Maurice Thompson.
NOTES TO “EVOLUTION”
[Stanza I.] The Paleozoic period, the oldest division of the geological series, is separated into two great divisions, the later of which is distinguished by the number and variety of its fishes and amphibious animals. The Cambrian is the lowest of the primary strata exhibiting unmistakable organic remains. Darwin states that the progenitors of mankind must have been aquatic in their habit since morphology shows that our lungs consist of a modified swim-bladder which once served as a float.
[Stanza II.] The Caradoc sandstone, which takes its name from a mountain in Shropshire, consists of shelly sandstone of great thickness containing trilobites and many other fossils.
[Stanza IV.] Neocomian is the name given the lower division of the cretaceous system partly, at least, formed by the wearing down of the pre-existing oolitic rocks. The fresh-water formations of this period exhibit remains of terrestrial reptiles and the trunks and leaves of land plants. With this stanza the author ceases to trace the developments of life through the early geological formations and lays the scene of the next stanza in the comparatively recent Tertiary period.
[Stanza VI.] Huxley expresses his belief that even the highest faculties of feeling and of intellect began to germinate in lower forms of life and it is now quite generally conceded that the human soul is just as much a product of evolution as is the body.
[Stanza VII.] The Cave Dwellers of the stone age succeed in point of time an even earlier group of prehistoric man, both so ancient that no attempt can be made to fix the date of their existence except in geological terms. At the coming of the Glacial period prehistoric man was compelled to seek the shelter and warmth of caverns, holding to these abodes during the centuries which elapsed before the dawn of a warmer geological epoch. The Auroch is the European bison. The great Cave Bear was extinct at the dawn of historic time and is known only from fossils and a single engraving on stone in the prehistoric museum at Faux.
[Stanza VIII.] The earliest manifestations of human art consisted of the chipping of flint implements. The mammoth, the last survivor of the three species of elephants inhabiting Europe, flourished before and during the Glacial period. Larger than the modern elephant, it had large, curved tusks and a thick coat of hair.
[Stanza IX.] The gregarious instinct, while of the greatest social importance in its simplest form, implies none of the higher qualities of mind, neither sympathy nor capacity for mutual aid. It seems generally called in play in connection with some other instinct, rendering complete satisfaction of its impulse impossible until we are surrounded by others who share our emotions. Here the man of the stone age calls his kith and kin more from an instinct of self-assertion and elation than from any more developed social sympathy.
[Stanza X.] The engravings of animals upon bone or ivory by prehistoric man mark the earliest human expression of the beautiful in art for art’s sake, and appear to be the first step in evolution from savagery.