Cancer: Its Cause and Treatment, Volume 1 (of 2)

by Lucius Duncan Bulkley

The scientific basis of a possible relationship of the consumption of coffee and tea to the prevalence of cancer may be better understood when we remember that caffeine and theine belong to the xanthin group, and contain exactly the same equivalent of nitrogen as uric acid. A single cup of coffee of fair strength, it is stated by Hutchinson, contains from one to three grains of caffeine, and a cup of fairly strong tea 1.21 grains, or more than the average medicinal dose of this drug; and all know how great may be the consumption of coffee and tea by some individuals, and that many of the working class, especially, consume enormous amounts of tea, which is kept brewing all day. Roberts has very clearly demonstrated, by clever experiments, that tea interferes very greatly with both the salivary and gastric digestion.

Alcohol, or some of its combinations, has also been shown by several observers to be undoubtedly an element contributory to the causation of cancer; this relates not only to countries or cities where the consumption is the greatest or least, but also to various occupations, in which statistics show the more or less abundant use of distilled or fermented drinks, and deaths from the same, and in regard to total abstainers; and a careful study of the subject makes it pretty clear that the incidence of cancer corresponds in a measure with drinking habits; that is, that cancer mortality is highest among those classes of persons among whom primary or secondary mortality from alcoholism is greatest. There are so many elements to be taken into consideration in connection with the derangement of metabolism which leads to cancer, that it is difficult to fix the precise influence which each may exert; but in watching cancer cases for any length of time it is easy to see the harmful effect when alcoholic beverages are indulged in, and the improvement when all such are absolutely excluded.

An interesting confirmation of the beneficial results of a low diet and simple life, as regards cancer, is found in certain reports of Commissioners of Prisons and Asylums in England, where the matter has been studied, as given by Russell. “Asylums contain an excessive number of persons who have inherited or acquired constitutional weaknesses, and in many cases tendencies toward consumption or cancer; also many alcoholics who are prone to these maladies. Yet the habits and rules of these institutions reduce the cancer rate much below the rate of the classes from which they are drawn, and below the rate of both occupied and unoccupied persons.” The same is observed in regard to many religious orders, where the members lead a very simple and frugal life, and where cancer is reported to be almost unknown.

Kessler has called attention to the disturbance of sulphur partition in cancer in connection with diet, and the desirability of excluding those foods exhibiting an excess of sulphur, giving lists of the same and indicating a satisfactory diet.

Packard has made a strong argument in regard to the value and importance of the mineral elements contained in plant life, in connection with the disturbances in these same elements which has been observed in connection with cancer, as we have already seen. He recalls that modern chemistry teaches that the inorganic principles of the vegetable kingdom are absolutely necessary to the highest degree and type of animal tissue and health, and resistance to disease. Plant life is the connection between the minerals and salts of the earth and animal life, but in the manufacture or refinement, and cooking, of products of the vegetable kingdom, many of them are largely demineralized; this especially illustrated in the case of fine white wheat flour, rice, potatoes (in peeling and cooking), etc. So that while animals get plenty of mineral matter from plants and the earth, man gets but little, and while the herbivorous animals are rarely affected with cancer, civilized man is succumbing to it more and more. It is stated that among savage tribes, who are practically free from cancer, the water in which vegetables are cooked is also consumed as food, thus securing all the salts. The same idea has been popularly presented to the public in a startling manner by McCann in a book which, with a great deal of verbiage contains a large amount of valuable information concerning nutrition, and its disturbance by erroneous, or worse, preparation and administration of food.

Possibly there are other dietary elements which may play some part in the causation of cancer, but the demonstrated facts in regard to them are so few and uncertain that they need not detain us here, although it is certainly desirable to investigate any that seem to have reasonable support.

Some of these which have been suggested probably have to do with local irritant action on the digestive organs, as we have previously seen that local irritation undoubtedly plays an important part in the determination of the actual time of occurrence and site of the cancerous disease. Thus, some have ascribed cancer to hot food or drink, or to stimulating drink, condiments, etc. It is quite possible that these contribute to the development of cancer in the pylorus, irritating the secreting cells in their passage. Mayo says: “In civilized man one-third of all cancers are seated in the stomach. This is not known to be the case in uncivilized man or in animals. There should, therefore, be something—some one cause—which causes this preponderance. The acid secretion may favor its development, for when we come to the colon, also with an acid secretion, we again meet with cancer, and we seldom see it in the alkaline, small intestine. Gastric ulcer, which may be pre-cancerous, is connected with hyperacidity.” In Scandinavia cancer of the stomach is remarkably frequent, according to Soëgaard, thus, of 1235 cases in Norway, 73.9 per cent. were in that location. In our last lecture we found that cancer in general was connected with a lowered alkalescence of the blood, and all our studies show hyperacidity to be related to cancer genesis; and nitrogenous acidity, or uric acid (purin, xanthin, etc.), undoubtedly plays a great part in inducing malignant action in tissues, as Haig has so long contended, even in regard to cancer.

The increasing frequency of cancer of the mouth, œsophagus, and stomach in men certainly looks toward an irritating character of substances which traverse these regions, including alcoholic drinks, and the irritant effect of tobacco should not be overlooked in regard to mouth lesions. But of the millions who use tobacco only very few are affected with cancer, and only those who are predisposed thereto by some metabolic disturbance, whose true character and other manifestations are not yet fully determined. We have already referred to the practice of so-called betel chewing in the Far East as a frequent cause of cancer within the mouth, also to the wearing of the Kangri charcoal baskets in India, for warmth, causing a burn on the front of the body which may develop into epithelioma; it is claimed, however, by some that of the many cases of “Kangri burn,” but few result in epithelioma.

There are yet other considerations concerning the relation of diet to cancer which are worthy of attention. We have mentioned some principal agents, which seem unquestionably to have an influence in the production and continuance of cancer, namely, proteids, coffee and tea, and alcoholics. But millions of human beings partake of these with apparent impunity, while in the relatively few they appear to have cancer-genetic powers. This need not surprise or puzzle us any more than do the many other problems in medicine which we are seeking to solve: for we know how often it happens that the system reaches a point where certain things, once well borne, are no longer tolerated. We know, for instance, that Port and Madeira wine certainly can cause gout, but with many individuals they may be indulged in freely for some time before this result follows: likewise that tobacco may even be abused for a long time, without apparent ill effects, when suddenly there is a revulsion of the system and the slightest use of tobacco will be intolerable: also that many edible substances which have long been well borne, will at a certain time act unfavorably and excite eruptions, urticaria, acne, eczema, etc.

Psoriasis also furnishes an illustration which may be of service in understanding the relation of diet to cancer; for psoriasis is characterized by a disordered epithelial growth, which both shows on the surface and manifests itself by epithelial prolongations into the corium, which are quite comparable to the ingrowing cellular masses of early cancer: moreover cancer is not very rare in psoriasis patients. In this eruption it has been very clearly demonstrated, clinically and experimentally, that error in nitrogenous metabolism is commonly at the bottom of the eruption, which has been seen to promptly disappear entirely simply under an absolute vegetarian diet, correctly regulated, excluding also coffee and alcohol, without the use of any medical treatment whatever, internal or external; but, of course, this result cannot always be obtained, and sometimes the eruption will relapse during what is thought to be a strict vegetarian diet. There must, therefore, be some systemic disturbance which causes nutritive material, at some particular time, thus to derange cell action in the eruptions mentioned, and the same is true in regard to the production of cancer.