10s alternates in word-formation with n; see Morphology.
In the affricate combination ts, which is felt and treated as a single sound, the s is always palatalized: Intsèk Chinese.
19. h is the unvoiced glottal spirant; as in English, it occurs only in syllable-initial: hindìʾ not, báhay house, mukhàʾ face.
15In word-formation h is often spoken before the initial vowel of a suffix that is added to a final vowel: -bása read, basa-hàn reading room. See Morphology.
20. The nasals m, n, ŋ correspond in position to the stops. In word-formation they alternate, respectively, with p, t, k; m 20also with b, and n also with s; ŋ is often prefixed to an initial vowel; see Morphology.
Both in word-formation and in the phrase the nasals are occasionally assimilated in position to a following consonant: sà m pùʾ ten (m for ŋ), Saàŋ ka páparon? Where are you going? (for 25saàn).
In the sentence, final n is lost before the words ŋ, t, and y: aŋ áki ŋ amà my father (for ákin my).
21. r is the voiced tongue-tip trill, postdental. It occurs between vowels within simple, underived words: áraw sun, day,—no 30doubt as a substitute for d, which never occurs in this position; everywhere else r is merely a variant of d (§ [17]).
22. l is postdental; the timbre is much as in Standard French or German, the mid-tongue not lowered.
23. f and v (both labiodental) occur in unassimilated foreign 35words; they are occasionally replaced (especially in derivatives) by p and b. Filipínas the Philippines, infiyèrno, impiyèrno Hell, fiyèsta, piyèsta fiesta, but always ka-piyestá-han day of a festival, sivìl, sibìl civil, provìnsiya province, bintánaʾ window, báso drinking-glass.