πρόσθεν δὲ δουλεύουσα, νῦν ἐλευθέρα.
—Plutarch, in Solon, c. xv.
[511] Iliad, v, 90.
[512] Ib., ix, 577.
[513] Ib., xiv, 121.
[514] Ib., v, 265.
[515] Ib., iv, 433, Buckley’s trans.
[516] Ib., vii, 472, Buckley’s trans.
[517] Iliad, xii, 274.
[518] The German tribes when first known historically were in the Upper Status of barbarism. They used iron, but in limited quantities, possessed flocks and herds, cultivated the cereals, and manufactured coarse textile fabrics of linen and woolen; but they had not then attained to the idea of individual ownership in lands. According to the account of Cæsar, elsewhere cited, the arable lands were allotted annually by the chiefs, while the pasture lands were held in common. It would seem, therefore, that the idea of individual property in lands was unknown in Asia and Europe in the Middle Period of barbarism, but came in during the Later Period.