovers Saintes, ib.;
• meets Louis at Gisors, ib.;
• reconciled to Richard, [17];
• receives homage of his sons, ib.;
• returns to England, [18];
• plans for his sons, [23];
• demands Aloysia’s dowry, [25];
• marches on Berry, [26];
• takes Châteauroux, etc., ib.;
• subdues the Limousin, ib.;
• meets Louis at Graçay, ib.;
• buys La Marche, [27];
• joins Richard in Aquitaine, [44];
• meets Aquitanian rebels at Grandmont, ib.;
• relations with his sons, [48], [49];
• besieges Limoges, [52-54];
• Limoges surrendered to, [55];
• restores Hautefort to Bertrand de Born, [56];
• proposes to transfer Aquitaine to John, [56-58], [62];
• does homage to Philip, [61];
• summons his sons to England, ib.;
• sends Geoffrey to Normandy, [63];
• releases Eleanor, ib.;
• changes in his treatment of Richard, [65];
• relations with Philip Augustus, [65-69];
• schemes for John, [69];
• takes the Cross, [72];
• dispute with Richard about his Crusade, [73];
• war with Philip, [78];
• meets Philip at Gisors, [79];
• at Châtillon, [80];
• truce with Philip, [83];
• meets him at La Ferté, [85], [86];
• last struggle, [86];
• submission at Colombières, [87];
• last meeting with Richard, [90];
• death, ib.;
• burial, [91-92]
• Henry, son of Henry II, his homage to Louis in 1169, [9];
• conspires against his father, [12], [13];
• goes to England with him, [18];
• returns to Normandy, [19];
• joins Richard, [20];
• takes Châteauroux, [22];
• in Aquitaine, [44], [45];
• joins league against Richard, [46], [48];
• relations with Richard, [49], [50];
• with Aquitaine, ib.;
• at Limoges, [51];
• takes Angoulême, [53];
• repulsed from Limoges, [54];
• death, [55]
• Henry, count of Champagne, [155], [156], [216];
• chosen king of Jerusalem, [219];
• marries Isabel, [220];
• joins Richard at Darum, [224];
• goes to collect reinforcements, [231];
• rejoins Richard at Joppa, [252]
• Hodierna, Richard’s nurse, [2]
• Hubert, bishop of Salisbury, visits Richard in Germany, [279];
• archbishop of Canterbury, ib.;
• his demands for the king refused in England, [307-308]
• Hugh, Saint, bishop of Lincoln, [308], [329]
• Interdict in Normandy, [309];
• raised, [311]
• Isaac Comnenus, tyrant of Cyprus, [141-144], [146-148]
• Isabel of Jerusalem, [158], [159], [218-220]
• Issoudun, [94], [304]
• Jerusalem, Heraclius, patriarch of, [158], [159]
• Jerusalem, kingdom of, claimants to, [158];
• settlement of their claims, [167]
• Jerusalem, kings of, see [Amalric], [Baldwin], [Conrad], [Guy], [Henry]
• Jerusalem, roads to, [189], [202]
• Jews, riot against, [97], [98]
• Joan, queen of Sicily, [124-125];
• disputes about her dowry, [130];
• her claims settled, [132];
• sails for Acre with Berengaria, [139];
• their adventures at sea, [141-142];
• proposal for her marriage with Safadin, [197];
• second marriage, [314]
• John of Anagni, legate in France, [85-86]
• John “Lackland,” Henry’s plans for, [58], [69], [70];
• marches into Aquitaine, [62];
• proposal for his marriage with Aloysia, [86];
• relations with Richard, [93], [94];
• Richard’s grants to, [102], [104-105];
• meeting with Rees of South Wales, [106];
• marriage, [104], [107];
• plots with Philip, [277];
• submits to Richard, [294]
• Joppa, struggle for, [247-255]
• Karakoush, [162-163]
• Kuweilfeh, [236]
• Lacroma, [266-267]
• Latroun, see [Natroun]
• Leicester, Robert, earl of, captured by Philip, [296]
• Lieu-Dieu, [116]
• Limasol, [141-146]
• Limoges, Aimar V, viscount of, defeated by Richard, [20];
• goes on pilgrimage, [38];
• wars with Richard, [40], [41], [44];
• joins young Henry, [51];
• surrenders to Henry II, [55];
• war with Richard, [61];
• claims treasure-trove at Châlus, [325]
• Limoges, rival jurisdictions at, [5], [6];
• Richard proclaimed duke at, [11];
• meeting of kings and nobles at, [11], [12];
• taken by Richard, [20], [28];
• settlement between Richard and rebels at, [44];
• its walls destroyed, ib.;
• young Henry at, [51-52];
• besieged by Henry II and Richard, [52-54];
• surrendered, [55]
• “Lion Heart,” origin of the epithet, [34]
• “Lo Bar” (Lupicar), [60]
• Lomagne, Vézian, viscount of, [39]
• “Lombards” at Messina, [125-126], [131]
• London, Richard crowned at, [97];
• anti-Jewish riot in, [98]
• Louis VII of France, his relations with Henry II, [6], [8], [9];
• receives homage of Henry and his sons, [9];
• league with the sons, [13];
• meets Henry at Gisors, [14], [16];
• knights Richard, [15]
• Lusignan, family of, [8 note 2]
• Lusignan, Geoffrey of, [15], [42-43], [74], [160], [191], [204]
• Lusignan, Guy of, see [Guy]
• Lusignan, Hugh of, [128]
• Lydda, [193]
• Malcolm IV, king of Scots, [107]
• Mandeville, William de, [79], [103], [112]
• Mans, Le, Henry’s flight from, [87], [88]
• Mantes attacked by Richard, [79]
• Marche, La, Adalbert, count of, [7], [27]
• Marche, La, county of, [4], [27], [43]
• Margarit, [127], [131]
• Markab, [148]
• Marshal, William, [79], [88], [92]
• “Mategriffon,” [131], [134], [156]
• Mercadier, [61];
• takes Issoudun, [304];
• captures the count of Auvergne, ib.;
• captures the bishop of Beauvais, [315];
• raids Abbeville, [322];
• attacked by French in time of truce, [323];
• with Richard at Châlus, [326];
• takes the castle, [327]
• Merle, [180], [181]
• Merlin’s prophecy, [1]
• Messina, English fleet reaches, [122];
• Philip arrives at, [123];
• “Far” of, ib.;
• Richard arrives at, [124];
• Joan arrives at, [125];
• mixed population of, ib.;
• hostility to the English, [125-126];
• taken by Richard, [127-128];
• treaty of, [137-138], [276 note];
• Richard’s departure from, [139];
• Emperor Henry VI dies at, [317]
• Mileto, Richard’s adventure at, [123]
• Mirabel, [203], [204]
• Montferrat, Conrad of, see [Conrad]
• Montferrat, William of, [158]
• Montjoie, [233], [243]
• Montlouis, treaty of, [17]
• Montmirail, conference of kings at, [9]
• Morocco, Emperor of, invades Spain, [302]
• Mortain, county of, granted to John, [104]
• Natroun, [195], [206], [232]
• Navarre, kings of, see [Sancho]
• Neckam, Alexander, Richard’s foster-brother, [2]
• Nonancourt surrendered to Richard, [307]
• Normandy, interdict in, [309];
• raised, [311];
• scutage of, [299]
• Nottingham, siege of, [287-288];
• council at, [289]
• “Oc e No,” nickname of Richard, [34 note 6]
• Oxford, Richard born at, [2]
• Palestine, condition in 1190, [152-153]
• “Peace-makers,” [60]
• Périgord, Elias, count of, [43], [44], [297]
• Périgueux, [44]
• Peter, Cardinal, legate in France, [25], [323]
• Philip Augustus, king of France, receives homage of count of Angoulême, [45];
• sends Routiers into Aquitaine, [53];
• receives homage of Henry II, [61];
• demands homage of Richard, [67];
• besieges Châteauroux, [67], [68];
• truce with Henry, [70];
• demands Gisors, [72];
• takes the Cross, ib.;
• intervenes in quarrel of Richard and Raymond of Toulouse, [76], [77];
• takes Châteauroux, [77];
• overruns Berry and Auvergne, [78];
• burns Trou, ib.;
• meets Henry, [79-81];
• quarrel with Richard at Châtillon, [80];
• truce with Henry, [83];
• meets him at La Ferté, [85-86];
• captures Tours, [89];
• treaty with Richard, [94-95];
• meets him at Vézelay, [117];
• crosses the Rhône, [119];
• goes to Genoa, [121];
• reaches Messina, [123];
• conduct there, [127-128], [131], [136-137];
• relations with Tancred, [137];
• treaty with Richard, [137-138];
• sails for Acre, [138];
• at Acre, [145], [155-157];
• disputes with Richard, [161], [165], [167];
• goes home, [168];
• relations with the Emperor, [273];
• attempt on Normandy during Richard’s captivity, [276], [277];
• conquers the Vexin, etc., [280];
• negotiates with Henry VI, ib.;
• with Richard, [282-283];
• his offers to Henry VI, [283-284];
• besieges Verneuil, [294];
• Vaudreuil, ib.;
• takes Fontaines, [295];
• captures Earl of Leicester, [296];
• defeated at Fréteval, ib.;
• truce with Richard, [298];
• negotiates with him, [302-303];
• burns Dieppe, [304];
• takes Issoudun, and meets with Richard there, ib.;
• treaty with Richard, [305];
• besieges Aumale, [306];
• his allies, [313];
• recovers Dangu, [315];
• relieves Arras, ib.;
• makes terms with Flanders, ib.;
• meets Richard at Les Andelys, [315-316];
• boast about Château-Gaillard, [316];
• alliance with Philip of Suabia, [319];
• burns Evreux, [322];
• builds Gouletot, ib.;
• negotiates for peace, ib.;
• meets Richard again, [323];
• makes truce for five years, [323];
• breaks it, [324]
• Pilgrims’ Castle, [179]
• Pin, Jordan du, [127], [131]
• Pipewell, council at, [106]
• Poitiers, Richard at, [11], [324]
• Poitiers, William of, chaplain of Richard, [227]
• Poitou, county of, [4], [9];
• granted to Otto of Saxony, [314];
• use of the name in Richard’s later years, [324]
• Poitou, Otto, count of, see [Saxony]
• Pons besieged by Richard, [29];
• surrendered, [31]
• Ponthieu, county of, [313]
• Préaux, William des, [196], [261]
• Provence, kingdom of, [283]
• Quercy conquered by Henry II, [6];
• by Richard, [66];
• restored to Toulouse, [314]
• Ragusa, Richard at, [266-267]
• Ramlah, [189], [193], [206-207]
• Rancogne, Geoffrey of, [8], [15], [29], [31], [74]
• Raymond “Brunus or Brenuus,” [51], [60]
• Reggio, [138]
• Rhodes, Richard at, [141]
• Richard the Lion Heart born, [2];
• first betrothal, [6];
• goes to Normandy, [7];
• betrothed to Aloysia of France, [8], [9];
• does homage to Louis for Poitou and Aquitaine, [9];
• invested as duke at Poitiers and at Limoges, [11];
• receives homage of Raymond of Toulouse, [12];
• joins his rebel brothers, [13];
• knighted by Louis VII, [15];
• returns to Aquitaine, ib.;
• dealings with La Rochelle, [16];
• seizes Saintes, ib.;
• expelled by Henry, ib.;
• submits to his father, [17];
• does homage to him, ib.;
• deprived of his territories, [17], [18];
• takes Castillon-sur-Agen, [19];
• goes to England, ib.;
• returns to Aquitaine, ib.;
• subdues rebels in Poitou, defeats Brabantines at St. Maigrin, takes Aixe and Limoges, and captures the count of Angoulême, [20];
• keeps Christmas (1176) at Bordeaux, [21];
• successes in Gascony, ib.;
• takes castle at Limoges from the viscount, [28];
• marches on Gascony, ib.;
• dealings with Bigorre, [29];
• keeps Christmas (1178) at Saintes, ib.;
• besieges Pons, ib.;
• his successes in Angoumois, ib.;
• siege of Taillebourg, [29-31];
• goes to England, [31];
• reinstated as count of Poitou, ib.;
• returns, ib.;
• relations with people of Aquitaine, [32];
• person and character, [33-37];
• oaths, [34 note 6];
• subdues Lomagne, [39];
• claims wardship of Angoulême, ib.;
• strife with Aimar of Limoges, [40];
• conspiracy against, [42];
• takes Puy-St.-Front, [43];
• takes Excideuil, [44];
• builds a castle at Clairvaux, [45-46];
• in Normandy, [47], [48];
• relations with Bertrand de Born, [47];
• surrenders Clairvaux, [48];
• relations with his father, [49];
• with his brothers, [49], [50];
• quarrel with young Henry, [50];
• routs rebels in the Limousin, [51];
• joins Henry at siege of Limoges, [54];
• drives Routiers out of Angoumois and Saintonge, ib.;
• refuses to give up Aquitaine to John, [58-60], [62];
• holds court at Talmont, [60];
• attachment to Berengaria of Navarre, [62];
• returns to Aquitaine and attacks Geoffrey, [63];
• surrenders Poitou to Eleanor, ib.;
• betrothed to the emperor’s daughter, [64];
• to Berengaria, ib.;
• to Aloysia again, [65];
• again sent to Aquitaine, ib.;
• invades Toulouse and conquers Quercy, [66];
• negotiations with Philip at Châteauroux, [68], [69];
• visits Philip at Paris, [70];
• does homage again to Henry, [71];
• takes the Cross, ib.;
• with Henry at Le Mans, [72];
• dispute with his father about the Crusade, [73];
• quells revolt in Aquitaine, [74];
• quarrels with Raymond of Toulouse, [75], [77];
• makes attempt on Châteauroux, [78];
• takes Les Roches, ib.;
• attacks Mantes, [79];
• captures William des Barres, ib.;
• quarrel with Philip at Châtillon, [80];
• betrothal to Aloysia renewed, [82];
• in pursuit of Henry from Le Mans, [88];
• encounter with William the Marshal, ib.;
• besieges Tours with Philip, [89];
• last meeting with Henry, [90];
• at Henry’s funeral, [91], [92];
• sends the Marshal to England, [92];
• confirms Henry’s grants, ib., [93];
• first acts as king, ib.;
• relations with John, [93-94];
• invested as duke of Normandy, [94];
• meets Philip, ib.;
• treaty with him, ib., [95];
• returns to England, [95];
• received at Winchester, ib.;
• first proclamation, ib., [96];
• welcomed in London, [96];
• crowned, [97];
• tries to protect Jews, [98];
• his financial difficulties, ib., [99];
• preparations for Crusade, [99-105];
• holds council at Pipewell, [106];
• dealings with Wales, ib.;
• agrees to meet Philip at Vézelay, ib.;
• goes to S. Edmund’s, [107];
• to Canterbury, ib.;
• dealings with Scotland, [109-111];
• goes to Normandy, [111];
• meets Philip, ib.;
• goes to Aquitaine, [112];
• appoints justiciar, [112-113];
• fleet, [113-115];
• founds abbey at Talmont, [115-116];
• at Gourfaille, [116];
• takes Chis, ib.;
• receives scrip and staff at Tours, [117];
• meets Philip at Vézelay, [117], [118];
• crosses the Rhône, [119], [120];
• goes to Marseille, [120];
• to Genoa, [121];
• coasting voyage to Naples, [121-122];
• adventure at Mileto, [123];
• crosses the “Far,” ib.;
• enters Messina, [124];
• seizes the “Griffons’ Minster,” [126];
• captures Messina, [127-128];
• dispute with Philip, [129], [130];
• negotiations with Tancred, [130-133];
• builds “Mategriffon,” [131];
• penance, [134];
• quarrel with William des Barres, [135], [138];
• relations with Tancred, [137];
• engagement to Aloysia finally broken off, ib.;
• treaty with Philip, [137-138];
• meets Eleanor and Berengaria at Reggio, [138];
• sails from Messina, [140];
• voyage to Rhodes, [140-141];
• reaches Limasol, [142-143];
• dealings with Isaac Comnenos, [143];
• takes Limasol, [143-145];
• marriage, [145];
• meeting with Isaac, [146];
• takes Nicosia, [147];
• receives Isaac’s surrender, [147-148];
• sails for Palestine, [149];
• encounter with a Turkish ship, [149-150];
• refused admittance to Tyre, [151];
• at Acre, [155-157];
• disputes with Philip, [161], [165], [167];
• quarrel with duke of Austria, [166], [330-331];
• leads the host towards Ascalon, [177-178];
• advance to Haïfa, [179];
• reconciled with William des Barres, ib.;
• advance to Caesarea, [180-181];
• to the “Dead River,” [182];
• wounded, [183];
• parley with Safadin, [184];
• victory at Arsuf, [185-188];
• goes to Joppa, [189];
• negotiations with Safadin, [191];
• restores Joppa, [191-192];
• his letters on the Crusade, [193], [194];
• goes to Acre, [195];
• saved from capture by William des Préaux, [195];
• returns to Joppa, [196];
• negotiations with Safadin, ib.;
• with Saladin, ib., [197], [199], [200];
• advances to Casal of the Plains, [198];
• conference with Safadin, [199];
• encampment between Ramlah and Lydda, [201];
• goes to Natroun, [203];
• advance to Beit Nuba, [204-205];
• returns to Ramlah, [206-207];
• goes to Ibelin, [207-208];
• to Ascalon, [208];
• to Darum, [209];
• releases Christian prisoners, [210];
• negotiates with Conrad, ib.;
• quarrel with Burgundy, [211];
• goes to Acre, ib.;
• meets Conrad, [212];
• reconciled to Burgundy, ib.;
• reopens negotiations with Saladin, [212-213];
• difficulties with the French, [213];
• holds court at Ascalon, [214];
• goes again to Darum, [215];
• plans for returning to England, ib.;
• charged with Conrad’s death, [217];
• opinion on marriage of Isabel and Henry, [219];
• excursions round Ascalon, [220];
• takes Blanchegarde, ib., [221];
• adventure at Furbia, [221];
• takes Darum, [222-224];
• goes to the Canebrake of Starlings, [225];
• goes towards Ibelin, [226], [227];
• his perplexities, ib.;
• returns to Ascalon, [229];
• decides to advance on Jerusalem, ib.;
• goes again to Blanchegarde, [231];
• to Natroun, Castle Arnold, and Beit Nuba, [232];
• excursions, etc., from Beit Nuba, [233];
• capture of caravan from Egypt, [235-238];
• quarrel with Burgundy, [241];
• receives relics of the Cross, [242-243];
• story of his refusal to look at Jerusalem, [243], [244];
• returns to Ramlah, [244];
• reopens negotiations, [245];
• goes to Joppa and Acre, ib.;
• plans attack on Beyrout, [246];
• recovers Joppa from Saladin, [248-250];
• negotiates with Saladin through Abou Bekr, [251-257];
• second recovery of Joppa, [253-255];
• negotiations through Bedr-ed-Din, [257], [258];
• final agreement with Saladin, [259-260];
• refuses to visit Jerusalem, [260-261];
• goes back to Haïfa, [261];
• ransoms William des Préaux, ib.;
• gives Cyprus to Guy, ib.;
• sails for Europe, [262];
• Moslems’ impression of him, ib.;
• homeward voyage, [264-268];
• adventures in Italy, etc., [268-269];
• captured in Austria, [270];
• transferred to the emperor, [273];
• negotiations for his release, [274-276];
• confined at Triffels, [274];
• behaviour in captivity, [277];
• song written in prison, [278];
• writes to England about ransom, [279-280];
• imprisoned at Worms, [281];
• reconciles Henry with the German magnates, ib.;
• agreement with Henry, ib., [282];
• negotiates with Philip, [282-283];
• terms of his release, [284];
• homage to the emperor, ib., [336-338];
• journey home, [285-286];
• goes to Canterbury, [287];
• to London, ib.;
• to S. Edmund’s, ib.;
• Nottingham surrendered to him, [288];
• holds a council at Nottingham, [289];
• meets William of Scotland at Southwell, ib.;
• agreement with him, [290], [292];
• “second coronation,” or crown-wearing, [290-291];
• goes to Normandy, [292-293];
• pardons John, [294];
• recovers Verneuil, Loches, etc., [294-295];
• victory at Fréteval, [296-297];
• recovers control of Aquitaine, [297-298];
• withdraws the Seal from William of Ely, [298];
• truce with France, ib., [299];
• financial measures, [299];
• does penance, [300];
• attempt to assassinate him, [301];
• meets Philip, [302], [304];
• relations with Henry VI, [303];
• treaty with Philip, [305];
• sends to England for troops, ib.;
• conquers Britanny, [306];
• builds castle at Porte-Joie, ib.;
• wounded at Gaillon, [307];
• his demands refused in England, [307-308];
• dispute with Archbishop Walter about Andely, [309-311];
• continental alliances, [313];
• grants Poitou to Otto of Saxony, [314];
• agreement with count of Toulouse, ib.;
• raids Ponthieu, ib.;
• successes in Auvergne, [315];
• conference with Philip at “the Isle,” [315], [316];
• truce with Philip, [316];
• his boast about Château-Gaillard, ib.;
• agreement with Walter, [316-317];
• invited to election of emperor, [317];
• sends representatives, [318];
• nominated for election, ib.;
• his allies, [319];
• encounter with Philip at Gisors, [320];
• his want of money, [321];
• change of seal, ib.;
• builds Boutavant, [322];
• negotiates with Philip, ib.;
• meets him again, [323];
• makes truce for five years, ib.;
• makes treaty of peace, ib., [324];
• claims treasure-trove at Châlus, [325];
• besieges Châlus, ib.;
• wounded, [326];
• sends for his mother, [327];
• testamentary arrangements, [327-328];
• interview with his slayer, [328];
• death and burial, [329]
• Rochelle, La, Richard’s dealings with, [16]
• Roches, Les, taken by Richard, [78]
• Rouen, Walter, archbishop of, [133], [136], [305], [309], [311]
• “Round Cistern,” the, [236-237]
• Routiers, [51], [53], [60], [61];
• see [Brabantines]
• Safadin, [157], [184], [191], [196-197], [199], [256]
• St. Edmund’s, Richard at, [107]
• St. Elias, monastery of, [242]
• St. Maigrin, Richard defeats Brabantines at, [20]
• St. Pierre de Cize, Richard at, [21]
• Saint-Pol, count of, [203]
• Saintes seized by Richard, [16];
• retaken by Henry, ib.
• Saladin, extent of his dominions, [152-154];
• relations with Richard, [157];
• attitude on surrender of Acre, [163-171];
• defeat at Arsuf, [185-188];
• goes to Ramlah, [189];
• razes Ascalon, [190];
• razes citadel of Ramlah, [193];
• negotiations with Conrad, [194-195];
• goes to Natroun, [195];
• at Ramlah again, [198];
• negotiations with Richard and Conrad, [199], [200];
• at Natroun, [201];
• retires to Jerusalem, ib.;
• receives reinforcements, [230];
• prepares for siege of Jerusalem, [238-240];
• his difficulties, [244];
• renews negotiations, [245];
• takes Joppa, [247-248];
• loses it, [250];
• regains it, [252];
• again driven out, [253-255];
• final agreement with Richard, [259], [260]
• Saladin tithe, [72]
• Salisbury, Herbert, bishop of, [308]
• Salisbury, Hubert Walter, bishop of, see [Hubert]
• Salisbury, Patrick, earl of, [8], [9]
• Sancho VI, king of Navarre, [11], [12 note 1], [136]
• Sancho VII, king of Navarre, [295], [297-298]
• Sancho of Sérannes, [53], [60]
• Saxony, Henry the Lion, duke of, [265], [273], [282]
• Saxony, Henry the younger of, [318-319]
• Saxony, Matilda, duchess of, [47]
• Saxony, Otto of, [318-319], [324]
• Scotland, Henry II’s dealings with, [107-108];
• Richard’s, [109-111];
• kings of, see [Malcolm], [William]
• Seal, the Great, [298];
• Richard’s change of, [338-339]
• Seilhac, Robert of, [8]
• Seilun, Peter, [75]
• Sibyl, queen of Jerusalem, [158], [159]
• Sicily, Constance of, see [Constance]
• Sicily, Joan, queen of, see [Joan]
• Sicily, kings of, see [Tancred], [William]
• Sidon, Reginald of, [199]
• Spain invaded by Moors, [302]
• Stephen, seneschal of Anjou, [93]
• Suabia, Philip of, [319]
• Taillebourg, siege of, [29-31]
• Talmont, [60], [115-116]
• Tancred, king of Sicily, [124], [130-133], [137]
• Tell-Ayadiyeh, [163]
• Thouars, viscount of, [7]
• Toron, Humphrey of, [159], [184], [213]
• Torpenay, Luke, abbot of, [329]
• Toulouse, county of, invaded by Richard, [66]
• Toulouse, Raymond V, count of, [6], [7], [11], [12], [55], [66], [75-77]
• Toulouse, Raymond VI, count of, [314]
• Tournaments, licensed by Richard, [299]
• Tours taken by Philip and Richard, [89];
• Richard receives scrip and staff at, [117]
• Trenchemer, Alan, [280]
• Trou burnt by Philip Augustus, [78]
• Turnham, Robert of, [148], [280]
• Turnham, Stephen of, [93], [142]
• Tyre, [151-153], [159]
• Valeria, Saint, [11]
• Vaudreuil, [294], [302]
• Vendôme, Burchard, count of, [78]
• Verneuil besieged by Philip, [294];
• meeting of kings at, [303]
• Vexin, the, disputes about, [23];
• the Norman, ceded to France, [305]
• Vézelay, Richard and Philip at, [118]
• Vienna, Richard captured near, [270]
• Vigeois, Geoffrey of, [37]
• Wales, scutage of, [106]
• Wales, South, Rees, prince of, [106]
• William the Lion, king of Scots, relations with Henry II, [108];
• with Richard, [109-111], [289-290], [292]
• William, king of Sicily, [121], [124]
• Worms, agreement of Henry VI and Richard at, [281-282]
• York, Geoffrey, archbishop of, [103], [107], [113]

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] R. Diceto, ii. 67, and Rog. Wendover (ed. Coxe), iii. 3. Both the prophet and his commentator ignore the fact that what they call Eleanor’s “third nesting” was really her sixth, as she had already had, besides her two elder sons, two daughters by her first marriage and one by her second.