In addition, Garrod postulated implication of the kidneys, probably in the early, and certainly in the chronic stages of gout; and that the renal affection, though possibly only functional at first, subsequently became organic, with alterations in the urinary secretions.
As to the anomalous symptoms met with in gouty subjects, and alike those premonitory of a paroxysm, he ascribed them to the impure state of the blood, and due principally to the presence therein of urate of soda. Of causes predisposing to gout, if we except those attaching to individual peculiarities, they are either such as will lead to increased formation of uric acid or to retention of the same in the blood.
On the other hand, the determining causes of a gouty fit are those which induce a less alkaline condition of the blood, or which greatly augment for the time the formation of uric acid or such as temporarily check the eliminating powers of the kidneys. Lastly, his final axiom was that—in no disease but true gout is there a deposition of uric acid.
No tribute to Garrod’s masterly achievement could err on the side of generosity. A truly scientific physician, he built on the rock of sound clinical and pathological observations. For measured restraint, he stands out in pleasing contrast to those who, lacking his clinical acumen and sound judgment, brought not grist to the mill, but vain imaginings based on Garrod’s hard-won facts. His researches in truth constitute a landmark in the history of the pathology of gout, with their substitution of facts for pure hypotheses. True, though it was that, for half a century before, there was a growing suspicion that lithic (uric) acid was the malign factor in the induction of gout, still it was not till Garrod’s discovery of uric acid in the blood and tissues of the “gouty,” that any definite step towards the elucidation of the problem presented by gout was attained.
Antagonistic Views
One aspect of Garrod’s theory that much exercised the minds of his contemporaries was that for him uric acid was the alpha and omega of the disease, and as Ewart remarks, “If we are not over-anxious as to the stability of this mid-air foundation, everything is evolved smoothly from it on the lines of the theory.” Fortunately, however, for the progress of the art of medicine, men were over-anxious as to the why and wherefore of that accumulation of uric acid in the blood which Garrod held to be a necessary antecedent of gout. He himself, as we know, attributed it to a functional renal defect which may be inherited or acquired. To others, however, this assumption of renal inadequacy was not wholly satisfying, hence the origin of the many widely differing hypotheses from time to time advanced as to the pathogeny of the disorder.
Broadly speaking, the various conceptions proffered as to the causation of gout fall into one or other of the following categories. The primary alteration in gout is variously assumed to be:—
(1) In the blood or tissues, the so-called histogenous theories.
(2) In the bodily structures, either inborn or induced.
(3) In hepatic inadequacy.