In my Essay entitled Grundzeichnung des natürlichen Systems der Erze; Jena bey Frommann, 1809, 4to, I arranged the Ores for the first time, not according to the Metals, but agreeably to their combinations with Oxygen, Acids, and Sulphur, and thus into Oxyden, Halden, Glanzen, and Gediegenen. This has imparted to the recent science of Mineralogy its present aspect or form.

In the first edition of my Lehrbuch der Naturphilosophie, 1810 and 1811, I sought to bring these different doctrines into mutual connexion, and to show, forsooth, that the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal classes are not to be arbitrarily arranged in accordance with single or isolated characters, but to be based upon the cardinal organs or anatomical systems, from which a firmly established number of classes must of necessity result; moreover, that each of these classes commences or takes its starting-point from below, and consequently that all of them pass parallel to each other. This parallelism is now pretty generally adopted, at least in England and France, though with sundry modifications, which, from the principles being overlooked or neglected, are based at random, and are not therefore to be approved of. As in chemistry, where the combinations follow a definite numerical law, so also in Anatomy the organs, in Physiology the functions, and in Natural History the classes, families and even genera of Minerals, Plants and Animals, present a similar arithmetical ratio. The genera are indeed, on account of their great number and arbitrary erection to the rank whose title they bear, not to be circumscribed or limited in every case with due propriety, nor brought into their true scientific place in the system; it is nevertheless possible to render their parallelism with each other clear, and to prove that they by no means form a single ascending series. If once the genera of Minerals, Plants and Animals come to stand correctly opposite each other, a great advantage will accrue therefrom to the science of Materia Medica; for corresponding genera will act specifically upon each other.

These principles, which I have now carried out into detail, were retained in the second, and have been also in the third or present edition of the Physio-philosophy, the arrangement and serial disposition of the natural objects having, with my increase of knowledge and concomitant views of things, been amended, enlarged or diminished, as the case might require, especially in the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal systems. I am very well aware that there is many an object which does not stand in its right place; but where again is there a single system in which this is not still more strikingly the case? We have here dealt only with the restoration of the edifice, wherein, after years of long and oft-repeated attempts, the furniture may for the first time be properly distributed, without detriment to its general bearings or ground plan.

In my Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, the Mineralogical and Zoological portions of which are out of print, but the Botanical still to be had (Weimar, Industrie-Comptoir, 1826), I have arranged for the first time the genera and species in accordance with the above principles, and stated everything of vital importance respecting these matters. This was the first attempt to frame a scientific Natural History, and one unto which I have remained true in my last work, the Allgemeine Naturgeschichte, the principles whereof I have sought to develop more distinctly and in detail in the work now before the reader.

Thus then have I prosecuted throughout a long series of years one kind of principle, and worked hard to perfectionate it upon all sides. Yet, notwithstanding my endeavour to amass the manifold stores of knowledge so requisite to an undertaking like this, I could not acquire within the vast circuit that appertains thereunto, many things which might be necessary unto a system extending into all matters of detail. This it is to be hoped the reader will acknowledge, and have forbearance for the errors, against which every one will stumble who has busied himself throughout life with a single branch of the natural sciences. Natural History is not a closed department of human knowledge, but presupposes numerous other sciences, such as Anatomy, Physiology, Chemistry and Physics, with even Medicine, Geography and History; so that one must be content with knowing only the main facts of the same, and relinquishing the Singular to its special science. The gaps and errors in Natural History can therefore be filled up or removed only by numerous writers and in the lapse of time.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
Conception of the Science
Division of the Science. Truth.		1
[PART I]. MATHESIS 5
Nothing, [§ 31]. Something, [§ 50].
A.[PNEUMATOGENY]13
Primary Act, [§ 55]. Primary Consciousness, [§ 59]. God, [§ 61]a. Primary Rest, [§ 71]. b. Time, [§ 72]. Polarity, [§ 76]. Motion,[§ 80]. Man, [§ 93]. c. Space, [§ 108]. Point, Line, Surface,Globe, Rotation.
B.[HYLOGENY]35
a. Gravity, [§ 148]. Matter, Æther, Heavenly Bodies. b. Light, [§ 182]. c. Heat, [§ 198]. Fire.
[PART II]. ONTOLOGY 49
A.[COSMOGENY]ib.
a. Rest, Centre, [§ 209]. Motion, Line, Planets, [§ 215]. c. Form, [§ 231]. Planetary System, Comets.
B.[STÖCHIOGENY]59
Condensation, [§ 253]. Simple matters, Elements. a. Air [§ 282]. b. Water, [§ 294]. c. Earth, [§ 303].
C.[STÖCHIOLOGY]68
Functions of the Elements. 1. Functions of the Æther, [§ 317] a. Gravity, [§ 320]. b. Light, [§ 321]. Inflexion, Refraction, Reflexion, Colours, [§ 354]. Colours and Planets, [§ 379]. c. Heat, [§ 385]. 2. Function of the Air, [§ 410]. Electrism. 3. Function of the Water, [§ 432]. Solution. 4. Function of Earth, [§ 438]. Crystallization.
D.[KINGDOMS OF NATURE]95
Individuals, [§ 463].
[FIRST KINGDOM]—MINERALS96
I.MINERALOGY,[§ 474]. Division,[§ 490].
a. Chemical Division [103].
b. Genetic Division. Classes[106].
Class I. Earth-EarthsEarths.
II. Water-EarthsSalts.
III. Air-EarthsInflammables.
IV. Fire-EarthsOres.
[Table A] to face page 120
II.[GEOLOGY]121
I. Form of the Planet, [§ 546]. Primary Valleys. II. Organs of the Planet, [§ 570].
A.[Earths]127
a. Earth Formation—Primary Rocks, [§ 573]. Granite, Gneiss, Mica-schist, Lamination, Primary Limestone. b. Water-formation, [§ 622]. Transition-rocks, Sedimentary or Stratified Rocks, Stratified Limestone, Petrifactions or Fossil Remains. c. Air-formation—Trap-rocks, [§ 681]. d. Fire-formation—Volcanic Rocks, [§ 690].
B.[Metallic Ores]148
a. Metallic Veins, [§ 693]. b. Production of Ore, [§ 698]. c. Poison, [§ 755]. d. Magnetism, [§ 760]. e. Earth-magnetism, [§ 771].
C.[Inflammables]166
a. Sulphur, [§ 801]. b. Coal, [§ 819].
D.[Salts]170
a. Salt-periods, [§ 827]. b. Chemism, [§ 847].
[PART III]. BIOLOGY178
A.[ORGANOSOPHY]ib.
I.[Organogeny]. Galvanism, [§ 867]. Primary Organism, [§ 882].
Creation of the Organic184
a. Elementary Body—Protoplasma or Primary Mucus, [§ 898] Change. b. Form—Globe, [§ 926]. Primary Vesicle, [§ 933]. Infusoria, [§ 935]. Theory of Generation, [§ 943]. c. Processes of the Organic. 1. Earth-process—Nutrition, [§ 964] 2. Water-process—Digestion, [§ 971]. 3. Air-process—Respiration, [§ 977]. 4. Motion, [§ 984].
II.[Organognosy]197
Division of the Organism, [§ 933], into Planetary and Cosmic Organism. Processes of the Cosmic Organism, [§ 1014]. 1. Process of Gravity, [§ 1021]. 2. Process of Heat, [§ 1024]. 3. Process of Light, [§ 1027]
[SECOND KINGDOM]—VEGETABLE KINGDOM204
I.[PHYTOGENY], [§ 1038].
A.Planetary Organs—[Vegetable Trunk].206
I.Tissues, [§ 1055]. 1. Water-organ—Cellular Tissue, [§ 1056] 2. Earth-organ—Vascular Tissue, [§ 1062]. 3. Air-organ—Tracheal Tissue, [§ 1065].
II.Anatomical Systems—Sheaths, [§ 1075]. 1. Tracheal System—Wood, [§ 1077]. Vascular System—Liber, [§ 1080]. 3. Cellular System—Bark, [§ 1084].
III.Organs—Members, [§ 1086]. 1. Water-organ—Root, [§ 1090] Earth-organ—Stalk, [§ 1096]. 3. Air-organ—Leaves, [§ 1120].
B.Æther-Organs—[Thyrsus or Flower].228
1. Floral Envelopes, [§ 1187]. Involucrum, Calyx, Corolla—Numerical Law, [§ 1209]. Coloration, [§ 1241]. Stamen-filaments, [§ 1252]—Anthers. 2. Pistil, [§ 1276]. Style. 3. Seed, [§ 1301]. 4. Fruit, [§ 1335]. Fruit of the Flowerless Plants, [§ 1346].
II.[PHYTO-PHYSIOLOGY] 255
I[Functions of the Trunk]. 1. Facts.
A.Constituent Parts. a. Inorganic Bodies—Elements, [§ 1364] b. Organic Bodies, [§ 1368].
B.[Preliminary Events] 259
2. Processes 262
A.Cellular Processes, [§ 1385]. Absorption, Evaporation, Digestion.
B.Vascular Processes, [§ 1399]. Conveyance of Sap, Mixture of Sap, Secretion.
C.Tracheal Processes, [§ 1411]. Inspiration, Nutrition, Oxydation. Galvanic Process—Sap-motion, [§ 1443].
II.[Functions of the Floral Organs] 272
1. Function of the Corolla—Fecundation, [§ 1454]. Irritability.
2. Function of the Ovarium, [§ 1473]. 3. Function of the Seed. Germination, [§ 1476]. Growth, [§ 1481]. Fall of the Leaf.
III.[PHYTOLOGY] 279
Vegetable System, §[§ 1508]-1754.
[Table B] opposite to page316
[THIRD KINGDOM]—ANIMAL KINGDOM318
I.[ZOOGENY]318
[Anatomy].326
I.[Tissues]327
1. Point-tissue—Nervous mass, [§ 1801]. 2. Globe-tissue—Osseous mass, [§ 1825]. 3. Line-tissue—Muscular mass, [§ 1835]. 4. Vesicular tissue, [§ 1846]. Integument.
II.[Anatomical Systems] or Sheaths338
A.[Vegetative]339
1. Intestinal System, [§ 1878]. 2. Cutaneous System, [§ 1909] Branchiæ, Tracheæ. 3. Vascular System, [§ 1926]. 4. Sexual System, [§ 1999].
B.[Animal Systems]356
1. Nervous System, [§ 2018]. Brain, Senses. 2. Osseous System, [§ 2079]. Vertebral Number, [§ 2109]. 3. Muscular System, [§ 2118].
III.[Organs]378
A.[Vegetative]378
1. Intestinal Organs, [§ 2158]. 2. Vascular Organs, [§ 2194] Branchiæ, Lungs, Liver, Spleen, Kidneys. 3. Respiratory Organs, [§ 2246]. Coverings, Hairs. 4. Sexual Organs, [§ 2285]. Impregnation, [§ 2315]. Urinary Organs, [§ 2337].
B.[Animal Organs]404
1. Osseous Organs—Limbs, [§ 2370]. 2. Muscular Organs, [§ 2398] 3. Nervous Organs, [§ 2405]—Senses. 1. Vascular Sense—Sense of Feeling, [§ 2440]. 2. Intestinal Sense—Taste, [§ 2454]. 3. Pulmonic Sense—Smell, [§ 2468]. 4. Osseo-Muscular Sense—Hearing, [§ 2476]. 5. Nervous Sense—Vision, [§ 2488].
II.[PHYSIOLOGY]423
A.[General Functions]423
B.[Special Functions]425
I.Functions of the Tissues, [§ 2539]—Heat.
II.[Functions of the Systems].429
A. Of the Vegetal Systems. 1. Digestion, [§ 2571]. Poisoning. 2. Respiration, [§ 2639]. 3. Circulation, [§ 2655].
B.[Functions of the Animal Systems] 442
1. Of the Osseous System, [§ 2672]. 2. Of the Muscular System, [§ 2686]. 3. Of the Nervous System, [§ 2700]. Mesmerism, [§ 2721] Sleep, [§ 2736]. Periodicity, [§ 2761]
III.[Functions of the Organs] 455
1.[Functions of the Encephalic or Brain-Animal]456
A.[Organs of Motion].
B.[Organs of Sensation].458
1. Sense of Feeling, [§ 2786]. Sense of Taste, [§ 2821]. Sense of Smell, [§ 2835]. Auditory Sense, [§ 2849]. Speech. Sense of Sight, [§ 2902].
2.[Functions of the Sexual Animal]477
A.Vegetal Sexual Organs—Formation of Urine, [§ 2934].
B.[Animal Sexual Organs].480
1. Male Organs, [§ 2946]. 2. Female Parts, [§ 2952]. Mammæ. Development of the Fruit or Fœtus, [§ 2981]. Parallelism of the Fœtus with the Animal Classes, [§ 3034]. Periods of Life, [§ 3502].
III.[ZOOLOGY]494
A.[Division into Provinces].501
B.[Division into Circles].502
C.[Division into Classes].511
[First Province], Somatozoa (Rumpfthiere) Splanchnozoa;511
including the three Circles of Intestinal, Vascular, and Respiratory Animals, or Protozoa, Conchozoa, and Ancyliozoa; with their contained Classes up to 568
Metamorphosis of Insects, [§ 3291]. Parallelism, [§ 3299] Relationships, [§ 3301].
[Second Province], Cephalozoa, (Kopfthiere);544
including the two circles of Sarcose and Sense-Animals; with their contained Classesup to 568
D.[Division into Orders and Families].569
Of those included within the Classes of the First Province or Splanchnozoa;
with their Tabular Co-arrangementup to 614
Of those comprised by the Classes of the Second Province or Sarcozoa; with their Tabular Co-arrangementup to 653
IV.[PSYCHOLOGY]654
A.Spiritual Functions of the Somato- or Dermatozoa654
B.[Spiritual Functions of the Cephalozoa]658

PHYSIO-PHILOSOPHY.