LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

[RED RACE: NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN, SOUTH AMERICAN INDIAN]
THE WHITE RACE.
FIG. PAGE
[1.]—MEN AND WOMEN OF ANATOLIA5
[2.]—SAMOIEDES OF THE NORTH CAPE7
[WHITE OR CAUCASIAN RACE: SCANDINAVIAN, GREEK]
[3.]—WAKE OF ICELANDIC PEASANTS IN A BARN42
[4.]—WOMEN OF STAVANGER, NORWAY43
[5.]—CITIZEN OF STAVANGER44
[6.]—COSTUMES OF THE TELEMARK (NORWAY)45
[7.]—WOMEN OF CHRISTIANSUND (NORWAY)46
[8.]—BOY AND GIRL OF THE LAWERGRAND (NORWAY)47
[9,][10.]—SUABIANS (STUTTGARD)48
[11,][12.]—SUABIANS (STUTTGARD)50
[13.]—BAVARIANS52
[14.]—BADENERS53
[15.]—ENGLISHMAN63
[16.]—DRUIDS, GAULS, AND FRANKS70
[17.]—FRENCHMAN75
[18.]—CATTLE-DEALER OF CORDOVA81
[19.]—NATIVES OF TOLEDO83
[20.]—SPANISH PEASANT84
[21.]—A MADRID WINE-SHOP85
[22.]—SPANISH LADY AND DUENNA88
[23.]—THE FANDANGO89
[24.]—THE BOLERO91
[25.]—FISH VENDORS AT OPORTO92
[26.]—ROMAN PEASANT GIRL94
[27.]—ROMAN PEASANTS95
[28.]—YOUNG GIRL OF THE TRANSTEVERA96
[29.]—STREET AT TIVOLI98
[30.]—A CARDINAL ENTERING THE VATICAN99
[31.]—EXALTATION OF POPE PIUS IX.100
[32.]—A MACARONI SHOP AT NAPLES103
[33.]—NEAPOLITAN ICED-WATER SELLER104
[34.]—NEAPOLITAN PEASANT WOMAN104
[35.]—ITINERANT TRADER OF NAPLES105
[36.]—AN ACQUAJOLO, AT NAPLES106
[37.]—WALACHIAN108
[38.]—LADY OF BUCHAREST110
[39.]—WALACHIAN WOMAN111
[40.]—NOBLE BOSNIAK MUSSULMAN112
[41.]—RUSSIAN SENTINEL, RIGA115
[42.]—RUSSIAN DEVOTEES, RIGA117
[43.]—TRAFFIC IN ST. PETERSBURG121
[44.]—A RUSSIAN TAVERN122
[45.]—INTERIOR OF AN ISBA123
[46.]—LIVONIAN PEASANTS124
[47.]—TARTAR OF KASAK125
[48.]—TARTAR OF THE CAUCASUS126
[49.]—TARTAR OF THE CAUCASUS127
[50.]—RUSSIAN NORTH-SEA PILOT128
[51.]—OSTIAK HUT130
[52.]—ISIGANE OF VOAKOVAR131
[53.]—SLAVONIAN PEASANT132
[54.]—A PEASANT OF ESSEK133
[55.]—HERDSMEN OF THE MILITARY CONFINES135
[56.]—WOMAN OF THE MILITARY CONFINES136
[57.]—GRÄNZERS, AND THEIR GUARD-HOUSE138
[58.]—TSIGANE PRISONER139
[59.]—BOSNIAK PEASANT142
[60.]—BOSNIAK PEASANT WOMAN143
[61.]—BOSNIAK MERCHANT144
[62.]—WOMEN OF PESTH145
[63.]—HUNGARIANS146
[64.]—A HUNGARIAN GENTLEMAN147
[65.]—HUNGARIANS148
[66.]—GREEKS OF ATHENS151
[67.]—A GREEK HOUSEHOLD153
[68.]—INTERIOR OF THE AGORA AT ATHENS156
[69.]—FÊTE OF THE TEMPLE OF JUPITER, ATHENS159
[WHITE OR CAUCASIAN RACE: GEORGEAN, ARAB]
[70.]—ALBANIAN WOMAN161
[PORTRAIT OF AN ARMENIAN]
[71.]—MOORISH COFFEE-HOUSE AT SIDI-BOW-SAID, NEAR TUNIS164
[72.]—GRINDING WHEAT IN THE KABYLIA169
[73.]—KABYLE JEWELLERS171
[74.]—KOPTS OF THE TEMPLE OF KRANAH175
[75.]—A FELLAH WOMAN AND CHILDREN177
[76.]—A FELLAH DONKEY BOY178
[77.]—A LADY OF CAIRO181
[78.]—ALMA OR DANCING GIRL182
[79.]—WANDERING ARABS185
[80.]—JEW OF BUCHAREST186
[81.]—BEYROUT187
[82.]—MARONITES OF LIBANUS189
[83.]—HADY-MERZA-AGHAZZI192
[84.]—PERSIAN TYPES194
[85.]—PERSIAN NOBLEMEN195
[86.]—PERSIAN WOMEN196
[87.]—LOUTY AND BAKTYAN197
[88.]—AN ARMENIAN DRAWING-ROOM200
[89.]—GEORGIANS202
THE YELLOW RACE.
[90.]—LAPLANDERS207
[91.]—A LAPP CRADLE209
[92.]—SAMOIEDES210
[93.]—ESQUIMAUX SUMMER ENCAMPMENT212
[94.]—ESQUIMAUX WINTER ENCAMPMENT213
[95.]—ESQUIMAUX VILLAGE214
[96.]—ESQUIMAUX CHIEF215
[97.]—ESQUIMAUX BIRD-CATCHER216
[98.]—YOUNG ESQUIMAUX217
[99.]—A MONGOL TARTAR219
[100.]—BURÏATS ESCORTING MISS CHRISTIANI222
[101.]—MANCHÚS SOLDIERS224
[YELLOW OR MONGOLIAN RACE: MONGOLIAN, ESQUIMAUX]
[102.]—YAKUTS225
[103.]—A YAKUT WOMAN227
[104.]—YAKUT VILLAGERS230
[105.]—YAKUT PRIESTS231
[106.]—TURCOMAN ENCAMPMENT234
[107.]—KIRGHIS FUNERAL RITES237
[108.]—A HAREM241
[109.]—A HAREM SUPPER243
[110.]—TURKISH LADIES VISITING245
[111.]—A TURKISH BARBER249
[112.]—TURKISH PORTER251
[113.]—INDO-CHINESE OF STUNG TRENG254
[114.]—INDO-CHINESE OF LAOS255
[115.]—A YOUNG CHINESE257
[116.]—CHINESE SHOPKEEPER258
[117.]—CHINESE LADY259
[118.]—CHINESE WOMAN260
[119.]—MANDARIN’S DAUGHTER261
[120.]—CHINESE BOUDOIR264
[121.]—CHINESE SITTING-ROOM269
[122.]—OPIUM-SMOKERS271
[123.]—CHINESE AGRICULTURE273
[124.]—CHINESE FISHING275
[125.]—THE CUSTOM-HOUSE AT SHANGHAI277
[YELLOW OR MONGOLIAN RACE: JAPANESE, CHINESE]
[126.]—CHINESE BONZE281
[127.]—CHINESE SCHOOLMASTER283
[128.]—CHINESE LOCOMOTION285
[129.]—A CHINESE PLAY289
[130.]—A CHINESE JUNK291
[131.]—CHINESE BEGGARS293
[132.]—CHINESE PUNISHMENTS295
[133.]—CHINESE PUNISHMENTS296
[134.]—A CHINESE COURT OF JUSTICE297
[135.]—CHINESE SOLDIERS299
[136.]—CHINESE TROOPER300
[137.]—THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA301
[138.]—JAPANESE304
[139.]—A JAPANESE FATHER305
[140.]—JAPANESE SOLDIER306
[141.]—JAPANESE NOBLE307
[142.]—JAPANESE PALANQUIN311
[143.]—THE TAÏCOON’S GUARDS315
[144.]—A LADY OF THE COURT317
[145.]—A KAMIS TEMPLE, JAPAN321
[146.]—JAPANESE PAGODA323
[147.]—BURMESE NOBLES325
[148.]—BURMESE LADY326
[149.]—WOMEN OF BANKOK327
[150.]—SIAMESE DOMESTIC328
[151.]—SIAMESE LADIES DINING329
[152.]—TOMB OF A BONZE, AT LAOS330
[153.]—CAMBODIANS331
[154.]—THE PRINCE-ROYAL OF SIAM333
[155.]—CHINESE GIRL334
THE BROWN RACE.
[156.]—NATIVES OF HYDERABAD337
[157.]—A BANIAN OF SURAT338
[158.]—AN AGED SIKH339
[159.]—A PARSEE GENTLEMAN341
[160.]—SIR SALAR JUNG, K.S.I.343
[161.]—NAUTCH GIRL OF BARODA345
[162.]—A COOLIE OF THE GHATS347
[163.]—PAGODA AT SIRRHINGHAM349
[164.]—PALANQUIN352
[165.]—ABYSSINIAN355
[166.]—NOUERS OF THE WHITE NILE356
[167.]—A NOUER CHIEF358
[168.]—CHIEF OF THE LIRA359
[169.]—MALAY “RUNNING A MUCK”367
[BROWN RACE: POLYNESIAN, MALAY]
[170.]—MALAY369
[171.]—JAVANESE369
[172.]—JAVANESE DANCING GIRLS371
[173.]—JAVANESE WEDDING372
[174.]—DYAKS377
[175.]—A DYAK HUT379
[176.]—NEW ZEALAND CHIEF383
[177.]—NATIVE OF TAHITI393
[178.]—NATIVE OF THE SANDWICH ISLANDS398
[BROWN RACE: ABYSSINIAN, HINDOO]
THE RED RACE.
[179.]—HUASCAR, THIRTEENTH EMPEROR OF THE INCAS408
[180.]—COYA CAHUANA, EMPRESS OF THE INCAS409
[181.]—AN ANTIS INDIAN411
[182.]—AN ANTIS INDIAN412
[183.]—SUMMER SHED OF THE ANTIS413
[184.]—ANTIS INDIANS FISHING414
[185.]—PERUVIAN INTERPRETER415
[186.]—ARAUCANIAN417
[187.]—PECHERAY HUTS418
[188.]—PATAGONIAN422
[189.]—A PATAGONIAN HORSE SACRIFICE423
[190.]—A BOLIVIAN CHIEF426
[191.]—A BOAT ON THE RIO NEGRO429
[192.]—EXAMINADOR OF CHILI432
[193.]—A PARAGUAYAN MESSENGER437
[194.]—BRAZILIAN NEGRO440
[195.]—INDIAN WOMAN OF BRAZIL441
[196.]—NATIVE OF MANAOS, BRAZIL443
[197.]—BRAZILIAN NEGRESSES445
[198.]—BRAZILIAN DWELLING446
[199.]—NEGROS OF BAHIA447
[200.]—NATIVES OF FRENCH GUYANA449
[201.]—BOTOCUDOS451
[202.]—INDIAN OF THE MEXICAN COAST453
[203,][204.]—INDIANS OF THE MEXICAN COAST454
[205.]—MEXICAN INDIAN WOMAN456
[206.]—MEXICAN PICADOR457
[207.]—THE ROLDAU BRIDGE MARKET, MEXICO458
[208.]—MEXICAN HATTER459
[209.]—MEXICAN HAWKER459
[210.]—CREEK INDIANS463
[211.]—ENCAMPMENT OF SIOUX INDIANS465
[212.]—SIOUX WARRIOR466
[213.]—A SIOUX CHIEF467
[214.]—CROW INDIANS IN COUNCIL470
[215.]—PAWNEE INDIANS473
[216.]—A CHAYENE (SHIENNES) CHIEF475
[217.]—A YUTE CHIEF477
[218.]—CHOCTAW INDIANS PLAYING BALL479
[219.]—COMANCHE INDIANS481
[220.]—A COMANCHE CAMP482
[221.]—A BUFFALO HUNT483
[222.]—MOHAWK INDIANS485
[223.]—FLAT-HEAD INDIANS487
[224.]—NAYA INDIANS489
[225.]—A CROW CHIEF491
THE BLACK RACE.
[226.]—A CAFFRE496
[227.]—NATIVE OF THE MOZAMBIQUE COAST497
[228.]—THE HOTTENTOT VENUS499
[229.]—A ZANZIBAR NEGRO503
[230.]—ZANZIBAR NEGRESSES507
[231.]—A NEGRO VILLAGE511
[232.]—FISHING ON THE UPPER SENEGAL513
[233.]—A ZAMBESI NEGRESS515
[BLACK RACE: PAPOUAN, NEGRO OF NEW GUINEA]
[234.]—THAKOMBAU, KING OF THE FIJI ISLANDS520
[235.]—NATIVE OF FIJI521
[236.]—NATIVE OF FIJI522
[237.]—A TEMPLE OF CANNIBALISM523
[238.]—A FIJIAN DANCE525
[239.]—YOUNG NATIVE OF NEW CALEDONIA527
[240.]—NATIVE OF NEW CALEDONIA529
[241.]—ENCAMPMENT OF NATIVE AUSTRALIANS533
[242.]—NATIVE AUSTRALIAN535
[243.]—AN AUSTRALIAN GRAVE536

THE HUMAN RACE.

INTRODUCTION.

CHAPTER I.

Definition of Man—How he differs from other Animals—Origin of Man—In what parts of the Earth did he first appear?—Unity of Mankind, evidence in support—What is understood by species in Natural History—Man forms but one species, with its varieties or kinds—Classification of the Human Race.

What is man? A profound thinker, Cardinal de Bonald, has said: “Man is an intelligence assisted by organs.” We would fain adopt this definition, which brings into relief the true attribute of man, intelligence, were it not defective in drawing no sufficient distinction between man and the brute. It is a fact that animals are intelligent and that their intelligence is assisted by organs. But their intelligence is infinitely inferior to that of man. It does not extend beyond the necessities of attack and defence, the power of seeking food, and a small number of affections or passions, whose very limited scope merely extends to material wants. With man, on the other hand, intelligence is of a high order, although its range is limited, and it is often arrested, powerless and mute, before the problems itself proposes. In bodily formation, man is an animal, he lives in a material envelope, of which the structure is that of the Mammalia; but he far surpasses the animal in the extent of his intellectual faculties. The definition of man must therefore establish this relation which animals bear to ourselves, and indicate, if possible, the degree which separates them. For this reason we shall define man: an organized, intelligent being, endowed with the faculty of abstraction.