The Helomyzæ ([Fig. 64]) live in the woods. Their larvæ are developed in the interior of fungi. Réaumur studied the larvæ of the Truffle Helomyza. The head of this fly is ferruginous, its thorax is of a brownish grey, its shoulders of a brownish yellow, its wings brownish, the abdomen yellow and brown, and the feet red. The larvæ of these insects commit depredations for which gourmands will never forgive them, destroying, as they do, their truffles. When one presses between one's fingers a truffle that is in a too advanced state, one feels certain soft parts, which yield under pressure. On opening the truffle, the larvæ of the insect of which we are speaking will be found inside. These larvæ are white and very transparent. Their mouth is armed with two black hooks, by means of which they dig into the truffle in the same way as other larvæ dig into meat. The excretions of these little parasites cause the truffle to become decomposed and rotten. In a few days the larvæ become full-grown. They then leave their abode and go into the ground, there to change into pupæ.
The Ortalidæ form a tribe which is remarkable for the upright carriage of the wings, which are generally speckled, by the vibratory movement of these organs, and especially for the cradle chosen by them for their progeny in fruits and grains. Nature seems to have assigned to each species its own particular vegetable.
We will only mention here the Cherry-tree Ortalis, whose larva lives on the pulp of that fruit. This fly is about a line and a half long. It is of rather a metallic black colour, its head light yellow, the edges of its eyes white, and the tarsi red. The wings have four broad black stripes.
Fig. 65.—Dacus oleæ.
The Olive Dacus (Dacus oleæ, [Fig. 65]) is a little fly, about half the size of the house fly, of ashy grey colour on the back, its head orange-yellow, its eyes green, and its forehead yellow, marked with two large black spots. The thorax is adorned with four lightish yellow spots, and its hind part, as well as its antennæ and wings, are of the same colour. The wings are transparent, reflecting green, gold, pink, and blue, according as the rays of light fall upon them, and are remarkable for having a small black spot at their extremity. The abdomen is of a fawn colour or orange-yellow, spotted with black on each side. This fly performs sudden and jerking movements; it keeps its wings extended, and rather jumps than flies. It is a destructive insect, a perfect scourge, which causes every two or three years a loss of five or six millions of francs to French agriculture.
M. Guérin-Méneville has made some valuable observations on the Olive Dacus, and at the request of the Imperial Society of Agriculture of Paris, has indicated the way to preserve the olive from these ruinous larvæ, which generally destroy two crops out of three. We will borrow the following details from this learned entomologist: "At the time when the olives are formed the Dacus proceeds to place an egg under the skin of each of the fruits. By means of a little horny instrument, with which the female is provided, and which contains a small lancet, she pierces the skin of the olive; she moves her wings and lays her egg. She afterwards cleans and rests herself, by passing her feet over her head, wings, and other parts of her body. She then flies away, and seeks another olive, to deposit in it another egg; she repeats this operation until she has placed on as many olives the three or four hundred eggs which she bears."
