§ 367. Whatever the extent of the right of angary may be, it does not derive from the law of neutrality. The correlative duty of a belligerent to indemnify the neutral owner of property appropriated or destroyed by the exercise of the right of angary does indeed derive from the law of neutrality. But the right of angary itself is rather a right deriving from the law of war. As a rule this law gives, under certain circumstances and conditions, the right to a belligerent to seize, make use of, or destroy private property of inhabitants only of occupied enemy territory, but under other circumstances and conditions, and very exceptionally, it likewise gives a belligerent the right to seize, use, or destroy such neutral property as is temporarily on occupied enemy territory.
CHAPTER III BLOCKADE
I CONCEPTION OF BLOCKADE
Grotius, III. c. 1, § 5—Bynkershoek, Quaest. jur. publ. I. c. 2-15—Vattel, III. § 117—Hall, §§ 233, 237-266—Lawrence, §§ 246-252—Westlake, II. pp. 228-239—Maine, pp. 107-109—Manning, pp. 400-412—Phillimore, III. §§ 285-321—Twiss, II. §§ 98-120—Halleck, II. pp. 182-213—Taylor, §§ 674-684—Walker, §§ 76-82—Wharton, III. §§ 359-365—Moore, VII. §§ 1266-1286—Wheaton, §§ 509-523—Bluntschli, §§ 827-840—Heffter, §§ 154-157—Geffcken in Holtzendorff, IV. pp. 738-771—Ullmann, § 182—Bonfils, Nos. 1608-1659—Despagnet, Nos. 620-640—Pradier-Fodéré, VI. Nos. 2676-2679, and VIII. Nos. 3109-3152—Nys, III. pp. 224-244, 693-694—Rivier, II. pp. 288-298—Calvo, V. §§ 2827-2908—Fiore, III. Nos. 1606-1629—Martens, II. § 124—Pillet, pp. 129-144—Kleen, I. §§ 124-139—Ortolan, II. pp. 292-336—Hautefeuille, II. pp. 189-288—Gessner, pp. 145-227—Perels, §§ 48-51—Testa, pp. 221-229—Dupuis, Nos. 159-198, and Guerre, Nos. 113-136—Boeck, Nos. 670-726—Holland, Prize Law, §§ 106-140—U.S. Naval War Code, articles 37-43—Bernsten, § 10—Nippold, II. § 32—Bargrave Deane, The Law of Blockade (1870)—Fauchille, Du blocus maritime (1882)—Carnazza-Amari, Del blocco maritimo (1897)—Frémont, De la saisie des navires en cas de blocus (1899)—Guynot-Boissière, Du blocus maritime (1899)—§§ 35-44 of the "Règlement international des prises maritimes" (Annuaire, IX. 1887, p. 218), adopted by the Institute of International Law—Atherley-Jones, Commerce in War (1906) pp. 92-252—Söderquist, Le Blocus Maritime (1908)—Hansemann, Die Lehre von der einheitlichen Reise im Rechte der Blockade und Kriegskonterbande (1910)—Güldenagel, Verfolgung und Rechtsfolgen des Blockadebruches (1911)—Hirschmann, Das internationale Prisenrecht (1912) §§ 17-23—Kennedy in The Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, New Series, IX. (1908), pp. 239-251—Myers in A.J. IV. pp. 571-595—General Report presented to the Naval Conference of London by its Drafting Committee, articles 1-21.
Definition of Blockade.
§ 368. Blockade is the blocking by men-of-war[733] of the approach to the enemy coast or a part of it for the purpose of preventing ingress and egress of vessels of all nations. Blockade must not be confounded with siege, although it may take place concurrently with siege. Whereas siege aims at the capture of the besieged place, blockade endeavours merely to intercept all intercourse, and especially commercial intercourse, by sea between the coast and the world at large. Although blockade is, as shown above in §§ [173] and 174, a means of warfare against the enemy, it concerns neutrals as well, because the ingress and egress of neutral vessels are thereby interdicted and may be punished.
[733] When in 1861, during the American Civil War, the Federal Government blocked the harbour of Charleston by sinking ships laden with stone, the question arose whether a so-called stone-blockade is lawful. There ought to be no doubt—see below, § [380]—that such a stone-blockade is not a blockade in the ordinary sense of the term, and that neutral ships may not be seized and confiscated for having attempted egress or ingress. But, on the other hand, there ought to be no doubt either that this mode of obstructing an enemy port is as lawful as any other means of sea warfare, provided the blocking of the harbour is made known so that neutral vessels can avoid the danger of being wrecked. See Wharton, III. § 361A; Fauchille, Blocus, pp. 143-145; Perels, § 35, p. 187.
Blockade in the modern sense of the term is an institution which could not develop until neutrality was in some form a recognised institution of the Law of Nations, and until the freedom of neutral commerce was in some form guaranteed. The institution of blockade dates from the sixteenth century,[734] but it has taken several hundred years for the institution to reach its present condition, since, until the beginning of the nineteenth century, belligerents frequently made use of so-called paper blockades, which are no longer valid, a blockade now being binding only if effective.
[734] See Fauchille, Blocus, pp. 2-6.