Sect. I. Their Nature and Functions.
[258]. It is usual in all deliberative assemblies, to take the preliminary (sometimes, also, the intermediate) measures, and to prepare matters to be acted upon, in the assembly, [p139] ]by means of committees, composed either of members specially selected for the particular occasion, or appointed beforehand for all matters of the same nature.
[259]. Committees of the first kind are usually called select, the others standing; though the former appellation belongs with equal propriety to both, in order to distinguish them from another form of committee, constituted either for a particular occasion, or for all cases of a certain kind, which is composed of all the members of the assembly, and therefore denominated a committee of the whole.
[260]. The advantages of proceeding in this mode are manifold. It enables a deliberative assembly to do many things, which, from its numbers, it would be otherwise be unable to do;—to accomplish a much greater quantity of business, by dividing it among the members, than could possibly be accomplished, if the whole body were obliged to devote itself to each particular subject;—and to act in the preliminary and preparatory steps, with a greater degree of freedom, than is compatible with the forms of proceeding usually observed in full assembly.
[p140]
][261]. Committees are appointed to consider a particular subject, either at large or under special instructions: to obtain information in reference to a matter before the assembly, either by personal inquiry and inspection, or by the examination of witnesses; and to digest and put into the proper form, for the adoption of the assembly, all resolutions, votes, orders, and other papers, with which they may be charged. Committees are commonly said to be the “eyes and ears” of the assembly; it is equally true, that, for certain purposes, they are also its “head and hands.”
[262]. The powers and functions of committees depend chiefly upon the general authority and particular instructions given them by the assembly, at the time of their appointment; but they may also be, and very often are, further instructed, whilst they are in the exercise of their functions; and, sometimes, it even happens, that these additional instructions wholly change the nature of a committee, by charging it with inquiries quite different from those for which it was originally established.
[p141]
]Sect. II. Their Appointment.
[263]. In the manner of appointing committees, there is no difference between standing and other select committees, as to the mode of selecting the members to compose them; and, in reference to committees of the whole, as there is no selection of members, they are appointed simply by the order of the assembly.
[264]. In the appointment of select committees, the first thing to be done is to fix upon the number. This is usually effected in the same manner that blanks are filled, namely, by members proposing, without the formality of a motion, such members as they please, which are then separately put to the question, beginning with the largest and going regularly through to the smallest, until the assembly comes to a vote.
[265]. The number being settled, there are three modes of selecting the members, to wit, by the appointment of the presiding officer,—by ballot,—and by nomination and vote of the assembly; the first, sometimes in virtue of a standing rule, sometimes in pursuance of a vote of the assembly in a particular case; [p142] ]the second always in pursuance of a vote; the last is the usual course where no vote is taken.