A short history of Belgium

by Léon van der Essen

Works written in English are the following: Demetrius C. Boulger, A History of Belgium, 2 vols., London, 1902-9; J. de C. MacDonnell, Belgium, Her Kings, Kingdom and People, London, 1914; R. C. K. Ensor, Belgium, New York and London [1915]. The work by Boulger is mainly based on the old work of Théodore Juste, Histoire de Belgique (new edition in 3 vols., Brussels, 1895), which is not up to date and cannot be compared with Pirenne’s Histoire. The works by MacDonnell and Ensor deal especially with the contemporary history of Belgium, the former treating Belgian politics from the Catholic point of view, the latter being frequently ill informed and unjust toward the Catholic party. Both have their merits in dealing with the history of Belgium in the nineteenth century. Modern Belgium has also been studied by H. Charriaut, la Belgique moderne, Paris, 1910. This book offers much information, but contains many mis-statements. For social problems, see B. Seebohm Rowntree, Land and Labour: Lessons from Belgium, London, 1910. In French there exists an excellent survey of the most important periods of Belgian history, written by G. Kurth, la nationalité belge, Brussels, 1913.

A very readable book, well written and well illustrated, based on accurate historical information, and dealing with the history of Flanders in the largest sense of the word, is the work of Edward Neville Vose, The Spell of Flanders, Boston, Page Co., 1915. The author, describing the visit he made to various Flemish towns, gives a good account of the most striking facts of their history.

INDEX

INDEX

• Abbey of St. Armand, [32]
• Abbots, of Lobbes, [33]
• Ackerman, [62]
• Act of Union, [138]
• Activists, [179]
• Adorno, Antoniotto di Botta, [134]
• Aerschot, [172]; recaptured, [173] ff.
• Africa, [168]
• Aix, favorite residence of Charles the Great, [12]
• Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, [126]
• Alamans, [9], [18]
• Albert, Archduke of Austria, [120]
• Albert, Count of Bavaria, [69]
• Albert, King of Belgium, [124]
• Albert I, [170] ff.; armies of Flanders under King, [181]
• Alfonso XII, of Spain, [166]
• Allies, [145] ff., [178]
• Alost, [24], [39]
• Alps, [31]
• Alsace: Count Philip of, [56], [57]; house of, from France, [50]; principality of, [77]; regained independence, [92]; Thierry of, [56]
• Alva, Duke of, Don Luis Alvarez, the Toledo, [109]; taxes of, [111]
• America, commercial dealings with, [132]; neutral, [159]
• Amiénois, [56]
• Amsterdam, [150]
• Anarchy, [114]
• Andreas, Valerius, [123]
• Anglo-Saxon missionaries, [14]
• Anjou, Duke of, [117]
• Antwerp, [10], [44], [60], [110]; army base, [172]; center of cloth industry, [86]; diocese of, [105]; fortifications of, [164]; largest market of north, [84]; lost its commerce, [119]; occupied by Dutch, [157]; port of, [166], [168]; province of, [19], [114], [148]; sacked, [113]; siege of, [173]; treaty of, called “Treaty of the Barriers,” [129]
• Apostolic Inquisitors, [99]
• Arab merchants, [37]
• Architecture, [31] f., [53], [92]
• Ardennes, [175]; hills, [69]; peasants of, [49]
• Aristocracy, [62]
• Arlon, district of, [157]
• Armada, Spanish, [104], [118]
• Armistice, signed, [182]
• Army, [172] f.; permanent, [100]; reinforcement of, [169]; of 115,000 men, [171]; zone, [175]
• Army bill, [171]
• Arnulf, Count, [24]
• Arras, [14]; bishoprics of, [14]; charter of, [43]; cloth dyeing, [46]; diocese of, [105]; treaty of, [116]
• Art: Belgian, [90], [166]; and craftsmanship, [91]; goldsmith’s, [122]; Gothic, [53]; Romantic, [53]
• Artevelde, assassination of Jacques Van, [72]; and crafts, [62]; Philip, [72]
• Artillery, heavy, [174]
• Artistic development, during communes, [53]
• Artists, Belgian and Italian, [31]
• Artois, [24], [57], [65], [115], [126]
• Association internationale africaine, [167]
• Ath, [47]
• Athis-sur-Orge, peace of, [65]
• Atrocities, [175]
• Auber’s La Muette de Portici, inaugurated Belgian revolt, [153]
• Austria, enemy of the revolution, [141]
• Austria-Hungary, [17]
• Austrian: defeat of, troops, [141]; domination, [130], [140]; Netherlands, [131], [142], [148]; revolution against, [148]; rule, [5]; tyranny, [141]
• Autonomy, [74], [80]
• Bade, Treaty of, [128]
• Baekelmans, [178]
• Baesrode, [49]
• Bailli, [42]
• Balance of power, European, [131], [140], [159], [161]
• Baldwin I, Count, [23]
• Baldwin II, [24]
• Baldwin V, Count, [24], [57]; daughter of, married to William the Conqueror, [24]
• Baldwin VIII, [50]
• Baldwin IX, [45], [50]
• Baltic Sea, [44]
• Barbarossa, Emperor Frederick, [55]
• Barcelona, [46]
• Barriers, Treaty of the, [147]
• Bastile, fall of, influence on Belgians, [152]
• Battles, at Aerschot, Haelen, Hauthem, Mons, Sambre, Vilvorde, [172]
• Bavaria, Emperor Louis of, [70]; house of, [75]
• Beggars, [87]
• Bel, Jean le, [90]
• Belgian: animosity against Netherlands, [150]; artists, [31]; cities, [36], [49]; ethnical and linguistic duality of, people, [10]; field army, [171]; frontiers preserved, [167]; genre, [34]; independence, [4], [152], [155]; nobles, [107]; possessions invaded by French, [141]; provinces became industrial, [46]; republic, [140], [148]; revolt against Dutch, [152] f.; seaports, [44]; separation of, provinces from Spain, [112]; trade and industry, [12] f.; union, [26], [74]
• Belgians: “Belgae,” of Celtic origin, [4], [8]; civilization of, [3]; defeated at Louvain and Hasselt, [157]; first Queen of, [163]; names of, [4], [5]; national culture of, [3]; parents of escaped, fined or imprisoned, [177]
• Belgiojoso, Count Giovanni Giacomo di, [134]
• Belgium: accepted Roman rule, [8]; annexed by France, [142]; arena militaire of Europe; artistic life of, [31]; bilingualism of, [10]; built first railway on Continent, [164]; development of communes in, [42]; founder of, [76]; heathen until eighth century, [14]; independent, [21], [145], [154] f., [163]; invaded by Prince of Orange, [110]; kept from European turmoil, [164]; map of, [164]; no political unity in, [25]; occupied by French, [141]; occupied by Germans, [175]; passage through, asked, [170]; permanently neutral, [159]; political secularization of, [135]; reconquest of, [117]; religious life in, [28]; ruled from Madrid, [94]; secession from Holland, [117]; separate state since 1588, [5]; separated during Middle Ages, [17]; stripped of products, [180]; territorial losses, [125]; united with Holland under Kingdom of the Netherlands, [145], [149]; unity of, [76]
• Benedictine rule, [26]
• Benedictines, [28]
• Beneficium, [19]
• Bergeyck, Count of, [128]
• Berlin, [179]
• von Beseler, [173] f.
• Béthune, city of, [65]; Count Robert of, [65]
• Bibliography, [183]
• Binche, [47]
• Bishoprics, of Arras, Boulogne, Cambrai, Tournai, [14], [34]
• Bishops: Amandus, Eligius, Hubert, Lambert, [14]; of Ghent, [151]; guardians of the faith, [105]; leaders, [176]; literary movement developed by Lotharingian, [31]; of Noyon-Tournai, of Arras, and Terouanne, [23]; servants of empire no longer, [22]; work of missionaries completed by, [14].
• Bismarck, [161]
• von Bissing, [178]
• Boendale, Jan, [89]
• Bois-le-Duc, [105]
• Bollandists, Society of, [136]
• Boniface VIII, Pope, [64]
• Borms, [179]
• Bossche, Peter Vanden, [72]
• Bouillon, lord of, [95]
• Boulogne, [29]
• Bourgeois, [36]
• Bouts, Thierry, [91]
• Bouvines, victory of, [58]
• Brabançonne, the national anthem, [153]
• Brabant: Antoine, Duke of, [75]; Duke of, [41], [66]; Duke of, became Leopold II, [165]; Duke of resisted French influence, [58]; leader in struggle against Spain, [116]; victory of, [60]
• Brabant, Duchess Jeanne of, [75]
• Brabant, duchy of, [8], [19], [33]; agricultural, [39]; under Austria, [130]; cloth industry in, [46]; communes in, [43]; enemy of Limburg, [20]; Joyeuse Entrée of, [66], [137]; leading power, [58]; led struggle against Spain, [61]; new name in history, [22]; political center, [25]; province of, [19], [50]; revolution of 1789, [152]
• Brabantine Revolution, [137]
• Brabantsche Yeesten, [89]
• Breda, [112]
• Bremen, [30]
• “Brethren of Common Life,” [89]
• Broglie, de, Monsignor, [151]
• Brogne, St. Gerard of, [27]
• Brogueville, Baron Charles de, [170]
• Bruges: cloth industry of, [46]; commercial metropolis, [44]; crowded market-place, [45]; diocese of, [105]; financial center, [45], [85]; la “morte,” [86]; meeting-place for merchants, [37]; revolt in, [80]; road between Cologne and, [43] f.; town hall of, [54]; wool market, [84]
• Bruno, duke of Lotharingia, [21]
• Brussels, [39], [46], [60], [138]; attack on, by Prince Frederick, [152]; Geographical Conference, [167]; German minister to, presented ultimatum, [170] f.; railway to Malines, [164]
• Buffer state, [145]
• von Bülow, [172]
• Burgers, [36]
• Burgesses, [36], [40], [47], [69], [135], [143]
• Burgomasters, [176] f.
• Burgundians, [11]
• Burgundy: duchy of, [92]; dukes of, [72-74] ff., [78], [92]; house of, [75]; Philip the Bold, duke of, [75]; religious reform originated in French, [27]
• Caesar, Julius: attacked the Belgians, [8]
• Cahors, [45]
• Calais, [174]
• Calvinists, [107], [110] f., [114]
• Cambrai, [14], [19], [95]; archbishopric of, [105]; and Cambrésis acquired by France, [126]; commune established in, [42]; school of, [34]; wharves at, [37]
• Campine, [9], [28], [49], [143]
• Campo Formio, treaty of, [142]
• Canal: connecting Bruges and Damme, [45]; from Mons to Condé, [172]
• Canals, [30]
• Canche River, [24]
• Cantilène de Ste. Eulalie, oldest poem of French literature, [33]
• Capetians, [70]
• Carmelites, [122]
• Castlereagh, Lord, [148]
• Castles, [39]
• Castra, [39]
• Casus, belli, [164]
• Cathedrals, [31] f.
• Catholic church, [97]; faith, [15], [102]; followers persecuted, [142]; League, [118]; worship restored, [143]
• Catholics and Liberals, in power, [164]; union of, [152]
• Cattle-raising, [31]
• Cavell, Edith, murder of, [176]
• Centralization, political, [4]
• Champagne, [30], [50]
• Charles the Bold, [76]; death of, [92]
• Charles the Great: at Aix, [12]; death of, [17]; heirs of, [19]; most famous of Carolingians, [12]; reign of, [4]; soldier and legislator, [13]
• Charles II, [128]
• Charles V, [94] ff., [131], [139], [146], [165]
• Charles VI, [131] f.
• Charles VIII, of France, [94]
• Charles X, fall of, [152]
• Charlotte, Princess of England, [155]
• Charlotte, wife of Archduke Maximilian, [163]
• Charte de Commune, [41]
• Charter: of Arras, [43]; municipal, [43]
• Chastelain, [90]
• Chatillon, Jacques de, [63]
• Chemical products, [180]
• Chokier, Surlet de, president of provisional government, [155]
• Christian religion, introduction of, [13], [14]
• Christus, Peter, of Brabant, [91]
• Church: of Cologne, [14]; of Rheims, [14]; feudal, [28]
• Churchill, [173]
• “Circles,” [96]
• Cistercians, [28], [50]
• Cities, free, [36]; glory of Belgian, [54]; originated in Middle Ages, [39]; special privileges granted, [42]
• Civil war, [17], [62]
• Civilians, deportation of, [176]
• Civilization, of Belgium, [35]; centers of, [39]; French, [33]; and German, [35]
• Civitates, [39]
• Clauwerts, [63]
• Clergy, [81]
• Clodion: belonged to dynasty of Merovingians, [12]; first king of Franks, [11]
• Clodovech: baptism of, [14]
• Cloth industry, [46], [69], [70], [83] f.
• Clubs, political, [142]; interference of French, [153]
• Cluny, monks of, [28]; Reform of, [27]
• Coal, [180]
• Coalition, against French king, [58]; European, [141]
• Cod fishing, [31]
• Code Napoléon, [144]
• Coins, Belgian imitated, [46]; of Counts of Flanders, [37]
• Colenbrander, H., [6]
• Coligny, [110]
• Colleges, opened, [122]
• Collieries and ironworks, [47]
• Cologne, [14]; archbishop of, [60]; archbishopric of, [21]; political decline of archbishops of, [60]; road from, to Bruges, [39], [43], [44]
• Comines, Philip de, historian, [77]
• Commerce, [45]
• Commercial, highroad between Rhine and sea, [59]; relations between Flanders and England, [46]; road controlled by dukes, [60]
• Commission for Relief in Belgium, [180]
• Committee of Regency, [153]
• Communes, defeated French, [63] f.; Flemish and Walloon, [43]; political conditions under, [49]; rights of, [42]; rise of, [4], [36-41], [93]; “Time of the,” [36], [55]
• Compagnie d’Ostende, [132]
• Concordat, [143]
• Condé, [172]
• Conference, of London, [156]; of the powers, [154]
• Congo, [168]
• Congress, Belgian, [155]; of confederation, [139]
• Coninck, Peter de, [63]
• Conscription, military, [142]
• Conspiracy of nobles, [128]
• Constitution, of Belgian principalities, [79]; for cities, [43]; of independent Belgium, [154]; proposed of United Kingdom, [150]
• Constitutional monarchy, [154]
• Consulta, [106]
• Convents, [39]
• Copper, [38], [68], [180] Cortemberg, Council of, [66]
• Cotton, [180]
• Council of Blood, [110], [112]
• Council for Flanders, [179]
• Council of State, [106]; members arrested, [113]
• Counts: of Alsace, [43]; of Flanders, free exchange policy of, [45]; protectors of communes, [42]
• Coursèle, [123]
• Courtrai, [63]; basilica of, [64]; defeat of patricians at, [65]
• Coutereel, Peter, [62]
• Craft-guilds, [90], [135]
• Craftsmen, [39], [62], [65], [68]
• Crécy, battle of, [68]
• Crusaders, [33], [57]
• Culture, Belgian, [92]; French, [50]; literary and scientific, [33]; of Jesuits, [136]; of neighbors, [35]
• Daelhem, [125]
• D’Alton, General, [137]
• Damme, [45]
• Dampierre, Guy de, [50], [61], [62]; Louis of Male, last of family of, [72]
• Defense, national, [168]
• Dante, [45]
• D’Avesnes, dynasty of, [61], [68]
• “Day of revenge,” [181]
• Defenders, of Belgium, [173]
• Democratic régime, [62]
• Denmark, [25]; coins of Flanders found in, [37]; King of, [26]
• De Potter, [154]
• Deventer, [105]
• De Witt, [147]
• Dijon, sculptures of, [91]
• Dinanderie, [47]
• Dinant, city of, [47]; communal privileges for, [42]; mines near, [38]; river wharves at, [37]; sacked by Charles the Bold, [77]
• Dinant, Henry of, [62]
• Disraeli, [161], [167]
• Dissension, between Flemings and Walloons, [179]
• Divina Commedia, [45]
• Dixmude, [174]
• Don Juan, died at Bouges, [141]; married to daughter of Maximilian, [94]; Spanish governor, [115]
• Don Luis de Requesens, [112]
• Donatello, [91]
• Douai, [29], [38], [46], [65]
• Drusius, abbot of Parc, [122]
• Dumouriez, General, [141]
• Dunkirk, coast of, [162]; threatened, [174]
• “Dutch arithmetic,” [151]; Dutch King, [156]
• Dutch rule, [4], [145] ff.
• Dyeing, art of, [46]
• Dykes, [30]
• Ebro River, [12]
• Écarlate, [46]
• Échevinage, [41], [47], [136]
• Échevins, [42], [88]
• Edicts of Tolerance, [135]
• Édit perpetual, [122]
• Edward III, of England, [70]; invited emigration, [73]
• Egmont, Count of, [106], [109]
• Egypt, [166]
• Eighteen Articles, [156]
• Elbe, the river, [12]
• Elizabeth: of Bohemia, [68]; of Gorlitz, [75]; queen of England, [101]
• Emmich, General von, [171]
• Emperor, of Constantinople, [57]; German, [56], [57]; Napoleon, [143]
• Empire, [95]
• Encyclopaedists, [134]
• England: ally of Flanders, [57]; borders on Belgium, [13]; Catholicism in, [14]; conquest of, by Normans, [25]; copper and tin exported to, [38]; diplomatic relations between Flanders and, [25]; influence of, [26]; trade relations of, with Bruges, [45]; visited by Leopold II, [166]
• English Merchant Adventurers, [86]
• Ensor, Belgium, [126], [152]
• Ermengard, Countess, of Limburg, death of, [59]
• Escurial, the, [103]
• “Etappengebiet,” [175]
• Eugen IV, Pope, [92]
• Eugenics, Congress for, [167]
• Everachar, Saxon bishop, [33]
• Exchange, first in Europe, [87]; free, [45]
• Expansion, commercial and colonial, [165] f.
• Factories, [180]
• Fairs, and yearly markets, [38]; of Antwerp, [87]; of Champagne, [50]
• von Falkenhausen, [181]
• Familiae, [29]
• Farnese, Alexander, [116], [118]
• Fauquemont, [125]; lords of, [60]
• Febronianism, [134]
• Ferrand, Count, [57], [58]
• Feudal church, [28]
• Feudalism, period of, [4]; absence of political unity consequence of, [19]; Hainaut the last refuge of, [69]; new political organization, [20]; régime of, broken, [44]; tyranny of, [36]
• Fexhe, Peace of, [65]
• Figs, party of, [137]
• Fines, [178]
• Firing-line, [176], [181]
• Fishing, [31]
• Flag, Belgian, [153], [166]
• Flämingdörfer, [30]
• “Flamingants,” [179]
• Flanders: annexation of Walloon, by France, [46]; artistic center of Belgium, [32]; under Austria, [130]; belonging to France, [18]; communes of, [43]; counts of, [30], [37]; in diplomatic relations with England, [125]; enjoyed friendly relations with Cambrai and Hainaut, [20]; French literary influence in, [34]; front offensive on, [181]; homogeneous territory, [20]; liberated from French influence, [64]; maritime, [53]; name applied during Spanish rule, [5]; people of Walloon and Flemish, [33]; politically united body, [19]; in power of Franks, [10]; powerful, [56]; religious reform in, [27]; retreat through, [173]; revolt of, [143]; revolt in West, [164]; seat of cloth industry, [38]; subjection of, [58]; in touch with Arab merchants, [37]; trying to escape from influence of France, [26]; vassal of French king, [20]; William the Conqueror hostile to, [26]
• Flemings, [30], [37]; descendants of Franks, [11]; Lotharingia included, [18]; party of, [179]
• Flemish, [33], [50]; literature, [51], [52]; university, [179]
• Fleur-de-lis, [63]
• Fleurus, battle of, [141]
• Florence, [45]
• Fontanet, battle of, [17]
• Formation, period of, [8]
• Fortification, system of, [168] f.
• Fortresses, Dutch garrisons in Belgian, [132]; at Liège and Namur, [168]
• Four Métiers, [24]
• Franc tireurs, [174]
• France, [13], [17], [23], [26]; copper and tin exported to, [38]
• Franche-Comté, [77], [92], [126]
• Francis I, French king, [95]; son of, [146]
• Franck, [178]
• Franco-German War, [161], [167]
• Franks, [18]; Clodion, first king of, [11], [15]; conquest by, [10]; devastated Gaul, [9]; Flemings descendants of, [11]; invasion of, [5]; Northern Belgium occupied by, [10]
• Frederick III, German Emperor, [76], [92]
• Frederick, Prince of Holland, attack on Brussels by, [153]; defeat of, [154]
• Frederick William, Elector, of Prussia, [148]
• Freedom, personal and collective, [36]; of worship, of the press, of association, of educational teaching, to taxpayers, [154]
• French, civilization, [33]; domination ended, [144]; in Flanders and Brabant, [50]; influence, [33]; language, [50], [88]; régime, the, [4], [144] ff.; repulsed Dutch, [157]; Revolution, [140]
• French, Sir John, [174]
• Friesland, seigneurie of, [75]; annexed, [95]
• Frisians, [18]
• Froissart, Jean, [67], [90]
• Garigliano River, [12]
• Gascony, [45]
• Gaul, [9]
• Gauls, [1], [8]
• Gendebein, [154] f.
• Genoa, [45]
• Genre, historical, [51]; didactical, [52]
• German, architects, [31]; garrisons occupied cities, [177]; invaders, [170]; Lotharingian bishops of, descent, [31]; secret police, [178]
• Germanic ideas, [31]
• Germany, [13], [25], [30]; culture of, [56]
• Gérard, Balthazar, [117], [157]
• Gerard, Bishop, [42]
• Gette, River, [171]
• Ghent: belfry of, [37]; Calvinistic republic, [114]; center of commerce, [44]; cloth industry in, [46]; diocese of, [105]; pacification of, [113], [115]; revolt in, [80]; road through, [39]; wharves at, [37]
• Ghiberti, [91]
• Gibraltar, straits of, [44]
• Giovanni, [31]
• Goddess of Reason, [142]
• Godefrid, the Bearded, [27]; of Bouillon, [33]
• Golden Fleece, order of the, [81]; approved placarts, [97]
• Golden Spurs, battle of the, [41], [64]
• von der Goltz, General, [175]
• Gothic architecture, [92]
• Grand Council, [78], [93]
• “Grand Privilege,” [88], [93]
• Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot de, Cardinal, [104], [106], [108]
• Greece, [166]
• Greek, teaching, [122]
• Groeninghe, [63]
• Groninge, [95], [105]
• Groote, Gerard de, [89]
• Gudelin, [123]
• Gueldre, Duke of, [95]
• Guiana, French, Catholics deported to, [142]
• Guilds, [40]
• Guns, 30.5-centimeter and 42.0-centimeter, [171]
• Haelen, [172]
• Haerlem, [105]
• Hague Convention, [129], [160]
• Hague, Treaty of the, [140]
• Hainaut, [8], [10], [20]; agricultural center, [47]; under Austria, [130]; center of political life, [25]; clearing forests of, [49]; Count of, [55], [57], [165]; county of, [19], [68], [75]; house of, [22]; princess of, [24]
• Hansa, [73], [86]; of London, [46]
• Hanseatic, Association, [47]; cities, [45]
• Hapsburg, house of, [93], [128] ff., [141]
• Hauthem, [172]
• Havre, Belgian government at, [176]
• Hegemony, in Europe, [55], [58], [64], [95]
• Henry I, Duke of Brabant, [58]; reign of, [59]
• Henry III, French king, [117]
• Henry IV, [118]
• Heresy, [97], [108]
• Heretics, [109]
• Historians, [2], [52], [90], [116] note, [183]
• History: beginning of Belgian, as independent kingdom, [1]; communes in, [44]; from fifth century, [2]; genre in literature, [34]; includes history of Liège, [6]; influence of ethnical and linguistic duality on, [2]; of northern provinces, [5]; periods of Belgian, [4]; Henri Pirenne’s, [2]; political, [21]; political, of Europe, [101]; under Spanish rule, [94]; unity of, [2]; of wars, [126]; writings of Van Maerlandt on, [52]
• Holland, [6], [13], [17], [20], [68]; adopted constitution, [150]; county of, [75]; fought against Gueldre, [20]; friendly toward Cleves, [20]; united with Belgium, Kingdom of Netherlands, [145]; United Provinces, [102], [118]
• Holstein, [30]
• d’Hoogvorst, Baron, [154]
• Hoover, [180]
• Horn, Count of, [106], [109]
• Hôtel de Ville, [153]
• Howell, James, [126]
• von Huehne, General, [181]
• Huguenots, French, [110]
• Hundred Years’ War, [74]
• Huns, invasion of country of Teutons, [9], [19]
• Huy: charter of freedom for, [42]; mines near, [38]; river wharves at, [37]
• Independence, period of national, [4], [155]; seventy-fifth anniversary of Belgian, [168]
• Institutions, ancient, abolished, [142]
• International law, authorities on: De Boeck, Descamps, Hagerup, Blüntschli, [160]
• Invaders, [172] ff.
• Invasion, by Germans, [174]
• Investitures, Struggle for the, [28]
• Isabella, and Archduke Albert, [121]
• Italy, [9], [17], [166]
• Jacqueline, of Bavaria, [75]
• Jeanne, Spanish infanta, [94]
• Jemappes, victory of, [141]
• Jenneval, [153]
• Jerusalem, [166]
• Jesuits, [122]
• Jodoigne, [60]
• John, Duke of Luxemburg, [68]
• John I, Duke of Brabant, [59], [60]
• John I, of England, [58]
• John IV, [75]
• Joly, [154]
• Jordaens, [122]
• Joseph II, [132], [136], [141], [147]
• Jourdain, [178]
• Joyeuse Entrée of Brabant, [66], [137], [154]
• Juarez, [163]
• Juntas, [127]
• Jura Mountains, [18]
• Keure, [41]
• King, first, of the Belgians, [163] ff.
• von Kluck, [171] f.
• Kreischef, [175]
• Kurth, G., [5], [127]
• Lalaing, Count of, [116]
• Languages: French and Flemish, [49]; Romance and Teutonic, [32]; known by abbots, [33]
• Latin: culture and civilization, [10], [26]; customs, language, [9], [50], [51]; language of diplomacy, [88]; manners, [9]; teaching of, [122]
• Layens, Mathieu de, [82], [92]
• Léau, [39], [45]
• Le Bruxellois, [178]
• Le Cateau, [172]
• L’Ecluse, French fleet destroyed at, [71]
• Leeuwarden, diocese of, [105]
• Leliaerts, [63]
• Leman, General, [171]
• Leopold I, [158]; married Louise-Marie, daughter of Louis-Philippe, [163]; strong influence, [164]
• Leopold II, [140], [163], [165] ff.
• Leopold, Prince of Saxe-Goburg-Gotha, [155]
• Le Patriote, [178]
• Liberals, and Catholics united, [152]; in power, [164]
• Liberty of conscience, [108]
• “Libre Belgique,” [178]
• Libri, editor, [153]
• Liège: center of literary life in Lotharingia, [33]; city of, [39], [42], [47], [51], [77]; civilization and institutions of, [6]; defended, [171]; ecclesiastical principality, [19]; liberty of, [65], [92]; occupied by French, [141]; occupied by Germans, [171]; palace of bishop-princes at, [127]; not a part of the Netherlands, [6]; in power of Franks, [10]; principality of, [6], [59]; resistance of, [172]; revolt of, [141]; river wharves at, [37]; St. James’s Church at, [31]
• Lille, [38], [65]
• Limburg, [10], [59]; annexed by Brabant, [60]; under Austria, [130]; county of, [19]; divided, [125]; enemy of Brabant, [20]; people of, [33]
• Linen, manufactured in Flanders, [38]; under “Saisie,” [180]
• Lion of Flanders, [62]
• Lipsius, Justus, [123]
• Literary influence, French rather than German, [34]
• Lombardy, [45]
• Loncin, fort of, [171]
• London, [37]
• Lorraine: Reform of Cluny originated in, [27]; regained independence, [92]; taken by Charles the Bold, [77]
• Lotharingia, [1]-[5], [18]; annexed to Germany, [18], [20], [21]; in contact with France and England, [56]; destruction of German influence in, [28], [33]; Duke of, [21], [27]; influence of German Empire in, [25]; religious reform in, [27]
• Lotharius, eldest son of Emperor Louis, [17]; death of, [18]
• Lotharius II, [18]
• Louis, Emperor, son of Charles the Great, [17]
• Louis of Male, [72]
• Louis of Nevers, [72]
• Louis-Philippe, son of, [155]
• Louis XI, King of France, [76], [92]
• Louis XIV, [125]
• Louise, of Orléans, [156]; Marie, [163]
• Louvain, [22], [39], [41], [60], [172]; town hall of, [82]; University of, [75]
• Ludendorff, [171]
• Ludwigslied, [33]
• Luther, Martin, [97]
• Lutherans, [107], [110]
• Luxemburg: agricultural region, [47]; under Austria, [130]; city of, [51]; Count of, [60]; duchy of, [19]; famous for princes, [68]; on friendly terms with Namur, [20]; house of, [75]; population, [67]; revolt of peasants, [143]
• Lys, River, [13]
• Machines and machine tools, taken by Germans, [180]
• Madrid, [109]
• Maestricht, [29]; river wharves at, [37]; road through, [39]; sovereignty over, [125]; town of, [156]
• Mainz, Cathedral of, [31]
• Malines: archbishopric of, [105]; city of, [39]; rivaled Flemish cities, [46]; railway to Brussels, [164]
• Marck, Adolf de la, [65]; family of, [95]
• Margareta, Duchess of Parma, [103], [106]
• Maria, of Hungary, [146]
• Maria Theresa, empress, [132]; heirs of, [165]
• Marie-Henriette, of Austria, [165]
• “Marine-gebiet,” coast defense, [175]
• Marmion, Simon, of Valenciennes, [91]
• Marne, [173]
• Marseilles, [46]
• Martens, Thierry, of Alost, [89]
• Martin V, Pope, [92]
• Martyrdom, [181]
• Mary, of Burgundy, [92]
• “Master of Flémalle,” [91]
• Mathias, Archduke, [114]
• “Matins of Bruges, The,” Matines brugeoises, [63]
• Max, mayor of capital, [176]
• Maximilian of Hapsburg, [93], [163]
• Mazarin, Cardinal, [146]
• Mediterranean, [44]
• Meerssen, Treaty of, [18]
• Meix-devant-Virton, [127]
• Mercatores, [42]
• Mercenaries, [127]
• Merchants, [37], [38]; foreign, [85]; privileges granted to, [45]
• Mercier, Cardinal, [176], [181]
• Merode, Count Felix de, [154]
• Messines, [38]
• Metal industry, [38]
• Metals, [180]
• Meuse, [31], [32], [37], [68]; cities in valley of, [47]; industry in valley of Upper, [38]; trade by, [39]
• Mexico, Emperor, of Maximilian, [163]
• Michel, General, [172]
• Middelburg, diocese of, [105]
• Middelkerke, [49]
• Military service, [43]
• Mines, copper and tin, [38]
• Ministeriales, [30]
• Monks, [32]; Cistercian, [48]; not citizens, [47]
• Mons, [29], [47], [172]; battle of, [172]
• Mons-en-Pevèle, battle of, [64]
• Monstrelet, [90]
• Mountainous region, [38]
• Municipal movement, [43]
• Munitions, [180]
• Munster, Treaty of, [125], [132]
• Music, [91]
• Namur: agricultural region, [47]; annexed by Flanders, [61]; atrocities committed at, [175]; under Austria; county of, [19]; diocese of, [105]; fortress of, fall of, [172]; on good terms with Hainaut and Luxemburg, [20]
• Nancy, battle of, [78], [92]
• Napoleon I, [143]; fall of, [144]; defeat at Waterloo, [150]
• Napoleon III, [163] f.
• Napoleonic system, suppressed, [169]
• Nassau, Maurice of, [121]
• National Convention, French, [142]
• National debt, [156]
• “Nations,” [85]
• Nemours, duke of, [155]
• Netherlands, [20], [96]; in art, [91]; Austrian, [131], [142], [148]; history of, [36]; Kingdom of, [145]; lack of sympathy between, and Belgium, [150]; Protestantism in, [97]; provinces of, [5]; revolt of, against Spain, [101]
• Neutral territory, [145] ff., [156], [158]
• Neutrality, of Belgium, [158], [161]; preserved, [167]; violated, [162]
• Nieuport, battle of, [121], [174]
• Nimègue, treaty of, [126]
• Nivelles, [60]
• Noblemen, [36], [59], [105], [143]
• Norbertins, [28]
• Normandy, Duke of, [24], [25]; trade with Bruges, [45]
• Normans, conquest by, [25], [26]; Flemish troops took part in, [25]; invasion of, [37]
• North Sea, [18], [44]
• Nuncio, Bentivoglio, [126] note
• Nuncio Caraffa, [122]
• Nuncio of Cologne, abolished, [135]
• Ockeghem, Jan, [91]
• Octrois, abolished, [164]
• Oléron, island of, [142]
• Ommelanden, [95]
• Orange, Prince of, [106], [110], [113]; assassinated, [117]; Belgian provinces under, [149]
• Orient, [44]; cloth exported to, [46]
• Ostend, [121]
• “Osterlings,” [45], [85]
• Otto I, reign of Emperor, [21]; iron policy of, [23]; of Brunswick, [58]; von Freising, [33]
• Overyssel, the, [95]
• Painters, [31], [91]
• Painting, [90]; Flemish school of, [122]
• Palestine, [166]
• Palmerston, Lord, [155]
• Paris, [12]; agents from, to Belgian cities, [58]; banking houses of, [46]
• Parliament, [150]
• Parliament of Malines, [78], [93]
• Parma, Ottavia Farnese, Duke of, [104]
• Pasture, Roger de la, [90]
• Patricians, party of, [62], [63], [69]
• Patriotism, [176]
• Patriots, party of, [137]
• Peace, [150], [167]; of Athis-sur-Orge, [65]
• Peasant-farmers, [36]; free, [48], [49]
• Peckius, [123]
• Peppin, [12]; founder of Carolingians, [12]
• Perez, [123]
• Permanent impost, [100]
• Personal service, [169]
• Petit, Gabrielle, [178]
• Philip August, [56], [57]
• Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, [75]
• Philip of Bourbon, [128]
• Philip, Count, of Alsace, [56], [57]
• Philip the Good, [75], [83]
• Philip, the Fair, [61], [93], [94]; invaded Flanders, [63]
• Philip II, [99]; of Spain, King of Netherlands, [100] ff.
• Philip IV, of France, [41]
• Philip de Saint-Pol, [75]
• Philippe, Count of Flanders, [163]
• Physiocrats, [134]
• Picard, Romance literature written in, [51]
• Picardy, [30], [92]
• Pirenne, Henri, [2]
• Placarts, [97] ff., [107]
• Place du Sablon, [111]
• Place Royal, Prince Frederick stopped by Belgian Volunteers, [153]
• Poésie bourgeoise, [51]
• Poitou, [45]
• “Polders,” [38], [48], [83]
• Political: conditions, [23], [26]; hegemony, [50]; tendencies, [68]
• Politics, [56]
• Population, [47]
• Pragmatic Sanction, [131] f.
• Premontrés, [28]
• Prés, Josquin de, [91]
• Priests, [36]
• Printing, [89]
• “Prix du Roi,” [167]
• Protectorate, [147]
• Protestant, [150]
• Protestantism, [97], [102]
• Provence, trade with Bruges, [45]
• Provisional government, [154]
• Prussia, coins of Flanders in, [37]; expedition against, [69]
• Puteanus, Erycius, [123]
• Pyrenees, [8]; treaty of, [126]
• Queretaro, [163]
• Raab, [12]
• Railway, Belgium built first on the Continent, [164]
• Rastadt, treaty of, [128]
• Rathenau, Walther, [180]
• Ré, island of, [142]
• Reconstruction, [121]
• Referendum, [142]
• Reform, of civil and criminal law, [122]
• Religious conditions, [26]
• Renaud, of Gueldre, [60]
• Republic, [8]
• Republique des États Belgiques unis, [138] f.
• Revival of trade, [36]
• Revolt: of [156]6, [110]; of [183]0, [145]
• Revolution of [183]0, [4]
• Rhine, [22], [23], [59]; princes from left bank of, [5]; traffic between, and Bruges, [59]
• Richelieu, Cardinal, [125], [146]
• Rinehart the Fox, [51]
• Ripuarians, [10]
• Risquons-Tout, [164]
• Rivers, [13]; wharves and winter quarters established, [37]
• Rixensart, [49]
• Robber barons, [67]
• Rodolphe, Emperor, [114]
• Rogier, Charles, [153] f.
• Rolduc, [125]
• Roman army, [8]
• Romance, basilica, [32]; ideas, [31]; literary movement, [14], [51]; occupation, [4]
• Rubens, Peter Paul, [122]
• Ruremonde, [105]
• Russia, coins oi Flanders in, [37]
• St. Amand, Abbey of, [32]
• St. Gerard, of Brogne, [26]
• Saint Gudula, church of, [47], [53]
• Saint Jean d’Acre, siege of, [57]
• St. John’s church, at Ghent, [53]
• Saint Just, monastery of, [100]
• St. Lambert, school of, [34]
• St. Mary, school of, [34]
• Saint Omer, [29]; diocese of, [105]
• St. Servatius, [14]
• Saint-Trond, [39], [46]; city of, [47]; freedom of, [42]
• “Saisie,” [180]
• Salians, [10]
• Sambre River, [68], [172]; battle of, [172]
• “Sans-culottes,” [142]
• von Sauberzweig, [176]
• Scheldt, the River, [13], [17], [18], [22], [24], [32], [110]; attempted opening of, [133], [147]; commercial intercourse with Thames, [37]; freed from Dutch control, [143]; inundations of, [86]; tolls of the, [164]; trade by, [39]
• Schepenbank, [41]
• von Schroeder, Admiral, [175]
• Science, [166]
• Scientists, Belgian, [167]
• Sculptors, [31]
• Sculpture, [90]; of Dijon, [91]
• Sedan, [167]; lord of, [95]
• Senate, Belgian, [165] f.
• Separation, of Belgium and Holland, [153]
• “Serfs,” [29], [37], [48]
• Seventeen Provinces, [95] f., [112]
• Sheep-raising, [38]
• Sienna, [45]
• Sigebert, of Gembloux, historical work, [34]
• Silesia, [30]
• Sluter, Claus, [90]
• Social welfare, [167]
• Somme, cities of the, [92]
• Spain: Leopold II visited, [166]; trade with Bruges, [45]
• “Spanish Fury,” [113]
• Spanish Inquisition, [104] f.
• Spanish rule, [4], [108] ff., [124], [125] ff., [146]
• Speyer, cathedral of, [31]
• Spinola, General, [121]
• States-General, [82]; declaration of, [147]; met in Brussels, [97], [107], [113]
• Stone, of Tournai, famous, [32]
• Struggle for the Investitures, [28], [55]
• Sunt, the, [44]
• Switzerland, [166]
• Sylva Carbonaria, [10], [11]
• Taxes: of Alva, [111]; freedom to those who paid, [154]; octrois abolished, [164]
• Teniers, painter, [122]
• Termonde, [175]
• Térouanne (later Saint-Omer) [38], [95]
• Territory, loss of, [156], [157]
• Terrorizing, [175]
• Teutonic, [10]; “barbarism,” [33]
• Teutons, [9]
• Theology, [136]
• Thourout, [38]
• Thuringia, [30]
• Tin, [38]
• Tirage au sort, le, [169]
• Tirlemont, [60]
• Tolls, of the Scheldt, [164]
• Tongers, oldest bishop of Belgium in, [13]; Romanized, [9]
• Tournai: annexed by Charles V. [95]; artistic and religious capital of Flanders, [32], [53]; campaign of conquest from, Clodovech started, [11]; cathedral of, [32], [53]; conquered by Clodion, [11]; diocese of, [105]; intellectual center, [34]; local school of sculptors at, [32], [53]; procession of, [27]; stone of, famous, [32], [53]; vainly besieged by Anglo-Flemish, [71]
• Tournaisis, [95]
• Town hall, [54]; of Brussels, [92], [138]; of Louvain, [82], [92]; of Antwerp, [110]
• Trade and industry, [36], [38], [39], [44], [73], [123]
• Treaties: Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, [126]; of April [19], [183]9, quintuple, [162]-[68]; of Arras, [116]; of Bade, [128]; of the Barriers, [129] ff., [147]; of Campo Formio, [142]; with Flanders and Liège, [66]; of France and Holland against Spain, [146]; of the Hague ([179]0), [140]; for independence of Belgium, [158]; of London, [157] f., [163]; of Meerssen, [18]; of Nimégue, [126]; of the Twenty-four Articles, [157]; of Utrecht, [128]; of Verdun, [17], [23], [24]; of Verdun in 879, Second, [18]; of [187]0, [162]
• Treaty, draft, published by Bismarck, [161]; placing neutral zones, [159]
• Tribunal of the XXII, [66]
• Truce, for [12] years, [121]
• Tulden, [123]
• Turks, Count of Flanders in crusade against, [25]
• Twenty-four Articles, Treaty of the, [157]
• United Kingdom of the Netherlands, national debt of, [156]
• University of Louvain, founded by John IV, [75], [84], [92], [111], [119], [122] f., [136]; Philosophic College at, [152]
• Utrecht, [20]; archbishopric of, [105]; bishopric of, [95]; treaty of, [128]; Union of, [117]
• Valenciennes, river wharves at, [37]; revolt at, [69]
• Valois, [56], [70]; King Philip of, [70]
• Van Artevelde, Jacques, [70]
• Van Craesbeke, councilor of Brabant, [122]
• Van de Weyer, [154] f.
• Van der Goes, Hugo, [91]
• Van der Noot, [137], [141]
• Van der Weyden, [90] f.
• Van Dyck, [122]
• Van Eyck, Hubert, [90] f.; Jan, [90] f.
• Van Hoogendorp, Count Charles, [149]
• Van Maenen, minister, of William I, [153]
• Van Maerlandt, Jacob, [52], [88]
• Van Ruysbroeck, Jan, [89]
• Van Veldeke, Hendrik, [52]
• Van Wassenhove, Juste, of Ghent, [91]
• Venice, [45], [46]
• Verdun, Treaty of, [17], [23], [24]; Second Treaty of, in 879, [18]; cut Belgium in two parts, [17]
• Vermandois, [30], [56]
• Vernuleus, Nicholas, [123]
• Verviers, town of, [85]
• “Verwaltung,” for Flanders, [179]
• Victoria, Queen of England, [158], [163]
• Vienna, Congress of, [145]
• Visitation, system of, [122]
• Visscher, Ch. de, [158]
• Vonck, [137], [141]
• Waes, [52]
• Wales, [11]
• Wallony, [179]
• Walloon-Flanders, [24], [65]
• Walloon monks, [32]; spoke Flemish and French, [33]
• Walloons, [11], [15], [30], [115]
• War: against northern provinces, [120]; of the civilians, [174]; with France, [95], [155]; Franco-German, [167]; franc-tireur, [175]; levy, [181]; not possible without consent of communes, [44]; on own soil, [126]; of the Peasants, [143]; right to make, [161]; of the Spanish Succession, [128]; spoils, [173]
• Warfare, trench, [174]
• Waxweiler, [158]
• Wealth, [181]
• Wellington, Duke of, [149]
• Westphalia, Treaty of, [131]
• William the Conqueror, [25], [26], [37]
• William, Count, [69]
• William I, Dutch King, [150], [153]
• William I, of Prussia, [166]
• William II, German Emperor, [166]
• William III, of Netherlands, [166]
• William the Silent, [110]; declared himself Calvinist, [115]
• Wool cloths, [38]; industry, [38]; importers, [46]; insufficient English supply, [47]; from Spain and Navarre, [47]; under “saisie,” [180]
• Worms, Cathedral of, [31]
• Worringen, battle of, [60]
• Würtemberg, Duke of, [174]
• Yoens, [62]
• Ypres, [38], [46]; diocese of, [105]; hall of, [54], [55]; ruin of, [84]; strip of country containing, [174]
• Yser, defended, [173] f.; king and queen with troops on, [176]; trenches on the, [177]; troops of the, [182]
• Zeeland, country of, [75]; islands of, [24]; Prince of Orange in control of, [112]
• “Zivilverwaltung,” [175]
• Zutphen, [77]
• Zwyn, river, [37]

FOOTNOTES:

[1] See G. Kurth, Notre nom national.

[2] H. Colenbrander, De Belgische Omwenteling.

[3] I am much indebted for the drawing of the maps in the book to Mr. Isidore Versluys, librarian of the Historical Seminary in the University of Louvain.

[4] A wide expanse of sandy soil extends from east to west almost uninterruptedly across Belgium; the eastern section of this, covering the northeastern portions of the provinces of Antwerp and Limburg, is called the Campine. Cf. R. C. K. Ensor, Belgium, p. 24.