This study was supported by Macalester College, the New York Zoological Society, the Minnesota Department of Conservation, the USDA Forest Service, and the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. Pilots Robert Hodge, Pat Magie, John Winship, Jack Burgess, Don Murray, and Walt Neumann aided substantially in obtaining jaws from wolf-killed deer. Students from the Macalester College Biology Department and personnel of the USDA Forest Service and the Minnesota Department of Conservation helped secure mandibles from both wolf-killed and hunter-killed deer. The interest of Mr. John E. Peninger and of many deer hunters in contributing the jaws is also greatly acknowledged.
Mr. David W. Kuehn sectioned the incisors of the deer jaws and determined their ages. Dr. Donald M. Barnes of the University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory examined the abnormal lower limbs, described their pathology, and provided photos of specimens used herein.
Mr. Wallace C. Dayton and Miss Elizabeth Dayton and the Quetico-Superior Foundation, all of Minneapolis, financed Mech during the preparation of this paper.
The following individuals read the manuscript and offered many helpful suggestions: Mr. R. L. Downing, Mr. C. W. Severinghaus, Mr. J. M. Peek, Dr. C. T. Cushwa, Mr. M. H. Stenlund, and Dr. R. R. Ream.
LITERATURE CITED
Crisler, Lois. 1956. Observations of wolves hunting caribou. J. Mammal. 37: 337-346.
Downie, N. M., and Heath, R. W. 1959. Basic statistical methods. 289 p. New York: Harper and Bros.
Erickson, A. B., Gunvalson, V. E., Stenlund, M. H., Burcalow, D. W., and Blankenship, L. H. 1961. The white-tailed deer of Minnesota. Minn. Dep. Conserv. Tech. Bull. 5, 64 p.
Gilbert, F. F. 1966. Aging white-tailed deer by annuli in the cementum of the first incisor. J. Wildl. Manage. 30: 200-202.
Kelsall, J. P. 1969. Structural adaptations of moose and deer for snow. J. Mammal. 50: 302-310.