More than special acknowledgment and thanks are due to Mr. Robert H. Hobart Cust for his help and valuable suggestions. In the arduous task of revising the proofs of this book he was assisted by my son Mr. F. J. P. Richter. I have also great pleasure in expressing my deep gratitude to my dear friend Mrs. Ludwig Mond, whose constant encouragement was of inestimable value to me.

I am indebted to Mr. Murray for the personal interest he has so kindly shown in the many details which this work entails.

Louise M. Richter.

London, October 1913.

CONTENTS

PAGE

PREFACE

[vii]

AUTHORITIES CONSULTED

[xxi]
[FIRST PART]
CHANTILLY AND ITS HISTORY
[CHAPTER I]
CHANTILLY AND ITS OWNERS: THE MONTMORENCYS

The Origin of Chantilly; the Gallo-Roman Cantillius; theSeigneurs of Senlis; the Orgemonts; the Montmorencys; theGreat Constable of France; he builds the Petit-Château; thearchitects Jean Bullant and Pierre des Iles; the fair Charlottede Montmorency; Henri IV madly in love with her; thelast Montmorency condemned to the scaffold by Richelieu;Chantilly becomes the property of the French Crown

[3]
[CHAPTER II]
CHANTILLY AND THE CONDÉS

The origin of the Condés; their adherence to the Protestant Faith;Eléonore de Roy, Princesse de Condé, a staunch Huguenot;the two brothers, Antoine de Navarre and Louis I de BourbonCondé; Catherine de Medicis sides with Condé in order tocounterbalance the ascendancy of the Guises; she succeeds inestranging him from his wife; severe censure of Calvin; prematuredeath of the Prince de Condé; his son Henri de Bourbonsucceeds to the title; he sends all his family jewels to QueenElizabeth to help the Huguenot cause; Charlotte de la Trémoillehis second wife; his death; his son Henri II is heirto the Crown until the birth of Louis XIII; he is imprisonedfor political reasons by Richelieu; his release; Louis XIIIon his deathbed gives back Chantilly to its rightful owners

[16]
[CHAPTER III]
THE GRAND CONDÉ

The Duc d’Enghien; his mariage de convenance with Claire-Clemence;his attachment to Marthe de Vigeau; Richelieuappoints him General of the French army; the Hero ofRocroy; after his father’s death he assumes his title but isstyled the Grand Condé; his victories at Fribourg, Nördlingen,and Lens; he puts down the Fronde and brings the boy-kingLouis XIV back to Paris

[33]
[CHAPTER IV]
CLAIRE-CLEMENCE, PRINCESSE DE CONDÉ

The enmity between Mazarin and Condé; the latter and his brotherConti are arrested; the courageous efforts made by Claire-Clemenceto liberate her husband; her flight from Chantilly;Turenne escorts her to Bordeaux where she is received withgreat enthusiasm; Paris clamours for the release of Condé;the Queen is obliged to send Mazarin with an unconditionalorder for this purpose; his entry into Paris; he expresseshis gratitude to the Princess his wife; new difficulties arise;Condé’s alliance with Spain; he leaves France and goes overto the enemy

[47]
[CHAPTER V]
CONDÉ’S ALLIANCE WITH SPAIN

Condé is defeated by Turenne at Dunkirk; the Peace of the Pyreneesis signed; Condé is reinstated in all his rights; he returns toChantilly and lives there in retirement; Le Nôtre lays outthe gardens and park; Condé invents a hydraulic machine toreceive the waters of the Nonette; Mansart arrives at Chantillyand begins his alterations to the old feudal castle

[59]
[CHAPTER VI]
FESTIVITIES AT CHANTILLY

The marriage of the Duc d’Enghien with Anne of Bavaria; Claire-Clemenceis neglected by her husband; her health breaksdown; a mysterious affair; she proclaims her innocence; she isbanished to the fortress of Châteauroux; great festivities atChantilly; Louis XIV and his Queen Maria Theresa visitChantilly

[69]
[CHAPTER VII]
THE GRAND CONDÉ A WARRIOR ONCE MORE

Louis XIV after the death of Philip IV of Spain asserts the Flemishrights of his wife; he suddenly declares war, and summonsthe Grand Condé and Turenne to lead the French army;Condé conquers Franche-Comté and the King makes Lillea French town; William of Orange inundates the whole ofHolland to save it from invasion by the French; the GrandCondé is wounded; he returns to Chantilly; not yet recovered,he is summoned back by the King; Turenne is confronted byMontecucoli and meets his death near Salzburg; Condé by hisbrilliant operations preserves Turenne’s army and shutsout Montecucoli from Alsace, thus terminating this greatcampaign; Madame de Sevigné, Bossuet, Corneille, Racine,and Molière at Chantilly; death of the Grand Condé

[78]
[CHAPTER VIII]
THE LAST CONDÉS

Succession of Henri Jules de Bourbon; he carries out his father’swishes with regard to Chantilly; he is succeeded by his sonLouis III, who outlives him but a short time; Louis Henride Bourbon inherits the title when only eighteen; he buildsthe great stables; Louis XV visits Chantilly and is magnificentlyentertained; the Prince de Condé is made PrimeMinister of France in 1723; influence of the Marquise de Prieover the Prince; after her death he marries a princess ofRhinfeld; the young châtelaine of Chantilly is greatly admiredby Louis XV; he pays frequent visits to the Château; hisdeath; the succession of the infant Louis Joseph de Bourbonin 1740; he marries Charlotte de Rohan-Soubise; their onlyson Louis Henri Joseph marries at the age of sixteen a Princessd’Orléans; Marie Antoinette visits Chantilly as Dauphine; theComte and Comtesse du Nord at Chantilly; a famous huntingparty; Princesse Louise de Condé and the Marquis de Gervaisais;an able speech in Parliament by the Duc d’Enghienwhen only sixteen years of age; the Revolution breaks out;the Condés leave France

[89]
[CHAPTER IX]
CHANTILLY DURING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

Chantilly deserted; the Château devastated and used as a prisonfor political offenders; the so-called Black Band razes theGrand Château to the ground; Chantilly becomes State propertyunder Napoleon; the Prince de Condé head of the Frenchemigrés; he and his regiment subsequently find refuge inRussia; his arrival in England; his simple home at Wanstead;the tragic death of the Duc d’Enghien; the collapseof the French Empire; the Prince de Condé returns to Chantilly;he restores his ancestral mansion, and dies; the last of theCondés selects his nephew, Prince Henri d’Orléans, as his heir

[106]
[CHAPTER X]
THE DUC D’AUMALE AND LORD OF CHANTILLY

The Duc d’Aumale owner of Chantilly; Chantilly the French Epsom;the heir of the Condés at Algiers; his victory at La Smalah; hismarriage with Princess Caroline de Bourbon, daughter of thePrince of Salerno; Chantilly the home of the newly marriedpair; their son and heir named Prince de Condé; Louis-Philippepays a visit to Chantilly; the Duke takes the command of theFrench Army in Algeria; the Duc d’Aumale in exile; his home atTwickenham; death of his eldest son; death of the Duchess;the Duke returns to Chantilly after the fall of the SecondEmpire; sudden death of the Duc de Guise, his only survivingson; the architect Daumet undertakes to rebuild theGrand Château; visit of the Prince and Princess of Walesto Chantilly; the Republic pronounces sentence of banishmenton all claimants to the throne of France; the Duc d’Aumaleincluded in this decree; he returns to England; his home atWood Norton; he publicly announces his intention to leaveChantilly with all its forests, parks and art-treasures to theFrench nation; President Carnot signs a decree that Francewill welcome him back; he returns to Chantilly amid greatrejoicings of the people; the sculptor Dubois is commissionedto erect his statue at Chantilly

[116]
[SECOND PART]
THE MUSÉE CONDÉ
[CHAPTER XI]
THE ART TREASURES OF THE MUSÉE CONDÉ

The Duc d’Aumale joins the ranks of the great European collectors;his pronounced taste as a bibliophile; he purchasesthe Standish Library in 1851; the Très Riches Heures du Ducde Berry are acquired in 1855; the Reiset Collection of 380drawings is bought in 1861; an exhibition is organised atOrleans House; Disraeli’s speech; the first French drawingsacquired from the Utterson sale; the Pourtales Vase and theMinerva; the Madonna of the Maison d’Orléans; the Sutherlandcollection of French drawings is purchased; the portrait ofAntoine de Bourgogne; the Carmontelle Collection is added;the Reiset Collection of paintings acquired; Victor Hugo addressesa letter to the Duc d’Aumale on his election asmember of the Institut de France; Raphael’s Three Gracespurchased from the Earl of Dudley; over 300 French drawingsare acquired from Lord Carlisle; the Duc d’Aumalemakes his last important acquisition—the forty miniaturesby Fouquet from the Book of Hours of Etienne Chevalier

[129]
[CHAPTER XII]
FRENCH ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS AT CHANTILLY

A note in the Inventory of the Duc de Berry mentions Pol deLimbourg and his brothers as the authors of the TrèsRiches Heures; Fouquet mentioned by François Robertet,Secretary to Pierre de Beaujeu Duc de Bourgogne; theCabinet des Livres of the Duc d’Aumale; the Psalter ofQueen Ingeburge; the Breviary of Jeanne d’Evreux; theTrès Riches Heures du Duc de Berry discovered at a villanear Genoa

[154]
[CHAPTER XIII]
THE TRÈS RICHES HEURES DU DUC DE BERRY

This work marks an important epoch in the history of French Art;the Calendar Months by Pol de Limbourg (the eldest brother);the scenes from the Life of Christ joint work of the threebrothers; the Zodiac; the Plan of Rome; the Duc de Berry acollector of medals; his sudden death interrupts the completionof his Livre d’Heures; Jean Colombe, half a century later,undertakes the painting of the remaining miniatures; hismediocre workmanship

[165]
[CHAPTER XIV]
JEAN FOUQUET OF TOURS

Court-Painter to Charles VII and Louis XI; inspired by the work ofthe Limbourgs; a similar inclination for landscapes in hisbackgrounds; Etienne Chevalier, Treasurer of France, hispatron; the forty miniatures by Fouquet at Chantilly; Fouquetwell known in Italy as a painter; commissioned to makea portrait of Pope Eugenius IV; mentioned by Vasari; hisimpressions in Italy shown in the miniatures at Chantilly andin the MS. of the Antiquitates Judæorum; his strong individuality;his sense of humour and other characteristics

[179]
[CHAPTER XV]
JEAN PERRÉAL AND BOURDICHON

Bourdichon’s name found upon cartridge-cases made out of oldaccounts and contracts; the Prayer-Book of Anne de Bretagneand its ornamentation of flowers; Perréal painter to the DucPierre de Bourbon; studies Fouquet’s work at Moulins; theminiatures of the MS. of St. Michel in the BibliothèqueNationale attributed to Perréal by Durrieu; affinity betweenthe angels in the MS. and those in the triptych at Moulins;why the original drawings of the Preux de Marignan are likelyto be by Jean Perréal rather than by Jean Clouet; the handwritingof Perréal identified on the back of a drawing attributedto him; the Tournois tapestries; Perréal mentioned inthe Royal Accounts as Architect and Sculptor; his medalsrepresenting Louis XII and Anne de Bretagne in the MetropolitanMuseum, New York, and in the Wallace Collection

[196]
[CHAPTER XVI]
JEAN CLOUET

Migrates to France; settles at Tours; marries Jeanne Boucault;his portrait of Oronce Finé exists only in an engraving;his craftsmanship of a more elaborate nature than that ofPerréal; the Duc de Guise and the unknown man at HamptonCourt; his portrait of Francis I in the Louvre; Queen Claudeand her sister Renée; numerous drawings to be attributed toJean Clouet; his characteristics

[211]
[CHAPTER XVII]
FRANÇOIS CLOUET AND HIS FOLLOWERS

Favoured by Francis I; he adheres at first to parental teaching;Mary Stuart in her girlhood by Germain le Mannier;Mary Stuart as Dauphine and as Queen of France; Francis II;Charles IX by François Clouet; his exquisite drawing of Margotde France at Chantilly; portrait of Pierre Quthe at the Louvre;the portrait of Odet de Coligny at Chantilly; Catherine deMedicis as a collector; her handwriting identified on themargins of drawings at Chantilly, and elsewhere; Corneille deLyon and the Dauphin François; Jean de Court court-painterto Henri III; Carron and the brothers Lagneau; Daniel Dumoustier;his portrait of Henri, Duc de Guise; the Quesnels,court-painters to the first Bourbon Kings; the painting ofGabrielle d’Estrées and her two sons at Chantilly

[227]
[CHAPTER XVIII]
FROM NICOLAS POUSSIN TO COROT

Dr. Fagon by Mathias le Nain; Nicolas Poussin; his drawing ofDaphne; Gaspar Poussin; Claude Lorraine; Mignard and hisportrait of Molière; the portrait of Louis XIV by Rigaud;Largillière and his portrait of a friend of the Condés; hepainted Liselotte as a Naiad; the Princesse de Condé, wife of LouisJoseph, by Nattier; Desportes and Oudry; a copy by Boucherof a portrait of Watteau by himself; the relations betweenCrozat and Watteau; Lancret adopts Watteau’s style; MadameAdelaide de France by Latour; the portrait of Georgette byGreuze; the small portraits of the Royal Bourbons and ofthe Bourbon Condés by Fragonard; Ingres; Delaroche andEugène Delacroix; Descamps represented by no less than tenpaintings; Fromentin’s Arab Chiefs hawking in the Sahara;Meissonier and his great pupil Detaille; Corot and the BarbizonSchool; the tomb of the Duc d’Aumale by Dubois

[248]

[INDEX]:[A],[B],[C],[D],[E],[F],[G],[H],[I],[J],[K],[L],[M],[N],[O],[P],[Q],[R],[S],[T],[U],[V],[W],[Y],[Z]

[279]

LIST OF PLATES

PLATE
[I.] Mary Stuart in her girlhoodFrontispiece
Germain le Mannier, Musée Condé.
FACING PAGE
[II.] Guillaume de Montmorency[4]
Attributed to Perréal, Musée Condé.
[III.] The Château de Chantilly[6]
[IV.] Anne de Montmorency[8]
François Clouet, Musée Condé.
[V.] Henri II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé[12]
School of François Clouet, Musée Condé.
” Geneviève de Bourbon[12]
Beaubrun, Musée Condé.
[VI.] Antoine de Bourbon[16]
” Charlotte de la Trémoille[16]
School of Francois Clouet, Musée Condé.
[VII.] Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Condé[18]
” Henri I de Bourbon, Prince de Condé[18]
School of François Clouet, Musée Condé.
[VIII.] Francis II[20]
François Clouet, Bibliothèque Nationale.
[IX.] Jeanne d’Albret, Queen of Navarre[22]
François Clouet, Musée Condé.
[X.] Catherine de Medicis[26]
Attributed to Corneille de Lyon, Musée Condé.
” Henri II[26]
François Clouet, Biblothèque Nationale.
[XI.] The Grand Condé[36]
David Teniers, Musée Condé.
[XII.] The Virgin as Protector of the Human Race[42]
E. Charonton and Vilatte, Musée Condé.
” The Tomb of the Duc and Duchesse de Bretagne inthe Cathedral at Nantes[42]
Executed after Designs by Perréal.
[XIII.] Chantilly before 1687[50]
[XIII.] Chantilly in the Time of the Grand Condé[50]
[XIV.] Antoine de Bourgogne, called Le Grand Bâtard[62]
Memling, Musée Condé.
[XV.] Molière[84]
Mignard, Musée Condé.
[XVI.] Charlotte de Rohan Soubise, Princesse de Condé[96]
Nattier, Musée Condé.
[XVII.] Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de Condé[104]
Madame de Tott, Musée Condé.
[XVIII.] Louis Henri Joseph de Bourbon, Last Prince de Condé[114]
Danloux, Musée Condé.
[XIX.] Henri d’Orléans, Duc d’Aumale[124]
Léon Bonnat, Musée Condé.
[XX.] The “Minerva” of Chantilly[136]
Greek Bronze, Musée Condé.
[XXI.] The “Madonna” of the House of Orléans[140]
Raphael, Musée Condé.
[XXII.] A Game of Chess[144]
Carmontelle, Musée Condé.
[XXIII.] The Mystic Marriage of St. Francis[146]
Sassetta, Musée Condé.
” Portrait of Simonetta Vespucci[146]
Piero di Cosimo, Musée Condé.
[XXIV.] The Three Graces[148]
Raphael, Musée Condé.
[XXV.] The Story of Esther[150]
School of Sandro Botticelli, Musée Condé.
[XXVI.] The “Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry”:Plan of Rome[152]
Pol de Limbourg and his Brothers, Musée Condé.
[XXVII.] The “Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry”:January[154]
Pol de Limbourg, Musée Condé.
[XXVIII.] The “Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry”:February[156]
Pol de Limbourg, Musée Condé.
[XXIX.] The “Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry”:April[158]
Pol de Limbourg, Musée Condé.
[XXX.] The “Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry”:May[160]
Pol de Limbourg, Musée Condé.
[XXXI.] The “Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry”:June[162]
Pol de Limbourg, Musée Condé.
[XXXII.] The “Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry”:July[164]
Pol de Limbourg, Musée Condé.
[XXXIII.] The “Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry”:August[166]
Pol de Limbourg, Musée Condé.
[XXXIV.] The “Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry”:October[168]
Pol de Limbourg, Musée Condé.
[XXXV.] The “Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry”:December[170]
Pol de Limbourg, Musée Condé.
[XXXVI.] The “Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry”:The Zodiac[172]
Pol de Limbourg and his Brothers, Musée Condé.
[XXXVII.] The “Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry”:The Procession of the Magi[174]
Pol de Limbourg and his Brothers, Musée Condé.
[XXXVIII.] The “Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry”:The Fall of the Rebel Angels[176]
Pol de Limbourg and his Brothers, Musée Condé.
[XXXIX.] The “Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry”:The Coronation of the Virgin[178]
Pol de Limbourg and his Brothers, Musée Condé.
[XL.] Etienne Chevalier and his Patron Saint[180]
Jean Fouquet, Musée Condé.
[XLI.] The Virgin with the Infant Christ[181]
Jean Fouquet, Musée Condé.
[XLII.] The Marriage of the Virgin[182]
Jean Fouquet, Musée Condé.
[XLIII.] The Annunciation[184]
Jean Fouquet, Musée Condé.
[XLIV.] The Visitation[186]
Jean Fouquet, Musée Condé.
[XLV.] The Birth of St. John the Baptist[188]
Jean Fouquet, Musée Condé.
[XLVI.] The Adoration of the Magi[190]
Jean Fouquet, Musée Condé.
[XLVII.] The Ascension[192]
Jean Fouquet, Musée Condé.
[XLVIII.] All Saints’ Day[194]
Jean Fouquet, Musée Condé.
[XLIX.] Seigneur de la Palisse[202]
” Comte de Ligny[202]
Attributed to Perréal, Musée Condé.
[L.] Erasmus[204]
” Just de Tournon[204]
Attributed to Perréal, Musée Condé.
[LI.] Francis I[206]
Perréal, Musée Condé.
” Miniatures of Francis I and Cæsar[206]
After Perréal, British Museum.
[LII.] Louis XII[208]
” Odet de Foix[208]
Attributed to Perréal, Musée Condé.
[LIII.] Medals of Louis XII and Anne of Brittany[210]
After Designs by Perréal, Victoria and Albert Museum.
” Medal of Jean Clouet[210]
Victoria and Albert Museum.
[LIV.] The Dauphin François[212]
Jean Clouet, Antwerp.
[LV.] Monsieur de Nevers[214]
Jean Clouet, Musée Condé.
” Duc de Guise[214]
Jean Clouet, Musée Condé.
[LVI.] Francis I[216]
Jean Clouet, Louvre.
[LVII.] Queen Claude of France[218]
Attributed to Perréal, Musée Condé.
” Rénée de France, Duchess of Ferrara[218]
Attributed to J. Clouet, Musée Condé.
[LVIII.] The Dauphin François[220]
” Henri d’Orléans[220]
Jean Clouet, Musée Condé.
[LIX.] Madame Vendôme d’Alençon[222]
” Jeanne Boucault[222]
Jean Clouet, Musée Condé.
[LX.] Madame l’Estrange[224]
Jean Clouet, Musée Condé.
[LXI.] Jeanne d’Albret in her Girlhood[226]
Jean Clouet, Musée Condé.
” Madame Marguerite, sister of Henri II[226]
Attributed to François Clouet, Musée Condé.
[LXII.] Francis I[228]
Jean Clouet, Louvre.
” Marguerite, Queen of Navarre, sister of Francis I[228]
Attributed to François Clouet, Musée Condé.
[LXIII.] Charles IX[230]
François Clouet, Vienna.
[LXIV.] Mary Stuart as Queen of France[232]
François Clouet, Bibliothèque Nationale.
[LXV.] Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France[234]
François Clouet, Bibliothèque Nationale.
” Jossine Pisseleu[234]
François Clouet, Musée Condé.
[LXVI.] Pierre Quthe[236]
François Clouet, Louvre.
[LXVII.] Margot of France[238]
François Clouet, Musée Condé.
[LXVIII.] Diane de Poitiers[240]
François Clouet, Musée Condé.
[LXIX.] Mary Tudor[242]
Copy after Perréal, Musée Condé.
” Madame de Bouillon[242]
Attributed to J. Clouet, Musée Condé.
[LXX.] The Dauphin François at the Age of Twenty[244]
Corneille de Lyon, Musée Condé.
[LXXI.] Henri de Guise[246]
Dumoustier, Musée Condé.
” Maréchal de Vielville[246]
François Clouet, British Museum.
[LXXII.] Daphne metamorphosed into a Laurel Tree[250]
Nicolas Poussin, Musée Condé.
[LXXIII.] Louise-Henriette de Bourbon Conti[254]
J. M. Nattier, Musée Condé.
” A Friend of the Condés[254]
Largillière, Musée Condé.
[LXXIV.] Joseph and Potiphar’s Wife[258]
Prud’hon, Musée Condé.
” The Guitar Player[258]
Watteau, Musée Condé.
[LXXV.] Young Girl[262]
Greuze, Musée Condé.
[LXXVI.] Arab Chiefs Hawking in the Desert[272]
Eugène Fromentin, Musée Condé.
[LXXVII.] The Grenadiers at Eylau[274]
Détaille, Musée Condé.
[LXXVIII.] Concert Champêtre[276]
Corot, Musée Condé.
[LXXIX.] Tomb of the Duc d’Aumale[278]
P. Dubois, in the Cathedral at Dreux; cast at Chantilly.