Double and False Papers.
§ 428. The highest suspicion is aroused through the fact that a visited vessel carries double papers, or false[907] papers, and such vessel may certainly be seized. But the practice of the several States has hitherto differed with regard to the question whether confiscation is admissible for the mere fact of carrying double or false papers. Whereas the practice of some States, as Russia and Spain, answered the question in the affirmative, British[908] and American[909] practice took a more lenient view, and condemned such vessels only on a clear inference that the false or double papers were carried for the purpose of deceiving the belligerent by whom the capture was made, but not in other cases.[910]
[907] The Sarah (1801), 3 C. Rob. 330.
[908] The Eliza and Katy (1805), 6 C. Rob. 192.
[909] The St. Nicholas (1816), 1 Wheaton, 417.
[910] See Halleck, II. p. 271; Hall, § 276; Taylor, § 690.
Since the Declaration of London does not mention the case of double or false papers, it would likewise be the task of the International Prize Court to evolve a uniform practice.
II CAPTURE
Hall, § 277—Lawrence, § 191—Phillimore, III. §§ 361-364—Twiss, II. §§ 166-184—Halleck, II. pp. 362-391—Taylor, § 691—Moore, VII. §§ 1206-1214—Bluntschli, § 860—Heffter, §§ 171, 191, 192—Geffcken in Holtzendorff, IV. pp. 777-780—Ullmann, § 196—Rivier, II. pp. 426-428—Nys, III. pp. 697-709—Calvo, V. §§ 3004-3034—Fiore, III. Nos. 1644-1657, and Code, Nos. 1878-1889—Martens, II. §§ 126-137—Kleen, II. §§ 203-218—Gessner, pp. 333-356—Boeck, Nos. 770-777—Dupuis, Nos. 253-281, and Guerre, Nos. 205-217—Bernsten, § 11—Nippold, II. § 35—Perels, § 55—Testa, pp. 243-244—Hautefeuille, III. pp. 214-299—Holland, Prize Law, §§ 231-314—U.S. Naval War Code, articles 46-50—Atherley-Jones, Commerce in War (1906), pp. 361-646—Hirschmann, Das internationale Prisenrecht (1912), §§ 35-37—See also the monographs quoted above at the commencement of § [391], Bulmerincq's articles on Le droit des prises maritimes in R.I. X-XIII. (1878-1881), and the General Report presented to the Naval Conference of London on behalf of its Drafting Committee, articles 48-54.
Grounds and Mode of Capture.