All dictionaries are useful;
Useful books are valuable.
Dictionaries are valuable.

Univ. “books”; m = useful; x = dictionaries; y = valuable.


All x are m;
All m are y.
All x are y.


∴ All x are y.

Hence proposed Conclusion is right.

3.

No misers are unselfish;
None but misers save egg-shells.
No unselfish people save egg-shells.

Univ. “people”; m = misers; x = selfish; y = people who save egg-shells.


No m are x′;
No m′ are y.
No x′ are y.


∴ No x′ are y.

Hence proposed Conclusion is right.

[pg145]4.