The Number Concept: Its Origin and Development

by Levi L. Conant

• Abacus, [19].
• Abeokuta, [33].
• Abipone, [71], [72].
• Abkhasia, [188].
• Aboker, [148].
• Actuary, Life ins., [19].
• Adaize, [162].
• Addition, [19], [43], [46], [92].
• Adelaide, [108].
• Admiralty Islands, [45].
• Affadeh, [184].
• Africa (African), [9], [16], [28], [29], [32], [33], [38], [42], [47], [64], [66], [69], [78], [80], [91], [105], [120], [145], [170], [176], [184], [187].
• Aino (Ainu), [45], [191].
• Akra, [120].
• Akari, [190].
• Alaska, [157], [196].
• Albania, [184].
• Albert River, [26].
• Aleut, [157].
• Algonkin (Algonquin), [45], [92], [161].
• Amazon, [23].
• Ambrym, [136].
• American, [10], [16], [19], [98], [105].
• Andaman, [8], [15], [28], [31], [76], [174], [193].
• Aneitum, [154].
• Animal, [3], [6].
• Anthropological, [21].
• Apho, [133].
• Api, [80], [136], [155].
• Apinage, [111].
• Arab, [170].
• Arawak, [52–54], [135].
• Arctic, [29].
• Arikara, [46].
• Arithmetic, [1], [5], [30], [33], [73], [93].
• Aryan, 76, [128–130].
• Ashantee, [145].
• Asia (Asiatic), [28], [113], [131], [187].
• Assiniboine, [66], [92].
• Athapaskan,[92].
• Atlantic, [126].
• Aurora, [155].
• Australia (Australian), [2], [6], [19], [22], [24–30], [57], [58], [71], [75], [76], [84], [103], [105], [106], [110], [112], [118], [173], [206].
• Avari, [188].
• Aymara, [166].
• Aztec, [63], [78], [83], [89], [93], [201], [207], [208].
• Babusessé, [38].
• Babylonian, [208].
• Bagrimma, [148].
• Bahnars, [15].
• Bakairi, [111].
• Balad, [67].
• Balenque, [150].
• Bambarese, [95].
• Banks Islands, [16], [96], [153].
• Barea, [151].
• Bargaining, [18], [19], [32].
• Bari, [136].
• Barre, [174].
• Basa, [146].
• Basque, [40], [182].
• Bellacoola, see Bilqula.
• Belyando River, [109].
• Bengal, Bay of, [28].
• Benuë, [133].
• Betoya, [57], [112], [135], [140].
• Bilqula, [46], [164].
• Binary, [chap. v].
• Binin, [149].
• Bird-nesting, [5].
• Bisaye, [90].
• Bogota, [206].
• Bolan, [120].
• Bolivia, [2], [21].
• Bongo, [143], [186].
• Bonzé, [151].
• Bororo, [23].
• Botocudo, [22], [31], [48], [71].
• Bourke, [108].
• Boyne River, [24].
• Brazil, [2], [7], [30], [174], [195].
• Bretagne (Breton), [120], [129], [181], [182].
• British Columbia, [45], [46], [65], [86], [88], [89], [112], [113], [195].
• Bullom, [147].
• Bunch, [64].
• Burnett River, [112].
• Bushman, [28], [31].
• Butong, [93].
• Caddoe, [162].
• Cahuillo, [165].
• Calculating machine, [19].
• Campa, [22].
• Canada, [29], [53], [54], [86], [195].
• Canaque, [142], [144].
• Caraja, [23].
• Carib, [166], [167], [199].
• Carnarvon, [35], [36].
• Carrier, [86].
• Carthaginian, [179].
• Caucasus, [188].
• Cayriri (see Kiriri), [79].
• Cayubaba (Cayubabi), [84], [167].
• Celtic, [40], [169], [179], [181], [190].
• Cely, Mom, [9].
• Central America, [29], [69], [79], [121], [131], [195], [201], [208].
• Ceylon, [28].
• Chaco, [22].
• Champion Bay, [109].
• Charles XII., [132].
• Cheyenne, [62].
• Chibcha, [206].
• China (Chinese), [40], [131].
• Chippeway, [62], [159], [162].
• Chiquito, [2], [6], [21], [40], [71], [76].
• Choctaw, [65], [85], [162].
• Chunsag, [189].
• Circassia, [190].
• Cobeu, [174].
• Cochin China, [15].
• Columbian, [113].
• Comanche, [29], [83].
• Conibo, [23].
• Cooper's Creek, [108].
• Cora, [166].
• Cotoxo, [111].
• Cowrie, [64], [70], [71].
• Cree, [91].
• Crocker Island, [107].
• Crow, [3], [4], [92].
• Crusoe, Robinson, [7].
• Curetu, [111].
• Dahomey, [71].
• Dakota, [81], [91], [92].
• Danish, [30], [46], [129], [183].
• Darnley Islands, [24].
• Delaware, [91], [160].
• Demara, [4], [6].
• Déné, [86].
• Dido, [189].
• Dinka, [136], [147].
• Dippil, [107].
• Division, [19].
• Dravidian, [104], [193].
• Dual number, [75].
• Duluth, [34].
• Duodecimal, [chap. v].
• Dutch, [129].
• Eaw, [24].
• Ebon, [152].
• Efik, [148], [185].
• Encabellada, [22].
• Encounter Bay, [108].
• Ende, [68], [152].
• English, [28], [38–44], [60], [81], [85], [89], [118], [123], [124], [129], [183], [200], [203], [208].
• Eromanga, [96], [136], [154].
• Eskimo, [16], [30], [31], [32], [36], [48], [51], [52], [54], [61], [64], [83], [137], [157], [159], [195], [196].
• Essequibo, [166].
• Europe (European), [27], [39], [168], [169], [179], [182], [183], [185], [204].
• Eye, [14], [97].
• Eyer's Sand Patch, [26].
• Ewe, [64], [91].
• Fall, [163].
• Fate, [138], [155].
• Fatuhiva, [130].
• Feloop, [145].
• Fernando Po, [150].
• Fiji, [96].
• Finger pantomime, [10], [23], [29], [67], [82].
• Fingoe, [33].
• Fist, [16], [59], [72].
• Flinder's River, [24].
• Flores, [68], [152].
• Forefinger, [12], [15], [16], [54], [61], [91], [113].
• Foulah, [147].
• Fourth finger, [18].
• Frazer's Island, [108].
• French, [40], [41], [124], [129], [181], [182], [209].
• Fuegan, [22].
• Gaelic, [180].
• Galibi, [138].
• Gaul, [169], [182].
• Georgia, [189].
• German, [38–43], [129], [183].
• Gesture, [18], [59].
• Gola, [151].
• Golo, [146].
• Gonn Station, [110].
• Goth, [169].
• Greek, [86], [129], [168], [169].
• Green Island, [45].
• Greenland, [29], [52], [80], [158].
• Guachi, [23], [31].
• Guarani, [55], [138].
• Guatemala, [205].
• Guato, [142].
• Guaycuru, [22].
• Gudang, [24].
• Haida, [112].
• Hawaii, [113], [114], [116], [117].
• Head, [71].
• Heap, [8], [9], [25], [70], [77], [100].
• Hebrew, [86], [89], [95].
• Heiltsuk, [65], [88], [163].
• Herero, [150].
• Hervey Islands, [118].
• Hidatsa, [80], [91].
• Hill End, [109].
• Himalaya, [193].
• Hottentot, [80], [92].
• Huasteca, [204].
• Hudson's Bay, [48], [61].
• Hun, [169].
• Hunt, Leigh, [33].
• Ibo, [185].
• Icelandic, [129], [183].
• Illinois, [91].
• Index finger, [11], [14].
• India, [96], [112], [131].
• Indian, [8], [10], [13], [16], [17], [19], [32], [36], [54], [55], [59], [62], [65], [66], [79], [80], [82], [83], [89], [90], [98], [105], [112], [171], [201].
• Indian Ocean, [63], [193].
• Indo-European, [76].
• Irish, [129], [180].
• Italian, [39], [80], [124], [129], [203].
• Jajowerong, [156].
• Jallonkas, [146].
• Jaloff, [146].
• Japanese, [40], [86], [89], [93–95].
• Java, [93], [120].
• Jiviro, [61], [136].
• Joints of fingers, [7], [18], [173].
• Juri, [79].
• Kamassin, [130].
• Kamilaroi, [27], [107], [112].
• Kamtschatka, [75], [157].
• Kanuri, [136], [149].
• Karankawa, [68].
• Karen, [112].
• Keppel Bay, [24].
• Ki-Nyassa, [150].
• Kiriri, [55], [138], [139], [167].
• Kissi, [145].
• Ki-Swahili, [42].
• Ki-Yau, [150].
• Klamath, [58], [59].
• Knot, [7], [9], [19], [40], [93], [115].
• Kolyma, [75].
• Kootenay, [65].
• Koriak, [75].
• Kredy, [149].
• Kru, [146].
• Ku-Mbutti, [78].
• Kunama, [151].
• Kuri, [188].
• Kusaie, [78], [80].
• Kwakiutl, [45].
• Labillardière, [85].
• Labrador, [29].
• Lake Kopperamana, [107].
• Latin, [40], [44], [76], [81], [86], [124], [128], [168], [169], [181], [182].
• Lazi, [189].
• Left hand, [10–17], [54].
• Leper's Island, [16].
• Leptscha, [193].
• Lifu, [143].
• Little finger, [10–18], [48], [54], [61], [91].
• Logone, [186].
• London, [124].
• Lower California, [29].
• Luli, [118].
• Lutuami, [164].
• Maba, [80].
• Macassar, [93].
• Machine, Calculating, [19], [20].
• Mackenzie River, [157].
• Macuni, [174].
• Madagascar, [8], [9].
• Maipures, [15], [56].
• Mairassis, [10].
• Malagasy, [83], [95].
• Malanta, [96].
• Malay, [8], [45], [90], [93], [170].
• Mallicolo, [152].
• Manadu, [93].
• Mandingo, [186].
• Mangareva, [114].
• Manx, [180].
• Many, [2], [21–23], [25], [28], [100].
• Maori, [64], [93], [122].
• Marachowie, [26].
• Maré, [84].
• Maroura, [106].
• Marquesas, [93], [114], [115].
• Marshall Islands, [122], [152].
• Massachusetts, [91], [159].
• Mathematician, [2], [3], [35], [102], [127], [210].
• Matibani, [151].
• Matlaltzinca, [166].
• Maya, [45], [46], [199], [205].
• Mbayi, [111].
• Mbocobi, [22].
• Mbousha, [66].
• Melanesia, [16], [22], [28], [84], [95].
• Mende, [186].
• Mexico, [29], [195], [201], [204], [208].
• Miami, [91].
• Micmac, [90], [160].
• Middle finger, [12], [15], [62].
• Mille, [122].
• Minnal Yungar, [26].
• Minsi, [162].
• Mississaga, [44], [92].
• Mississippi, [125].
• Mocobi, [119].
• Mohegan, [91].
• Mohican, [172].
• Mokko, [149].
• Molele, [164].
• Moneroo, [109].
• Mongolian, [8].
• Montagnais, [53], [54], [175].
• Moree, [24].
• Moreton Bay, [108].
• Mort Noular, [107].
• Mosquito, [69], [70], [121].
• Mota, [95], [153].
• Mpovi, [152].
• Multiplication, [19], [33], [40], [43], [59].
• Mundari, [193].
• Mundo, [186].
• Muralug, [17].
• Murray River, [106], [109].
• Muysca, [206].
• Nagranda, [207].
• Nahuatl, [141], [144], [177], [201], [205].
• Nakuhiva, [116], [130].
• Negro, [8], [9], [15], [29], [184].
• Nengone, [63], [136].
• New, [128–130].
• New Caledonia, [154].
• New Granada, [195].
• New Guinea, [10], [152].
• New Hebrides, [155].
• New Ireland, [45].
• New Zealand, [123].
• Nez Perces, [65], [158].
• Ngarrimowro, [110].
• Niam Niam, [64], [136].
• Nicaragua, [80].
• Nicobar, [78], [193].
• Nightingale, [4].
• Nootka, [163], [198].
• Norman River, [24].
• North America, [28], [82], [171], [173], [176], [194], [201].
• Notch, [7], [9], [93].
• Numeral frame, [19].
• Nupe, [149], [186].
• Nusqually, [96].
• Oceania, [115], [176].
• Octonary, [chap. v].
• Odessa, [34].
• Ojibwa, [84], [159].
• Okanaken, [88].
• Omaha, [161].
• Omeo, [110].
• Oregon, [58], [195].
• Orejone, [23].
• Orinoco, [54], [56], [195].
• Ostrich, [71], [72].
• Otomac, [15].
• Otomi, [165], [199].
• Ottawa, [159].
• Oyster Bay, [79].
• Pacific, [29], [113], [116], [117], [131].
• Palm (of the hand), [12], [14], [15].
• Palm Island, [156].
• Pama, [136], [155].
• Pampanaga, [66].
• Papaa, [148].
• Paraguay, [55], [71], [118], [195].
• Parana, [119].
• Paris, [182].
• Pawnee, [91], [121], [162].
• Pebble, [7–9], [19], [40], [93], [179].
• Peno, [2].
• Peru (Peruvian), [2], [22], [61], [206].
• Philippine, [66].
• Philology (Philologist), [128], [209], [210].
• Phœnician, [90], [179].
• Pigmy, [69], [70], [78].
• Pikumbul, [57], [138].
• Pines, Isle of, [153].
• Pinjarra, [26].
• Plenty, [25], [77].
• Point Barrow, [30], [51], [64], [83], [137], [159].
• Polynesia, [22], [28], [118], [130], [170].
• Pondo, [33].
• Popham Bay, [107].
• Port Darwin, [109].
• Port Essington, [24], [107].
• Port Mackay, [26].
• Port Macquarie, [109].
• Puget Sound, [96].
• Puri, [22], [92].
• Quappa, [171], [172].
• Quaternary, [chap. v].
• Queanbeyan, [24].
• Quiche, [205].
• Quichua, [61].
• Rapid, [163].
• Rarotonga, [114].
• Richmond River, [109].
• Right hand, [10–18], [54].
• Right-handedness, [13], [14].
• Ring finger, [15].
• Rio Grande, [195].
• Rio Napo, [22].
• Rio Norte, [136], [199].
• Russia (Russian), [30], [35].
• Sahaptin, [158].
• San Antonio, [136].
• San Blas, [79], [80].
• Sanskrit, [40], [92], [97], [128].
• Sapibocone, [84], [167].
• Saste (Shasta), [165].
• Scratch, [7].
• Scythian, [169].
• Seed, [93].
• Semitic, [89].
• Senary, [chap. v].
• Sesake, [136], [155].
• Several, [22].
• Sexagesimal, [124], [208].
• Shawnoe, [160].
• Shell, [7], [19], [70], [93].
• Shushwap, [88].
• Siberia, [29], [30], [187], [190].
• Sierra Leone, [83].
• Sign language, [6].
• Sioux, [83].
• Slang, [124].
• Slavonic, [40].
• Snowy River, [110].
• Soussou, [83], [147].
• South Africa, [4], [15], [28].
• South America, [2], [15], [22], [23], [27–29], [54], [57], [72], [76], [78], [79], [104], [110], [173], [174], [194], [201], [206].
• Spanish, [2], [23], [42].
• Splint, [7].
• Stick, [7], [179].
• Stlatlumh, [88].
• Streaky Bay, [26].
• String, [7], [9], [64], [71].
• Strong's Island, [78].
• Subtraction, [19], [44–47].
• Sunda, [120].
• Sweden (Swedish), [129], [132], [183].
• Tacona, [2].
• Taensa, [44].
• Tagala, [66].
• Tahiti, [114].
• Tahuata, [115].
• Tama, [111].
• Tamanac, [54], [135].
• Tambi, [120].
• Tanna, [154].
• Tarascan, [165].
• Tariana, [174].
• Tasmania, [24], [27], [79], [104], [106].
• Tawgy, [130].
• Tchetchnia, [188].
• Tchiglit, [157], [196].
• Tembu, [33].
• Temne, [148].
• Ternary, [chap. v].
• Terraba, [172].
• Teutonic, [40], [41], [43], [179], [181], [208].
• Texas, [69].
• Thibet, [96].
• Thumb, [10–18], [54], [59], [61], [62], [113], [173].
• Thusch, [189].
• Ticuna, [168].
• Timukua, [165].
• Tlingit, [136], [163], [197].
• Tobi, [156].
• Tonga, [33], [85].
• Torres, [17], [96], [104], [105].
• Totonaco, [205].
• Towka, [78].
• Triton's Bay, [152].
• Tschukshi, [156], [191].
• Tsimshian, [86], [164], [198].
• Tweed River, [26].
• Uainuma, [122].
• Udi, [188].
• Uea, [67], [153].
• United States, [29], [83], [195].
• Upper Yarra, [110].
• Ureparapara, [153].
• Vaturana, [96].
• Vedda, [28], [31], [76], [174].
• Vei, [16], [147], [185].
• Victoria, [156].
• Vilelo, [60].
• Waiclatpu, [164].
• Wales (Welsh), [35], [46], [141], [144], [177], [180].
• Wallachia, [121].
• Warrego, [107], [109].
• Warrior Island, [107].
• Wasp, [5].
• Watchandie, [29], [77].
• Watji, [120].
• Weedookarry, [24].
• Wimmera, [107].
• Winnebago, [85].
• Wiraduroi, [27], [108].
• Wirri-Wirri, [108].
• Wokke, [112].
• Worcester, Mass., Schools of, [11].
• Yahua, [168].
• Yaruro, [139].
• Yengen, [154].
• Yit-tha, [109].
• Yoruba, [33], [47], [64], [70], [185].
• Yucatan, [195], [201].
• Yuckaburra, [26].
• Zamuco, [55], [60], [138], [139].
• Zapara, [111].
• Zulu, [16], [62].
• Zuñi, [13], [14], [48], [49], [53], [54], [60], [83], [137].

---

Footnotes:

[¹]Brinton, D. G., Essays of an Americanist, p. 406; and American Race, p. 359.

[²]This information I received from Dr. Brinton by letter.

[³]Tylor, Primitive Culture, Vol. I. p. 240.

[⁴]Nature, Vol. XXXIII. p. 45.

[⁵]Spix and Martius, Travels in Brazil, Tr. from German by H. E. Lloyd, Vol. II. p. 255.

[⁶]De Flacourt, Histoire de le grande Isle de Madagascar, ch. xxviii. Quoted by Peacock, Encyc. Met., Vol. I. p. 393.

[⁷]Bellamy, Elizabeth W., Atlantic Monthly, March, 1893, p. 317.