TEMPLE AT JERUSALEM, AS REBUILT BY HEROD.
Herod’s Porch. Solomon’s Porch. Castle of Antonia.
108. His dominions, except Abilene in Syria, were divided among his three sons, Archelaus, Antipas, and Philip, the eldest receiving Judæa and Samaria. He reigned so oppressively that he was removed by the Romans, A. D. 8; and until A. D. 36, the province was managed by procurators, or governors, subject to the præfects of Syria. Under the fifth of these, Pontius Pilate, Christ was crucified by Roman authority, through the accusations of the chief officers of the Jews. Herod Antipas was meanwhile ruling in Galilee (B. C. 4-A. D. 39; see Luke xxiii: 6-12), and Philip in Trachoni´tis (B. C. 4-A. D. 37; see Mark vi: 17, 18). When these provinces became vacant, they were bestowed by the Emperor Calig´ula upon his favorite, Herod Agrip´pa I., grandson of Herod the Great and Mariamne. A. D. 41, Samaria and Judæa were also added to his dominions, which for three years covered the entire territory of Herod the Great.
109. Agrippa began to persecute the Christians in the year 44, and the Romans again placed Judæa under the government of procurators. Gessius Florus, the sixth of the new series, was a cruel and crafty tyrant, who plundered his province without pity or shame. He shared the spoils of highway robbers, whom he permitted and even encouraged. Twice he stirred up riots in Jerusalem, sacrificing the lives of thousands of people, only that he might avail himself of the confusion to pillage the Temple.
His atrocities at length drove the Jews to open revolt. A Roman army of 100,000 men, commanded by Titus, the son of the emperor Vespasian, besieged the Holy City five months. The three walls, the fortress of Mount Zion, and the Temple had each to be taken by separate assault; and never was a siege more memorable for the obstinacy of the resistance. The Temple was surrendered Sept. 8, 70. All the people who had not perished by the hardships of the siege, were made slaves and divided among the victors as prizes. Large colonies were transported into the heart of Germany or to Italy, where the golden vessels of the Temple adorned the triumphal procession of Titus at Rome. No ancient city of any fame was ever so completely ruined as Jerusalem. Mount Zion was plowed as a field and sown with salt, and the buildings of the Temple were leveled to the ground.
RECAPITULATION.
Judæa subject to Egypt, B. C. 320-203; to Syria, B. C. 203-168. Persecution by Antiochus Epiphanes, and revolt of Mattathias, B. C. 168. Victories of Judas Maccabæus, B. C. 166-160. Jonathan prince and high priest, B. C. 160-143. Prosperous reign of Simon, B. C. 143-133. Siege and capture of Jerusalem by Antiochus Sidetes, B. C. 135-133. Conquests of John Hyrcanus, B. C. 135-106. Aristobulus I. takes the royal title. Civil wars of Pharisees and Sadducees, under Alexander Jannæus, B. C. 105-78. Reign of Alexandra, B. C. 78-69. Hyrcanus II., B. C. 69, 68. Aristobulus II., B. C. 68-63. Jerusalem taken by Pompey, who awards the sovereignty to Hyrcanus. After six years, Hyrcanus deposed and an oligarchy set up, B. C. 57-47. Jerusalem plundered by Crassus, B. C. 54. Antipater, the Idumæan, governor, B. C. 47-40, while Hyrcanus is again high priest. Antigonus prince and priest, B. C. 40-37. Herod, son of Antipater, invested at Rome with the royalty of Judæa, conquers Galilee, and by a long siege takes Jerusalem, B. C. 37. His greatness and tyranny. His public works. Execution of Queen Mariamne, B. C. 29. “Murder of the Innocents,” and death of Herod, B. C. 4. Division of his kingdom into tetrarchies. Archelaus succeeded in his government by Roman governors, A. D. 8-36. The Crucifixion, A. D. 29 or 30. Four provinces united under Herod Agrippa, A. D. 41. Procurators restored, A. D. 44. Gessius Florus, A. D. 65, 66. Siege and capture of Jerusalem by Titus, A. D. 70.
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.
Book IV.
| 1. | Describe the rise of Macedonia. | §§ [1], [2]. |
| 2. | The successive steps of the ascendency of Philip. | [2-5.] |
| 3. | The youth, education, and character of Alexander. | [6], [7]. |
| 4. | His conquests and Asiatic policy. | [8-12], [14-17]. |
| 5. | His projects and death. | [18.] |
| 6. | The war of the regents. | [19.] |
| 7. | What was done by Antipater? | [19], [20], [66], [67]. |
| 8. | By Antigonus and his son? | [20], [22-25], [29], [68]. |
| 9. | What became of the near relatives of Alexander? | [21-23.] |
| 10. | What were the results of the battle of Ipsus? | [25.] |
| 11. | Effects upon Europe and Asia of Alexander’s conquests? | [26], [27]. |
| 12. | Describe the extent and organization of the kingdom of Seleucus. | [28-30.] |
| 13. | Name the Seleucidæ, and relate one incident of each. | [28-48.] |
| 14. | Describe in detail the reign of Antiochus the Great. | [34-37], [100]. |
| 15. | The last but one of the kings of Syria. | [48], [97]. |
| 16. | The incursions of the Gauls. 31, 70, 71. | |
| 17. | The condition of Egypt under the Ptolemies. | [49], [51], [54]. |
| 18. | Alexandria and its schools. | [52], [53]. |
| 19. | The conquests of the first three Ptolemies. | [50], [54], [56]. |
| 20. | The character of their successors. | [56], [57], [60], [62-65]. |
| 21. | What was the result to Athens of the Lamian War? | [68.] |
| 22. | What became of the sons of Cassander? | [67.] |
| 23. | How many kings of Thrace and Macedonia B. C. 281? | [69], [70]. |
| 24. | Describe the two reigns of Antigonus Gonatas. | [72], [74]. |
| 25. | The character of Pyrrhus. | [72], [73]. |
| 26. | Tell the history of the Achæan League. | [75-79], [82], [86]. |
| 27. | What occurred in Sparta during the Macedonian regency of Antigonus Doson? | [77.] |
| 28. | Describe the character and reign of Philip V. | [78-81], [83]. |
| 29. | The successive interventions of the Romans in affairs of Macedonia and Greece. | [76], [79], [81-83], [85], [86]. |
| 30. | The last of the Antigonidæ. | [84.] |
| 31. | How many kings of other families or nations reigned in Macedonia during the Third Period? | |
| 32. | Describe the Thracians. | [87.] |
| 33. | The origin and history of Pergamus. | [88-90.] |
| 34. | Of Bithynia. | [91.] |
| 35. | The early history of Pontus. | [92.] |
| 36. | Tell the story of Mithridates V. | [93-95.] |
| 37. | Describe Cappadocia. | [96.] |
| 38. | Tell in brief the history of Armenia, B. C. 301-A. D. 114. | [97.] |
| 39. | Describe the most easterly of the Greek kingdoms in Asia. | [98.] |
| 40. | The character and history of the Parthians. | [99.] |
| 41. | How was Judæa governed, B. C. 323-168? | [100], [101]. |
| 42. | Describe its condition under the Syrian kings. | [101.] |
| 43. | The rise and reign of the Maccabees. | [102-105.] |
| 44. | The character of Herod, and the great events of his reign. | [106], [107]. |
| 45. | How were his dominions distributed B. C. 4-A. D. 44? | [108.] |
| 46. | Describe the last twenty-six years of Jewish history. | [109.] |
| 47. | How many battles have been described at Beth-horon? | |
| 48. | How many at Thermopylæ? | |
| 49. | How many at Mantinea? | |
| 50. | How many at Salamis in Cyprus? | |
| 51. | How many at Chæronea? |