Handbook of the Trees of New England

by Lorin Low Dame; Henry M. Brooks

INDEX.

A
Abele. (Populus alba, L.) [39], [40]
Abies balsamea, Mill. Fir balsam [20]-[22]
Abietacæ. (Pinoideæ) [1]-22
Larix [1]-[4]
Pinus [4]-[12]
Picea [12]-[18]
Tsuga [19], [20]
Abies [20]-[22]
Acacia, (Robinia Pseudacacia, L.) [131], [132]
(Robinia viscosa, Vent.) [132]
Three-thorned. (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.) [129], [130]
Aceraceæ. (Maple family). [140]-153
Acer barbatum, Michx. Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree [144]-[146]
barbatum, var. nigrum, Sarg. Black maple [146], [147]
dasycarpum, Ehrh. Silver, Soft, White, River maple [142]-[144]
Negundo, L. Box elder, Ash-leaved maple [151]-[153]
nigrum, Michx. Black maple [146], [147]
Pennsylvanicum, L. Striped maple, Moosewood, Whistlewood [149]-[151]
platanoides Norway maple [146]
rubrum, L. Red, Swamp, Soft, White maple [140]-[142]
saccharinum, L. Silver, Soft, White, River maple [142]-[144]
saccharinum, Wang. Rocky Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree [144]-[146]
saccharinum, var. nigrum, T. and G. Black maple [146], [147]
Saccharum, Marsh. Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree [144]-[146]
Saccharum, Marsh., var. barbatum, Trelease [172]
Saccharum, Marsh., var. nigrum, Britton. Black maple [146], [147], [172]
spicatum, Lam. Mountain maple [148], [149]
Negundo aceroides, Moench. Box elder, Ash-leaved maple [151]-[153]
Negundo, Karst, Box elder, Ash-leaved maple [151]-[153]
Ailanthus family. (Simarubaceæ) & [133]
Ailanthus, Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac (Ailanthus glanulosus, Desf.) [133]
Alder, European. (Alnus glutinosa, Medic.) [70]
Alnus glutinosa, Medic, European alder [70]
Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic. Shadbush, June-berry, [116], [117]
American elm (Ulmus Americana, L.) [95]-[97]
holly. (Hex opaca, Alt.) [138]-[146]
Anacardiaceæ. (Sumac family) [134]-[137]
Rhus copallina. Dwarf sumac, [137]
glabra. Smooth sumac, [137]
hirta, Sudw. Staghorn sumac, [134], [135]
toxicodendron. Poison ivy, [137]
typhina, L. Staghorn sumac, [134], [135]
venenata, DC. Dogwood, Poison sumac. Poison elder, [136], [137]
vernix, L. Dogwood, Poison sumac. Poison elder, [136], [137]
Apple family. (Pomaceæ) [112]-[121]
Apple tree. (Pyrus malus, L.) [115]
Aquifoliaceæ. (Holly family) [138]-[140]
Ilex opaca, Ait. American holly [138], [140]
Ash, Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash. (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) [167]-[168]
European mountain ash. (Pyrus aucuparia) [113], [115]
Green ash. (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata, Sarg.) [166], [172]
Mountain ash. (Pyrus Americana, DC.) [112], [113]
Mountain ash. (Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.) [113]-[115]
Red, Brown, River ash. (Fraxinus pubescens. Lam.) [164], [165]
White ash. (Fraxinus Americana, L.) [162]-[164]
Ash-leaved maple. (Acer negundo, L.) [151]-[153]
Aspen, Large-toothed. (Populusgrandidentata, Michx.) [31], [32]
(Populus tremuloides, Michx.) [29], [30]
B
Balm of Gilead. (Populus balsamifera, L.) [36], [37]
(Populus candicans, Alt.). [37]-[39], [171]
Balsam. (Abies balsamea, Mill.) [20]-[22]
(Populus balsamifera, L.) [36], [37]
Basket ash. (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) [167], [168]
Basswood. (Tilia Americana, L.) [153]-[155]
Bear oak. (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.) [93], [94]
Beech family. (Fagaceæ) [70]-[94]
Beech (Fagus ferruginea, Alt.) [70]-[72]
Blue beech, Water beech. (Carpinus Caroliniana. Walt.) [59], [60]
Betula lenta, L. Black, Cherry, Sweet birch [61], [62]
lutea, Michx. L. Yellow, Gray birch [63], [64]
nigra, L. Red, River birch [55], [66]
papyrifera. Marsh. White, Canoe. Paper birch, [68]-[70]
Betula papyrifera, var. minor, Tuckerman. Dwarf birch [68]
populifolia, Marsh. Gray, Poplar, Oldfield, Poverty, Small white birch [66]-[68]
Betulaceæ. (Birch family) [57]-[70]
Alnus glutinosa, Medic. European alder [70]
Betula lenta, L. Black, Cherry, Sweet birch [61], [62]
lutea, Michx. f. Yellow, Gray birch [63], [64]
nigra, L. Red, River birch [65], [66]
papyrifera, Marsh. White, Canoe, Paper birch [68]-[70]
var. minor, Tuckerman. Dwarf birch [68]
populifolia, Marsh. Gray, Poplar, Oldfield, Poverty, Small white birch [66]-[68]
Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. Hornbeam, Blue beech, Ironwood,Water beech [59], [60]
Ostrya Virginica, Willd. Hop hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood [57], [58]
Birch family. (Betulaceæ) [57]-[70]
Birch. Black, Cherry, Sweet birch. (Betula lenta, L.) [61], [62]
Canoe, White, Paper birch. (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.) [68]-[70]
Red, River birch (Betula nigra, L.) [65], [66]
White, Gray, Oldfield, Poplar, Poverty, Small white birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) [66]-[68]
Yellow, Gray birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.) [63], [64]
Bird cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.) [124], [125]
Bitternut (Carya amara, Nutt.) [55]-[57]
Black ash (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) [167], [168]
birch (Betula lenta, L.) [61], [62]
cherry (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.) [127], [128]
maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh., var. nigrum, Britton) [146], [147], [172]
oak (Quercus velutina, Lam.) [89]-[91]
spruce (Picea nigra, Link) [12]-[14]
walnut (Juglans nigra, L.) [48], [49]
willow (Salix nigra, Marsh.) [42], [43]
Blue beech (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.) [59], [60]
Box elder (Acer negundo, L.) [151]-[153]
white oak (Quercus stellata, Wang.) [77], [78]
Boxwood (Cornus florida, L.) [156], [157]
Braintree, Mass. Fine specimen of Ilex opaca on farm of Col. Minot Thayer [139]
Brittle willow (Salix fragilis, L.) [43]-[45]
Brown ash (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) [167], [168]
(Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.) [164], [165]
Bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.) [79], [80]
Butternut (Juglans cinerea, L.) [46], [47]
Buttonball (Platanus occidentalis, L.) [110], [111]
Buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis, L.) [110], [111]
C
Canada plum (Primus nigra. Ait.), [122], [123]
Canoe birch (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.), [68]-[70]
Caprifoliaceæ. (Honeysuckle family), [168], [169]
Viburnum Lentas L. Sheep berry sweet viburnum. Nanny plum [168], [169]
Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. Hornbeam. Blue beech. Ironwood. Water beech [59], [60]
Carya alba, Nutt. Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut. [49]-[51]
amara, Nutt. Bitter nut. Swamp hickory, [55]-[57]
porcina, Nutt. Pignut. White hickory, [53]-[55]
tomentosa, Nutt. Mockernut. White-heart hickory. Walnut [51]-[53]
Castanea dentata. Borkh. Chestnut, [72]-[74]
sativa, var. Americana, Watson & Coulter. Chestnut, [72]-[74]
vesca, var. Americana, Michx. Chestnut, [72]-[74]
Cat spruce. (Picea alba, Link) [16]-[18]
Cedar, Arbor vitæ. White cedar. (Thuja occidentals, L.) [23], [24]
Red cedar. Savin. (Juniperus Virginiana. L.) [26]-[28]
White cedar. (Chamæcyparis sphæroidea, Spach) [25], [26]
Celtis occidentalis. L. Hackberry, Nettle tree, Hoop ash, Sugar berry [100]-[102]
Chamæcyparis sphæroidea. Spach. White cedar, [25], [26]
Cherry. (Primus Avium, L.) [128]
Chokecherry. (Prunus Virginiana, L.) [125], [126]
Rum, Black cherry. (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.) [127], [128]
Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry Prunus Pennsylvania, L. f. [124], [125]
Cherry birch. (Betula lenta, L.) [61], [62]
Chestnut. (Castanea sativa, var. Americana, Watson & Coulter) [72]-[74]
Chestnut oak. (Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.) [84], [85]
(Quercus prinus, L.) [82]-[84]
Chinese sumac. (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.) [133]
Chokecherry. (Prunus Virginiana, L.) [125], [126]
Clammy locust. (Robinia viscosa, Vent.) [132]
Cockspur thorn (Cratægus Crus-Galli, L.) [117], [118], [171]
Conifer family, (Pinoideæ) [1]-[28]
Cork elm. (Ulmus racemosa, Thomas) [99], [100]
Cornaceæ. (Dogwood family) [150]-[160]
Cornus alternifolia, L. f. Dogwood, Green osier [157], [158]
florida, L. Flowering dogwood, Boxwood [156], [157]
Nyssa sylvatica. Marsh. Tupelo, Sour gum, Pepperidge [159], [160]
Cottonwood (Populus deltoides, Marsh.) [34], [35]
(Populus heterophylla. L.) [33], [34]
Crack willow. (Salix fragilis, L.), [43]-[45]
Cratægus Arnoldiana, Sarg. Thorn, [121]
coccinea, L. Thorn, [118], [119]
coccinea, var. mollis, T. & G. Thorn, [120], [121]
Crus-Galli, L. Cockspur thorn, [117], [118], [171]
mollis, Scheele Thorn, [120], [121]
punctata, Jacq. Cockspur thorn, [118]
submollis, Sarg. Thorn, [121]
subvillosa, Schr. Thorn, [120], [121]
Cupressaceæ. (Pinoideæ), [23]-[28]
Cupressus, [25], [26]
Juniperus, [26]-[28]
Thuja, [23], [24]
Cupressus thyoides, L. White cedar, [25], [26]
D
Diospyros Virginiana, L. Persimmon, [160]-[162]
Dogwood family. (Cornaceæ), [156]-[160]
Dogwood (Rhus vernix, L.), [136], [137]
Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida, L.), [156], [157]
Green osier (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.), [157], [158]
Double spruce (Picea nigra, Link), [12]-[14]
Drupaceæ. (Plum family), [122]-[128]
Prunus Americana, Marsh. Wild plum, [123], [124], [171]
Americana, var. nigra, Waugh. Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum, [122], [123]
Avium, L. Mazard cherry, [128]
nigra, Ait. Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum, [122], [123], [171]
Pennsylvanica, L. f. Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry, [124], [125]
serotina, Ehrh. Rum, Black cherry, [127], [128]
Virginiana, L. Chokecherry, [125], [126]
Dwarf birch. (Betula papyrifera, var. minor, Tuckerman), [68]
black spruce. (Picea nigra, var. semiprostrata), [12]
sumac. (Rhus copallina), [137]
E
Ebenaceæ. (Ebony family), [160]-[162]
Diospyros Virginiana, L. Persimmon, [160]-[162]
Ebony family. (Ebenaceæ), [160]-[162]
Elder, Poison elder. (Rhus vernix, L.), [136], [137]
Elm family. (Ulmaceæ), [95]-[102]
Elm, American elm (Ulmus Americana, L.), [95]-[97]
Cork, Rock elm (Ulmus racemosa. Thomas), [99], [100]
Slippery, Red elm (Ulmus fulva, Michx.), [97], [98]
European alder (Alnus glutinosa. Medic.), [70]
mountain ash (Pyrus aucuparia), [113]-[115]
F
Fagaceæ. (Beech family), [70]-[94]
Castanea dentata, Borkh. Chestnut, [72]-[74]
sativa, var. Americana, Watson & Coulter Chestnut, [72]-[74]
vesca, var. Americana, Michx. Chestnut, [72]-[74]
Fagus Americana, Sweet Beech, [70]-[72]
atropunicea, Sudw. Beech, [70]-[72]
ferruginea, Ait. Beech, [70]-[72]
Quercus acuminata, Sarg. Chestnut oak, [84], [85]
alba, L. White oak, [75]-[77]
bicolor, Willd. Swamp white oak, [80]-[82]
coccinea, Wang. Scarlet oak, [88], [89]
coccinea, var. tinctoria, Gray. Black, Yellow oak, [89]-[91]
ilicifolia, Wang. Scrub, Bear oak, [93], [94]
macrocarpa, Michx. Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak, [79], [80]
minor, Sarg. Post, Box white oak, [77]-[78]
Muhlenbergii, Engelm. Chestnut oak, [84], [85]
nana, Sarg. Scrub oak, Bear oak, [93], [94]
obtusiloba, Michx. Post, Box white oak, [77], [78]
palustris, Du Roi Pin, Swamp, Water oak, [91]-[93]
platanoides, Sudw. Swamp white oak, [80]-[82]
prinoides, Willd. Scrub white oak. Scrub chestnut oak, [85]
prinus, L. Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak, [82]-[84]
pumila, Sudw. Scrub, Bear oak, [93], [94]
rubra, L. Red oak, [86], [87]
stellata, Wang. Post, Box white oak, [77], [78]
tinctoria, Bartram Black, Yellow oak, [89]-[91]
velutina, Lam. Black, Yellow oak, [89]-[91]
Fir (Abies balsamea, Mill.), [20]-[22]
Fir balsam (Abies balsamea, Mill.), [20]-[22]
Fraxinus Americana, L. White ash, [162]-[164]
lanceolata. Borkh. Green ash, [166], [172]
nigra. Marsh. Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash, [167], [168]
Pennsylvanica, Marsh. Red, Brown, River ash, [164], [165]
Fraxinus Pennsylvania, var. lanceolata, Sarg. Green ash, [166], [172]
pubescens, Lam. Red, Brown, River ash, [164], [165]
sambucifolia, Lam. Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash, [167], [168]
viridis, Michx. f. Green ash, [166], [172]
G
Glaucous willow. (Salix discolor, Muhl.), [40], [41]
Gleditsia triacanthos, L. Honey locust, [129], [130]
Gray birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.), [63], [64]
(Betula populifolia, Marsh.), [66]-[68]
pine. (Pinus Banksiana, Lam.), [8], [9]
Green ash. (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata, Sarg.), [166], [172]
osier. (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.), [157], [158]
Groome estate, Dorchester, Mass., Willow. (Salix fragilis, 1890), [44]
Gum, (Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.), [108], [109]
Sour gum. (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.), [159], [160]
H
Hackberry. (Celtis occidentalis, L.), [100]-[102]
Hacmatack. (Larix Americana, Michx.), [2]-[4]
Hamamelidaceæ. (Witch Hazel family), 108, 109
Liquidambar styraciflua, L. Sweet gum, [108], [109]
Hard maple. (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.), [144]-[146]

pine. (Pinus rigida, Mill.), [6], [7]
Hemlock. (Tsuga Canadensis, Carr.), [19], [20]
Hickory. Bitternut, Swamp hickory. (Carya amara, Nutt.), [55]-[57]
Mockernut, White-heart hickory. (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.), [51]-[53]
Pignut, White hickory. (Carya porcina, Nutt.), [53]-[55]
Shagbark, Shellbark hickory. (Carya alba, Nutt.), [49]-[51]
Hicoria alba, Britton. Mockernut, White-heart hickory, Walnut, [51]-[53]
glabra, Britton. Pignut, White hickory, [53]-[55]
minima, Britton. Butternut, Swamp hickory, [55]-[57]
ovata, Britton. Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut, [49]-[51]
Holly family. (Aquifoliaceæ), [138]-[140]
Holly, American holly. (Ilex opaca, Ait.), [138]-[140]
Honey locust. (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.), [129], [130]
Honeysuckle family. (Caprifoliaceæ), [168], [169]
Hoop ash. (Celtis occidentals, L.), [100]-[102]
(Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.), [167], [168]
Hop hornbeam. (Ostrya Virginica, Willd.), [57], [58]
Hornbeam. (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.), [59], [60]
Horse plum. (Prunus nigra, Ait.), [122], [123]
I
Ilex opaca, Ait. American holly, [138]-[140]
Ironwood. (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.), [59], [60]
(Ostrya Virginica, Willd.), [57], [58]
Ivy, Poison ivy. (Rhus toxicodendron), [137]
J
Jack pine. (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb), [8], [9]
Juglandaceæ. (Walnut family), [47]-[57]
Carya alba, Nutt. Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut, [49]-[51]
amara, Nutt. Bitternut, Swamp hickory, [55]-[57]
porcina, Nutt. Pignut, White hickory, [53]-[55]
tomentosa, Nutt. Mockernut, White-heart hickory. Walnut, [51]-[53]
Hicoria alba, Britton Mockernut, White-heart hickory. Walnut, [51]-[53]
glabra, Britton. Pignut, White hickory, [53]-[55]
minima, Britton. Bitternut, Swamp hickory, [55]-[57]
ovata, Britton. Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut, [49]-[51]
Juglans cinerea, L. Butternut, Oilnut, Lemon walnut, [46], [47]
nigra, L. Black walnut, [48], [49]
June-berry. (Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic.), [116], [117]
Juniper. (Larix Americana, Michx.) [2]-[4]
Juniperus Virginiana, L. Red cedar, Savin, [26]-[28]
L
Labrador spruce. (Picea alba, Link) [16]-[18]
Laconia, N.H., Pussy willow, 35 ft. high. (Salix discolor, Muhl.) [41]
Larch. (Larix Americana, Michx.) [2]-[4]
Large-toothed aspen . . (Populus grandidenta, Michx.) [31], [32]
Larix Americana, Michx. Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper, [2]-[4]
laricina, Koch. Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper, [2]-[4]
Lauraceæ. (Laurel family), [106]-[108]
Sassafras officinale. Nees. Sassafras, [106]-[108]
Sassafras, Karst. Sassafras, [106]-[108]
Laurel family. (Lauraceæ), [106]-[108]
Leguminosæ. (Pulse family), [129]-[132]
Gleditsia triacanthos, L. Honey locust, Three-thorned acacia, [129], [130]
Robinia pseudacacia. L. Locust, [131], [132]
viscosa, Vent. Clammy locust, [132]
Lemon walnut (Juglans cinerea, L.), [46], [47]
Leverwood (Ostrya Virginica, Willd.), [57], [58]
Lime. (Tilia Americana, L.), [153]-[155]
Linden family. (Tiliaceæ), [153]-[155]
Linden. (Tilia Americana, L.), [153]-[155]
Liquidambar Styraciflua, L. Sweet gum, [108], [109]
Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. Tulip tree, Whitewood, Poplar, [104]-[106]
Locust. (Robinia pseudacacia, L.) [131], [132]
Clammy locust (Robinia viscosa, Vent.) [132]
Honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.) [129], [130]
M
Magnolia family. (Magnoliaceæ), [104]-[106]
Magnoliaceæ. (Magnolia family), [104]-[106]
Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. Tulip tree, Whitewood, Poplar, [104]-[106]
Malus Malus, Britton. Apple tree, [115]
Maple family. (Aceraceæ) [140]-[153]
Maple, Black maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh., var. nigrum, Britton) [127], [146], [172]
Box elder, Ash-leaved maple. (Acer negundo, L.), [151]-[153]
Mountain maple (Acer spicatum, Lam.), [148], [149]
Norway maple (cultivated) (Acer platanoides), [146]
Red, Swamp, Soft, White maple. (Acer rubrum, L.), [140]-[142]
Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree. (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.), [144]-[146], [172]
Silver, Soft, White maple, River (Acer saccharinum, L.), [142]-[144]
Striped maple, Moosewood, Whistlewood. (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.), [149]-[151]
Mazard cherry. (Prunus Avium, L.), [128]
Mockernut. (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.), [51]-[53]
Moosewood. (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.), [149]-[151]
Moraceæ. (Mulberry family), [102]-[104]
Morus alba, L. White mulberry, [104]
rubra, L. Red mulberry, [102], [103]
Mossy-cup oak (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.), [79], [80]
Mountain ash (Pyrus Americana, DC.), [112], [113]
(Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.), [113]-[115]
Mountain ash, European. (Pyrus aucuparia) [113], [115]
maple (Acer spicatum, Lam.) [148], [149]
Mulberry family. (Moraceæ) [102]-[104]
Mulberry, Red mulberry. (Morus rubra. L.) [102], [103]
White mulberry. (Morus alba, L.) [104]
N
Nanny plum (Viburnum Lentago, L.)., [168], [169]
Negundo aceroides, Moench. Box elder, Ash-leaved maple, [151]-[153]
Negundo, Karst., [151]-[153]
Nettle tree (Celtis occidentalis, L.), [100]-[102]
Norway maple. (Acer platanoides), [146]
pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.), [10], [11]
Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh. Tupelo, Sour gum, Pepperidge, [159], [160]
O
Oak, Black, Yellow oak (Quercus velutina, Lam.), [89]-[91]
Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.), [79], [80]
Chestnut oak (Quercus Muhlenbergii), [84], [85]
Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak (Quercus prinus, L.), [82]-[84]
Pin, Swamp, Water oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi), [91]-[8]
Post, Box white oak (Quercus stellata, Wang.), [77], [78]
Red oak (Quercus rubra, L.), [86], [87]
Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea, Wang.), [88], [89]
Scrub, Bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.), [93], [94]
Scrub chestnut, Scrub white oak (Quercus prinoides. Willd.), [85]
Swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor, Willd.), [80]-[82]
White oak (Quercus alba, L.), [75]-[77]
Oilnut (Juglans cinerea, L.), [46], [47]
Oldfield birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.), [66]-[68]
Oleaceæ (Olive family), [162]-[168]
Fraxinus Americana, L. White ash, [162]-[164]
lanceolata, Borkh. Green ash, [166], [172]
nigra, Marsh. Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash, [167], [168]
Pennsylvania, Marsh. Red, Brown, River ash, [164], [165]
Pennsylvania, var. lanceolata, Sarg. Green ash, [166], [172]
pubescens, Lam. Red, Brown, River ash, [164], [165]
sambucifolia, Lam. Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash, [167], [168]
viridis, Michx. f. Green ash, [166]
Olive family. (Oleaceæ), [162]-[168]
Osier (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.), [157], [158]
Ostrya Virginica, Willd. Hop hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood, [57], [58]
Over-cup oak. (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.), [79], [80]
P
Paper birch (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.), [68]-[70]
Pear tree (Pyrus communis, L.), [115]
Pepperidge (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.), [159], [160]
Persimmon (Diospyros Virginiana, L.), [160]-[162]
Picea alba, Link White spruce, [16]-[18]
Canadensis, B. S. P. White spruce, [16]-[18]
nigra, Link. Black spruce, [12]-[14]
nigra, var. semiprostrata Dwarf black spruce, [12]
rubra, Link Red spruce, [15], [16]
Pigeon cherry (Primus Pennsylvanica, L. f.), [124], [125]
Pignut (Carya porcina, Nutt.), [53]-[55]
Pin cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.), [124], [125]
oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi), [91]-[93]
Pine family: Conifers. (Pinoideæ), [1]-[28]
Pine. Jack, Gray, Scrub, Spruce pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb), [8], [9]
Pitch, Hard pine (Pinus rigida, Mill.), [6], [7]
Red, Norway pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.), [10], [11]
Scotch pine (dit incorrectly Scotch fir) (Pinus sylvestris, L.), [11], [12]
White pine (Pinus Strobus, L.), [4]-[6]
Pinoideæ (Pine family: Conifers), [1]-[28]
Abietaceæ, [1]-[22]
Abies balsamea, Mill. Fir balsam, Balsam, Fir, [20]-[22]
Larix Americana, Michx. Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper, [2]-[4]
laricina, Koch. Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper, [2]-[4]
Picea alba, Link White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador spruce, [16]-[18]
Canadensis, B.S.P. White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador spruce, [16]-[18]
nigra, Link. Black, Double, Swamp, Water spruce, [12]-[14]
rubra, Link. Red spruce, [15], [16]
semiprostrata Dwarf black spruce, [12]
Pinus Banksiana, Lamb. Jack, Gray, Scrub, Spruce pine, [8], [9]
resinosa, Ait. Red, Norway pine, [10], [11]
rigida, Mill. Pitch, Hard pine, [6], [7]
Strobus, L. White pine, [4]-[6]
sylvestris, L. Scotch pine, [11], [12]
Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. Hemlock........ [19], [20]
Cupressaceæ, [2], [23]-[28]
Chamæcyparis sphæroidea, Spach. White cedar, Cedar, [25], [26]
thyoides, L. White cedar, Cedar, [25], [26]
Juniperus Virginiana, L. Red cedar, Savin, [26]-[28]
Thuja occidentalis, L. Arbor-vitæ, White cedar, [23], [24]
Pitch pine. (Pinus rigida. Mill.), [6], [7]
Plane tree family. (Platanaceæ), [110], [111]
Platanaceæ. (Plane tree family), [110], [111]
Platanus occidentalis, L. Buttonwood, Sycamore. Buttonball, Plane tree, [110], [111]
Plum family. (Drupaceæ), [122]-[128]
Plum, Wild plum. (Prunus Americana, Marsh.), [123], [124], [171]
Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum. (Prunus nigra, Ait.), [122], [123], [171]
Poison elder (Rhus vernix. L.), [136], [137]
ivy (Rhus toxicodendron), [137]
sumac (Rhus vernix, L.), [136], [137]
Pomaceæ. (Apple family), [112]-[121]
Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic. Shadbush, June-berry, [116], [117]
Cratægus Arnoldiana, Sarg., Thorn, [121]
coccinea, L,. Thorn [118], [119]
coccinea, var. mollis, T. & G. " [120], [121]
Crus-Galli, L. Cockspur thorn, [117], [118], [171]
mollis, Scheele Thorn, [120], [121]
punctata, Jacq.....Cockspur thorn, [118]
submollis, Sarg. Thorn, [121]
subvillosa, Schr. Thorn [120], [121]
Malus malus, Britton Apple tree, [115]
Pyrus Americana, DC. Mountain ash, [112], [113]
aucuparia European mountain ash, [113], [115]
communis, L. Pear tree, [115]
malus, L. Apple tree, [115]
sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. Mountain ash, [113]-[115]
Sorbus Americana, Marsh. Mountain ash, [112], [113]
sambucifolia, Rœm. Mountain ash, [113], [115]
Poplar, Tulip tree, White wood. (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.), [104]-[106]
Aspen. (Populus tremuloides, Michx.), [29], [30]
Balsam, Balm of Gilead. (Populus balsamifera. L.), [36], [37]
Cottonwood. (Populus deltoides, Marsh.), [34], [35]
Poplar, Large-toothed aspen. (Populus grandidentata, Michx.), [31], [32]
Swamp poplar, Cottonwood, Poplar. (Populus heterophylla, L.), [33], [34]
White, Silver-leaved poplar. (Populus alba, L.), [39], [40]
Poplar birch. (Betula populifolia, Marsh.), [66]-[68]
Populus alba, L. Abele, White, Silver-leaved poplar, [39], [40]
balsamifera, L. Balsam, [3], [36], [37]
balsamifera, var. candicans, Gray. Balm of Gilead [37]-[39], [171]
balsamifera, var. intermedia Balsam, Poplar, Balm of Gilead, [36]
Populus balsamifera, var. latifolia Balsam, Poplar, Balm of Gilead, [36]
candicans, Ait., Balm of Gilead, [37]-[39], [171]
deltoides, Marsh. Cottonwood, Poplar, [34], [35]
grandidentata, Michx. Poplar, Large-toothed aspen, [31], [32]
heterophylla, L. Swamp poplar, Poplar, Cottonwood, [33], [34]
monilifera, Ait. Cottonwood, [34], [35]
tremuloides, Michx. Aspen, Poplar, [29], [30]
Post oak (Quercus stellata, Wang.), [77], [78]
Poverty birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.), [66]-[68]
Prunus Americana, Marsh. Wild plum, [123], [124], [171]
var. nigra, Waugh Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum, [122], [123], [171]
Avium, L. Mazard cherry, [128]
nigra, Ait. Wild plum, [122], [123], [171]
Pennsylvanica, L. f. Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry, [124], [125]
serotina, Ehrh. Rum, Black cherry, [127], [128]
Virginiana, L. Chokecherry, [125], [126]
Pulse family. (Leguminosæ), [129]-[132]
Pussy willow (Salix discolor, Muhl.), [40], [41], [171]
Pyrus Americana, DC. Mountain ash, [112], [113]
aucuparia European mountain ash, [113], [115]
communis, L. Pear tree, [115]
malus, L. Apple tree, [115]
sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. Mountain ash, [113]-[115]
Q
Quercus acuminata, Sarg. Chestnut oak, [84], [85]
alba, L. White oak, [75]-[77]
bicolor, Willd. Swamp white oak, [80]-[82]
coccinea, Wang. Scarlet oak, [88], [89]
coccinea, var. tinctoria, Gray. Black oak, [89]-[91]
ilicifolia, Wang. Scrub, Bear oak, [93], [94]
macrocarpa, Michx. Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak, [79], [80]
minor, Sarg. Post, Box white oak, [77], [78]
Muhlenbergii, Engelm. Chestnut oak, [84], [85]
nana, Sarg. ....Scrub, Bear oak, [93], [94]
obtusiloba, Michx. Post, Box white oak, [77], [78]
palustris, Du Roi. Pin, Swamp, Water oak, [91]-[93]
platanoides, Sudw. Swamp white oak, [80]-[82]

prinoides, Willd. Scrub white, Scrub chestnut oak, [85]
prinus, L. Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak, [82]-[84]
pumila, Sudw. Scrub, Bear oak, [93], [94]
Quercus rubra, L. Red oak, [86], [87]
stellata, Wang. Post, Box white oak, [77], [78]
tinctoria, Bartram. Black, Yellow oak, [89]-[91]
velutina, Lam. Black, Yellow oak, [89]-[91]
R
Red ash (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.), [164], [165]
birch (Betula nigra, L.), [65], [66]
cedar (Juniperus Virginiana, L.), [26]-[28]
elm (Ulmus fulva, Michx.), [97], [98]
maple (Acer rubrum, L.), [140]-[142]
mulberry (Morus rubra, L.), [102], [103]
oak (Quercus rubra, L.) [86], [87]
pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.), [10], [11]
plum (Prunus nigra, Ait.), [22], [123]
spruce (Picea rubra, Link), [15], [16]
Rhus copallina Dwarf sumac, [137]
glabra Smooth sumac, [137]
hirta, Sudw. Staghorn sumac, [134], [135]
toxicodendron Poison ivy, [137]
typhina, L. Staghorn sumac, [134], [135]
venenata, DC. Dogwood, Poison sumac, [136], [137]
vernix, L. Dogwood, Poison sumac, [136], [137]
River ash (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.), [164], [165]
birch (Betula nigra, L.), [65], [66]
maple (Acer saccharinum, L.), [142]-[144]
Robinia pseudacacia, L. Locust, [131], [132]
viscosa, Vent. Clammy locust, [132]
Rock chestnut oak (Quercus prinus, L.), [82]-[84]
elm (Ulmus racemosa, Thomas), [99], [100]
maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.), [144]-[146], [172]
Rum cherry (Primus serotina, Ehrh.), [127], [128]
S
Salicaceæ. (Willow family), [28]-[46]
Populus alba, L. Abele, White, Silver-leaf poplar, [39], [40]
balsamifera, L. Poplar, Balsam. Balm of Gilead, [36], [37]
balsamifera, var. candicans, Gray. Balm of Gilead, [37]-[39], [171]
balsamifera, var. intermedia Poplar, Balsam, [36]
balsamifera, var. latifolia Poplar, Balsam, [36]
candicans, Ait. Balm of Gilead, [37]-[39], [171]
deltoides, Marsh. Cottonwood, Poplar, [34], [35]
Populus grandidentata, Michx. Poplar, Large-toothed aspen, [31], [32]
heterophylla, L. Poplar, Swamp poplar, Cottonwood, [33], [34]
monilifera, Ait. Cottonwood poplar, [34], [35]
tremuloides, Michx. Poplar, Aspen, [29], [30]
Salix alba, L. White willow, [43], [45], [46]
var. cærulea, Koch White willow, [45]
var. vitellina, Koch White willow, [4]
balsamifera, Barrett, [171]
discolor, Muhl. Pussy willow, Glaucous willow, [40], [41], [171]
falcata, PurshBlack willow, [42]
fragilis, L. Crack willow, Brittle willow, [43]-[45]
nigra, Marsh. Black willow, [42], [43]
Sassafras officinale, Nees Sassafras, [106]-[108]
Sassafras, Karst. Sassafras, [106]-[108]
Savin (Juniperus Virginiana, L.), [26]-[28]
Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea, Wang.), [88], [89]
Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris, L.), [11], [12]
Scrub chestnut oak (Quercus prinoides, Willd.), [85]
oak (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.), [93], [94]
pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb), [8], [9]
white oak (Quercus prinoides, Willd.), [85]
Shadbush (Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic.), [116], [117]
Shagbark (Carya alba, Nutt.), [49]-[51]
Sheep berry (Viburnum Lentago, L.), [168], [169]
Silver-leaf poplar (Populus alba, L.), [39], [40]
maple (Acer saccharinum, L.), [142]-[144]
Simarubaceæ. (Ailanthus family), [133]
Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf. Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac, [133]
Skunk spruce (Picea alba, Link), [16]-[18]
Slippery elm (Ulmus fulva, Michx.), [97], [98]
Small white birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.), [66]-[68]
Smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), [137]
Soft maple (Acer rubrum, L.), [140]-[142]
(Acer saccharinum, L.), [142]-[144]
Sorbus Americana, Marsh. Mountain ash, [112], [113]
sambucifolia, Rœm. Mountain ash, [113], [115]
Sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.), [159], [160]
Spruce, Black, Swamp, Double, Water. (Picea nigra, Link), [12]-[14]
Red spruce (Picea rubra, Link), [15], [16]
White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador. (Picea alba, Link), [16]-[18]
Spruce pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb), [8], [9]
Staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina, L.), [134], [135]
Striped maple (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.), [149]-[151]
Sugar berry (Celtis occidentalis, L.), [100]-[102]
Sugar maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.), [144]-[146]
tree (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.), [144]-[146]
Sumac family. (Anacardiaceæ), [134]-[137]
Sumac, Ailanthus, Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.), [133]
Dogwood, poison sumac. (Rhus vernix, L.), [136], [137]
Dwarf sumac (Rhus copallina), [137]
Smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), [137]
Staghorn sumac (Rhus tyhina, L.), [134], [135]
Swamp ash (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.). . [167], [168]
hickory (Carya amara, Nutt.), [55]-[57]
maple (Acer rubrum, L.), [140]-[142]
oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi), [91]-[93]
poplar (Populus heterophylla, L.), [33], [34]
spruce (Picea nigra, Link), [12]-[14]
white oak (Quercus bicolor, Willd.), [80]-[82]
Sweet birch (Betula lenta, L.), [61], [62]
gum (Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.), [108], [109]
viburnum (Viburnum Lentago, L.), [168], [169]
Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis, L.), [110], [111]
T
Tamarack. (Larix Americana, Michx.), [2]-[4]
Thayer, Col. Minot estate, Braintree, Mass., Ilex opaca, fine specimen, [139]
Thorn. Cockspur (Cratægus Crus-Galli, L.), [117], [118], [171]
(Cratægus coccinea, L.), [118], [119]
(Cratægus mollis, Scheele), [120], [121]
Three-thorned acacia (Gleditsia tricanthus, L.), [129], [130]
Thuja occidentalis, L. Arbor-vitæ, White cedar, Cedar, [23], [24]
Tiliaceæ. (Linden family), [153]-[155]
Tilia Americana, L. Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood, [153]-[155]
Europæa Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood, [155]
heterophylla, Vent. Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood, [155]
puebescens, Ait. Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood, [155]
Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.), [183]
Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. Hemlock, [19], [20]
Tulip tree (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.), [104]-[106]
Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.), [159], [160]
U
Ulmaceæ. (Elm family) [95]-[102]
Celtis occidentalis, L. Hackberry, Nettle tree, Hoop ash, Sugar berry [100]-[102]
Ulmus Americana, L. American, White elm [95]-[97]
fulva, Michx. Slippery, Red elm [97], [98]
puebescens, Walt. Slippery, Red elm [97], [98]
racemosa, Thomas. Cork, Rock elm [99], [100]
V
Viburnum Lentago, L. Sheep berry [168], [169]
W
Walnut family. (Juglandaceæ) [47]-[57]
Walnut, Black walnut (Juglans nigra, L.) [48], [49]
Butternut, Oilnut, Lemon walnut. (Juglans cinerea, L.) [46], [47]
Mockernut, White-heart hickory. (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.) [51]-[53]
Walnut, Shagbark, Shellbark hickory. (Carya alba, Nutt.) [49]-[51]
Water beech (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.) [59], [60]
oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi) [91]-[93]
spruce (Picea nigra, Link) [12]-[14]
Watson, Thomas, Braintree, Mass., Ilex opaca, on estate of [139]
Whistlewood (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.) [149]-[151]
White ash (Fraxinus Americana, L.) [162]-[164]
birch (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.) [68]-[70]
(Betula populifolia, Marsh.) [66]-[68]
cedar (Cupressus thyoides, L.) [25], [26]
(Thuja occidentalis, L.) [23], [24]
elm (Ulmus Americana, L.) [95]-[97]
hickory (Carya porcina, Nutt.) [53]-[55]
maple (Acer rubrum, L.) [140]-[142]
(Acer saccharinum, L.) [142]-[144]
mulberry (Morus alba, L.) [104]
oak (Quercus alba, L.) [75]-[77]
pine (Pinus Strobus, L.) [4]-[6]
poplar (Populus alba, L.) [39], [40]
spruce (Picea alba, Link) [16]-[18]
willow (Salix alba) [43], [45], [46]
White-heart hickory (Carya tomentosa, Nutt) [51]-[53]
Whitewood (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.) [104]-[106]
Whitewood (Tilia Americana, L.), [153]-[155]
Wild plum (Prunus Americana, Marsh.), [171]
(Prunus nigra, Ait.), [122], [123], [171]
red cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.), [124], [125]
Willow family. (Salicaceæ), [28]-[46]
Willow, Black willow (Salix nigra, Marsh.), [42], [43]
Crack, Brittle willow. (Salix fragilis, L.), [43]-[45]
Pussy willow, Glaucous willow (Salix discolor, Muhl.), [40], [41], [171]
White willow. (Salix alba, L., var. vitellina, Koch), [45], [46]
Witch hazel family. (Hamamelidaceæ), [108], [109]
Y
Yellow birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.), [63], [64]
oak. (Quercus velutina, Lam.), [89]-[91]