Virginia Union University, Richmond, Va., and Morehouse College, Atlanta, Ga., do not have a separate plant for their theological departments; but the instruction is effective and the number of students is fair. Shaw University, Raleigh, N. C., maintains a preparatory medical course, and offers instruction to ministerial students. Other institutions maintaining theological departments are Livingstone College, Salisbury, N. C.; Biddle University, Charlotte, N. C.; Paine College, Augusta, Ga.; and Stillman Institute, Tuscaloosa, Ala. The following table gives the names, together with the number of teachers and pupils in the theological schools:
| Theological Schools. | Teachers. | Students. |
|---|---|---|
| Gammon Theological Seminary | 6 | 78 |
| Tuskegee Institute | 3 | 77 |
| Howard University | 4 | 73 |
| Lincoln University | 6 | 54 |
| Wilberforce University | 4 | 30 |
| Virginia Union University | 6 | 24 |
| Stillman Institute | 2 | 21 |
| Morehouse College | 2 | 18 |
| Bishop Payne Divinity School | 4 | 15 |
| Livingstone College | 3 | 14 |
| Talladega College | 2 | 10 |
| Shaw University | 2 | 10 |
| Paine College | 2 | 9 |
| Biddle University | 2 | 8 |
| Total | 40 | 441 |
The one law school of note is at Howard University. It has a separate building, a three-story structure, located near the District Courthouse. Applicants for admission must be graduates of a recognized high school or college. The regular course for the degree of LL. B. covers a period of three years.
The attendance was 106, of whom 104 were male, and 2 female. There were 8 teachers, 5 white and 3 colored; all are men.
The medical profession offers the largest opportunity for the ambitious young colored man. The number of colored physicians, according to the United States Census of 1910, was 3,077; colored dentists were 478 in number. Each group is increasing rapidly. The following table gives the number of medical students in the different colleges.
| Total. | Medical. | Dental. | Pharmaceutical. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Schools | 878 | 431 | 287 | 160 |
| Howard University | 288 | 100 | 116 | 72 |
| Meharry Medical College | 482 | 291 | 137 | 54 |
| Shaw University | 22 | 9 | 13 | |
| Northern Colleges | 86 | 31 | 34 | 21 |
Industrial Education.—The phrase “industrial education” as applied to colored schools is very misleading. While the effective industrial schools are making a genuine effort to develop industrial skill, this fundamental purpose is much broader than vocational efficiency or the resulting comfort and culture. The underlying principle of these schools is the adaptation of educational activities, whether industrial or literary, to the needs of the pupil and the community. Leaders in these schools believe that education should include not only the head but the hand and the heart. These broad purposes were strikingly expressed by Gen. Armstrong, the founder of Hampton Institute, in his school reports as early as 1870. The following quotations from these reports illustrate the principles which guided him in the organization of his work:
The past of our colored population has been such that an institution devoted especially to them must provide a training more than usually comprehensive, must include both sexes and a variety of occupation, must produce moral as well as mental strength, and while making its students first-rate mechanical laborers, must also make them first-rate men and women.
Through Dr. H. B. Frissell, his successor as principal of Hampton Institute, and through the late Dr. Booker T. Washington, his pupil, Gen. Armstrong’s idea of education for life has been worthily advocated and extended, until now his thoughts are the common property of all progressive leaders of education.
In discussing industrial education, Dr. Thomas Jesse Jones of the Bureau of Education, has eloquently said: