(1) Non-enclitic: it precedes or follows the predicate; in the former case the predicate is introduced by the atonic particle ay, y (y often after syllabic vowel, n, or ʾ; see Phonetics): Sumùsúlat 15aŋ bátaʾ. The child is writing; or: Aŋ bátaʾ ay sumùsúlat. Aŋ báta y sumùsúlat. Siyà ay sumùsúlat. Sya y sumùsúlat. He, she is writing. Here siyà, syà is not enclitic.
(2) Enclitic: it follows the first orthotonic word of the predicate: Hindí sya sumùsúlat. Not he is-writing, i. e. He is not writing. 20Sumùsúlat sya naŋ líham. He is writing a letter, letters. In these examples siyà is enclitic.
Not only enclitically used pronouns (§§ [63]. 64), but even short phrases are thus used: Pinapútol nila si Hwàn naŋ káhoy. Was-ordered-to-cut by-them Juan (subject) some wood, i. e. They ordered 25Juan to cut wood. Here the position of si Hwàn after the first orthotonic word of the predicate (pinapútol) but before the rest of the predicate (naŋ káhoy) shows it to be (like nilà) an enclitic element. With the same subject not enclitically used the sentence would be: Pinapútol nila naŋ káhoy si Hwàn, and this, 30indeed, is the more usual locution.
90. On the use or non-use of an anaphoric subject (siyà, silà, itò) see § [87].
c. The predicate.
91. The predicate may be (1) a transient word with its 35modifiers, (2) a static word with its modifiers, or (3) an object expression.
(1) Transient predicate.
92. Transient words fall into four classes according to the four relations which a subject may bear to them when they are used as predicate. We may designate these classes by the following names:
1. active: the subject is viewed as an actor: Sumùsúlat sya naŋ líham. He (subject) is writing a letter, letters. Sya y pumútol 5naŋ káhoy. He (subject) cut some wood. Umalìs syà. He went away.
2. direct passive: the subject is viewed as an object fully affected or produced: Sinúlat nya aŋ líham. Was-written by-him the letter (subject), i. e. The letter was written by him, He wrote 10the letter. Pinútol nya aŋ káhoy. Was-cut by-him the wood (subject), i. e. He cut the wood.