(5) The Panama[103] Canal is permanently neutralised through article 3 of the Hay-Pauncefote treaty of November 18, 1901. But this treaty is not a general treaty of the Powers either, being concluded between only Great Britain and the United States.
(6) A piece of territory along the frontier between Sweden and Norway is neutralised by the Convention of Stockholm of October 26, 1905, which includes rules concerning a neutral zone.[104] But this is a neutralisation agreed upon between Sweden and Norway only, no third Power has anything to do with it, and even the contracting Powers stipulate—see article 1, last paragraph—that the neutralisation shall not be valid in the case of a war against a common enemy.
[97] See above, [vol. I. §§ 181] and [256].
[98] The matter is thoroughly treated in Rettich, Zur Theorie und Geschichte des Rechtes zum Kriege (1888), pp. 174-213, where also the neutralisation of some so-called international rivers, especially the Danube, Congo, and Niger, is discussed.
[99] See above, [vol. I. § 207].
[100] See Martens, N.R.G. XVIII. p. 63.
[101] See above, [vol. I. § 183].
[102] See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XII. p. 491, and above, [vol. I. § 195, p. 267, note 2, ] and [§ 568, p. 592, note 2.]
[103] See above, [vol. I. § 184].
[104] See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XXXIV. (1907), p. 703.