Fam. 8. Zoophagoid—Mulmkäfer.

Body elongated and also nearly spherical, mostly of a dark spotted colour, with hard elytra, thorax rounded, head retractile, palpi filiform, tarsal joints heteromeral or unequal in number—Helopidæ, Diaperidæ, Tenebrionidæ, and Pimeliariæ.

They live usually in dark situations, eating meal and dry-rot; have an unpleasant smell. They correspond to the Crabs, Wood-lice, and Spiders, as likewise to the Dictyoptera.

Fam. 9. Perfect Beetles—Erdkäfer or Lamellicornes.

Mostly large, convex and short bodied Beetles with large thorax, broad head, lamellated antennal clubs, spinose tibiæ and pentameral tarsi. Their habitation is in dung or under the earth, where they live in the larval state frequently for years before they change; some Chafers eat also leaves of trees and flowers. They are distinguished by their striking size and singular forms, being mostly furnished with horns on the thorax or head. I do veritably believe that they may be generally interpreted as being the highest organized beetles and members of their class, although they are generally placed or arranged midway between the lower forms, while the Sand-and Laufkäfer are esteemed the most perfect.

Tabular Co-arrangement.

The Dermatozoa now admit of being co-arranged in the following manner, from which their three Cardinal relations of Proximity, Repetition, and Serial analogy or Parallelism, admit of being distinctly recognized.

PARALLELISM OF THE LOWER ANIMALS.

IX Cl. Ptilota.
A. PROTOZOA.VII Cl. Worms.Co. I. Tracheoptera.
I Cl. Infusoria.O. 1. Weisswürmer.O. 1. Diptera.
F. 1. MonadesF. 1. SaugwürmerF. 1. Schmeissen
2. Rhizopoda 2. Tæniæ 2. Dasseln
3. Rotifera. 3. Ascarides. 3. Gölsen.
II Cl. Polypi.O. 2. Rothwürmer.O. 2. Hymenoptera.
F. 1. Hydræ 4. Earth-wormsF. nbsp; 1. Bees
2. Alcyonia 5. Nereides 2. Wasps
3. Actiniæ. 6. Serpulæ. 3. Terebrantia.
III Cl. Acalephæ.O. 3. Sternwürmer.O. 3. Lepidoptera.
F. 1. Physaliæ 7. HolothuriæF. 1. Moths
2. Beroeæ 8. Echinidæ 2. Spinner
3. Acalephæ. 9. Asteridæ. 3. Wanner.
B. CONCHOZOA.VIII Cl. Crustacea.Co. II. Dictyoptera.
IV Cl. Mussels.Co. 1. Krebse.O. 4. Neuroptera.
O. 1. Röhrenmuscheln.O. 1. Pfriemenkrebse.F. 1. Nagbolden.
F. 1. PholadesF. 1. EntomostracaA. 1. Kieferläuse
2. Tellinidæ 2. Branchiopoda 2. Termitidæ
3. Cardiacea. 3. Phyllopoda. 3. Phryganeidæ.
O. 2. Spaltmuscheln.O. 2. Scheerenkrebse.F. 2. Raubbolden.
4. Mytilaceæ 4. Squillæ 4. Hemerobiidæ
5. Arcaceæ 5. Macroura 5. Raphidiidæ
6. Ostraceæ. 6. Brachyura 6. Libellulidæ.
V Cl. Snails.Co. II. Asseln.O. 5. Orthoptera.
O. 1. Androgyni.O. 3. Saugasseln.F. 1. Saltatoria.
F. 1. TritoniæF. 1. LernœæA. 1. Achetidæ
2. Patellæ 2. Arguli 2. Gryllidæ
3. Pulmonea. 3. Pyncnogonides. 3 Locustidæ.
O. 2. Diœcii.O. 4. NagasselnF. 2. Cursoria.
4. Capulidæ 4. Læmodipoda 4. Mantides
5. Turbinidæ 5. Amphipoda 5. Blattidæ
6. Buccinidæ. 6. Isopoda. 6. Forficulidæ.
VI Cl. Kracken.Co. III. Kobe.O. 6. Hemiptera.
O. 1. Rumpfkracken.O. 1. Langkobe.F. 1. Leptoptera.
F. 1. SalpæF. 1. PoduræA. 1. Aphidii
2. Ascidiæ 2. Juli 2. Cicadæ
3. Cirripedia. 3. Scolopendræ. 3. Fulgoridæ.
O. 2. Kopfkracken.O. 2. Kurzkobe.F. 2. Pachyptera.
4. Brachiopoda 4. Acaridæ 4. Water-bugs
5. Pteropoda 5. Scorpions 5. Narrow bugs
6. Cephalopoda. 6. Spiders. 6. Broad bugs.
C. ANCYLIOZOA.IX. Cl. Ptilota.Co. III. Ceratoptera.
VII CL. WormsCo. I. TracheopteraO. 1. Phytophaga
VIII Cl. CrustaceaII. Dictyoptera2. Zoophaga
IX Cl. Ptilota or Flies.III. Ceratoptera.3. Moderkäfer.
Co. III. Ceratoptera.O. 3. Rypophaga.
A. PROTOZOA.O. 1. Phytophaga.F. 7. Necrophaga.F. 7. Erdkäfer.
I Cl. Infusoria.F. 1. RhyncophoraA. 1. Fungivora.A. 1. Phyllophaga.
F. 1. MonadesA. 1. Langrüssler Scaphidiidæ a. Melolonthidæ
2. Rhizopoda 2. Kurzrüssler Erotyli b. Anoplognathidæ
3. Rotifera. 3. Breitrüssler. Encidæ. c. Rutelidæ.
II Cl. Polypi.F. 2. Blattkäfer.A. 2. Speckfresser.2. Anthobii.
F. 1. HydræA. 1. Galerucidæ 1. Dermestidæ a. Lepitrichidæ
2. Alcyonia 2. Chrysomelidæ 2. Nitidulidæ b. Dichelidæ
3. Actiniæ. 3. Crioceridæ. 3. Silphidæ. c. Glaphyridæ.
III Cl. Acalephæ.F. 3. Holzkäfer.A. 1. Dung-feeders.3. Melitophaga.
F. 1. Physaliæ 7. Bostrychidæ 1. Byrrhidæ a. Cetoniæ
2. Beroeæ 8. Elateridæ 2. Sphæridiidæ b. Trichii
3. Acalephæ. 9. Cerambycidæ. 3. Histeridæ. c. Goliathi.
B. CONCHOZOA.O. 2. Zoophaga.
IV Cl. Mussels.F. 4. Water-beetles.F. 8. Mulmkäfer.A. 2. Coprophaga.
O. 1. Röhrenmuscheln.A. 1. Sumpkäfer.A. 1. Trachelidæ. a. Aphodii
F. 1. Pholades a. Heteroceridæ a. Lagriæ
2. Tellinidæ b. Parnidæ b. Pyrochroæ
3. Cardiacea. c. Hydrophilidæ. c. Mordellæ.
O. 2. Spaltmuscheln.A. 2. Flusskäfer.Serropalpidæ. b. Copridæ.
4. Mytilaceæ d. Girinidæ d. Mycteridæ
5. Arcaceæ e. Haliplidæ e. Œdemeræ
6. Ostraceæ. f. Dytiscidæ. f. Melandryæ.
V Cl. Snails.F. 5. Mordkäfer.A. 2. Stenelytra.Arenicolæ.
O. 1. Androgyni.A. 1. Raubkäfer
F. 1. Tritoniæ a. Pselaphidæ a. Cistelidæ a. Æglaliæ.
2. Patellæ b. Scydmænidæ b. Helopidæ
3. Pulmonea. c. Staphylinidæ. c. Cnodalidæ.
O. 2. Diœcii.A. 2. Laufkäfer.Taxicornes. b. Trogidæ.
4. Capulidæ d. Carabidæ d. Niliondæ
5. Turbinidæ e. Brachinidæ e. Cossyhidæ
6. Buccinidæ. f. Cicindelidæ. f. Diaperidæ.
VI Cl. Kracken.F. 6. Schmarotzkäfer.A. 3. Tenebrionidæ.Geotrupidæ.
O. 1. Rumpfkracken.A. 1. Leuchtkäfer.
F. 1. Salpæ a. Lampyridæ a. Tenebriones a. Geotrupes.
2. Ascidiæ b Melyridæ b. Toxicidæ
3. Cirripedia. c. Cleridæ. c. Opatridæ.
O. 2. Kopfkracken.A. 2. Ziehkäfer.Melanosomata. b. Lethri.
4. Brachiopoda d. Notoxidæ d. Blapsidæ
5. Pteropoda e. Horiidæ e. Pimeladiidæ
6. Cephalopoda. f. Cantharides. f. Sepidiæ.
C. ANCYLIOZOA.O. 3. Moderkäfer.F. 9. Erdkäfer.A. 3. Lohfresser.
VII CL. WormsF. 7. AaskäferA. 1. Phyllophaga a. Lucanidæ
VIII Cl. Crustacea 8. Mulmkäfer 2. Coprophaga b. Passalidæ
IX Cl. Ptilota or Flies. 9. Erdkäfer. 3. Lohfresser. c. Oryctidæ.