Ecological Studies of the Timber Wolf in Northeastern Minnesota

by L. David Mech; Louis Daniel Frenzel; P. D. Karns; Robert R. Ream; John W. Winship

Figure 9.—A permanent first premolar (arrow) was discovered in M-8.

Figure 10.—An extra set of fourth premolars (arrows) occurred in specimens M-96.

Table 5.—Abnormalities in the mandibular dentition of deer from the Superior National Forest, Minnesota

Specimen number	Sex	Age[28]	Cause of death	Side of jaw[29]	Abnormality
		Years
M-8	F	3+	Wolves	Right	P1 present ([fig. 9])
				Left	Normal; no P1 present outside or inside jaw
M-31	F	17 mon.	Wolves	Both	Deciduous P1 present ([fig. 8]) and permanent P1 present inside left ramus; right side not examined internally
M-45	M	4+	Wolves	Right	P2 rotated 90°
				Left	P2 absent
M-52	M	4+	Wolves	Right	P2 absent
				Left	Normal
M-96	F	2+	Hunters	Right	2 permanent P4s present; both crooked in orientation ([fig. 10])
				Left	P2 diagonal; P3 normal; P4 below gumline, pointed posteriorly and wedged against M1; appears to have pushed out original P4 ([fig. 10])
M-117	M	5+	Hunters	Right	Third column of M3 reduced
M-191	M	4+	Wolves	Right	Third column of M3 absent although rudimentary root present
				Left	Third column of M3 much reduced, peg-like, and almost separate
M-225	—	4+	Wolves	Right	P2 absent
				Left	P2 situated diagonally
M-234	F	5+	Wolves	Right	Third column of M3 reduced
M-254	M	2+	Hunters	Right	P2 slightly crooked in orientation
				Left	P2 slanting posteriorly and crowding P3
M-272	M	5+	Hunters	Right	Third column of M3 reduced, peg-like, and almost separate
				Left	Third column of M3 peg-like and separated from second column by 4 mm.
M-296	F	5+	Wolves	Right	Normal
				Left	Extra permanent P4 crowding original P4; much like M-96
M-369	M	3+	Hunters	Right	Permanent P2 still not emerged but appears to be wedged against root of P3

FOOTNOTES:

[28] Based on incisor sectioning method of Gilbert (1966) except that underlined figures are based on tooth replacement or wear (Severinghaus 1949).