Fig. 198.—Flower of Hollyhock; proterandrous.
Fig. 199.—Older Flower of Hollyhock.
Some flowers are so constructed as to prohibit self-pollination. Very irregular flowers are usually of this kind. With some of them, the petals form a sac to inclose the anthers and the pollen cannot be shed on the stigma but is retained until a bee forces the sac open; the pollen is rubbed on the hairs of the bee and transported. Regular flowers usually depend mostly on dichogamy and the selective power of the pistil to insure crossing. Flowers that are very irregular and provided with nectar and strong perfume are usually pollinated by insects. Gaudy colours probably attract insects in many cases, but perfume appears to be a greater attraction.
Fig. 200.—Flower of Larkspur.
Fig. 201.—Envelopes of a Larkspur. There are five wide sepals, the upper one being spurred. There are four small petals.
The insect visits the flower for the nectar (for the making of honey) and may unknowingly carry the pollen. Spurs and sacs in the flower are nectaries (Fig. [200]), but in spurless flowers the nectar is usually secreted in the bottom of the flower cup. This compels the insect to pass by the anther and rub against the pollen before it reaches the nectar. Sometimes the anther is a long lever poised on the middle point and the insect bumps against one end and lifts it, thus bringing the other end of the lever with the pollen sacs down on its back. Flowers that are pollinated by insects are said to be entomophilous (“insect loving”). Fig. [200] shows a larkspur. The envelopes are separated in Fig. [201]. The long spur at once suggests insect pollination. The spur is a sepal. Two hollow petals project into this spur, apparently serving to guide the bee’s tongue. The two smaller petals, in front, are peculiarly coloured and perhaps serve the bee in locating the nectary. The stamens ensheath the pistils (Fig. [202]). As the insect stands on the flower and thrusts its head into the centre, the envelopes are pushed downward and outward and the pistil and stamens come in contact with its abdomen. Since the flower is proterandrous, the pollen that the pistils receive from the bee’s abdomen must come from another flower. Note a somewhat similar arrangement in the toadflax or butter-and-eggs.