10. e and o occur also in unassimilated loan-words: bèsbol baseball, Silà y nag-bè-bèsbol, They are playing baseball, estudiyànte, istudiyànte student, polìs, pulìs policeman, sipéro football 30player, baŋkéro canoer (both with Spanish suffix -éro added to Tagalog words: sípaʾ football, baŋkàʾ canoe).
For e see also § [29].
11. As the variation between i and e and between o and u is thus never distinctive, there is no need of indicating it in transcription; 35I have, however, used the characters e and o wherever I heard markedly lowered variants.
12. i and u occur also as non-syllabics; I use, respectively, the characters y and w: yaòn that, gáya like, wíkaʾ speech, word, táwag call. In final position they are always lowered: thus in 40patày dead person, ikàw thou, y represents non-syllabic e, w non-syllabic o.
13. In word-formation before suffixes vowels are in certain cases lost, see Morphology: kánin be eaten, -káin eat with suffix -in.
14. The laryngeal (glottal) stop occurs as a distinctive sound only after a vowel at the end of words: bátaʾ child, boy, girl, hindìʾ not, hintòʾ stop.
As a non-distinctive sound it is used as a vowel-separator 5wherever syllabic vowels follow each other without an intervening distinctive non-syllabic. In this use I shall not indicate it in transcription, as it may be taken for granted wherever vowels are written together. Such words as those in § [8] will therefore from now on be transcribed without the sign for glottal stop: 10doòn, óo, boòʾ. So táo (§ [9]) means táʾo, etc. Cf. below.
15. The distinctive final glottal stop is usually lost before a following word in the phrase: hindí sya not he, Hintú na! Stop!
It is always lost before the words ŋ, t, and y: aŋ báta ŋ mabaìt the good child.
1516. p, t, k are unvoiced fortis stops; they differ from the corresponding English sounds primarily in that they are only slightly aspirated. In sentence-final the implosion only is made.