The mercenaries demanded one-third of the lands of Italy as the reward of their services; and being refused, they sprang to arms again, slew Orestes, deposed Augustulus, and made their own chief, Odo´acer, king of Italy. The Roman Senate, in a letter to Zeno, emperor of the East, surrendered the claim of their country to imperial rank, consented to acknowledge Constantinople as the seat of government for the world, but requested that Odoacer, with the title of “Patrician,” should be intrusted with the diocese of Italy.
With the fall of the Western empire, Ancient History ends. But the establishment of kingdoms by the northern nations marks the rise of a new era, which, through centuries of turbulence, will open into the varied and brilliant scenes of Modern History.
RECAPITULATION.
Alaric, invading Italy, is defeated by Stilicho. Gladiatorial combats are forever abolished at Rome. Honorius fixes his capital at Ravenna. Italy and Gaul are overrun by a pagan host. Constantine becomes emperor in the extreme West, A. D. 407-411. Death of Stilicho and massacre of Gothic women and children lead Alaric to a second invasion of Italy, A. D. 408-410. Rome is three times besieged, and finally given up to plunder for six days. Alaric dies, A. D. 410, and is succeeded by Adolphus, who marries the sister of Honorius, and founds a Gothic kingdom in Spain and southern Gaul. Constantius, second husband of Placidia, reigns as colleague of Honorius, A. D. 421; and his son, Valentinian III., succeeds to the whole Western empire, A. D. 425-455. During the regency of Placidia, the general Boniface, deceived by Aëtius, betrays Africa to the Vandals. Gaul is invaded by Attila, king of the Huns, who is defeated by Goths and Romans near Chalons, A. D. 451. He ravages northern Italy; and fugitives from cities which he destroys, found Venice on the Adriatic, A. D. 452. Valentinian III. is assassinated; and his widow, to avenge his death, calls in the Vandals, who plunder Rome fourteen days. Avitus (A. D. 455, 456) is proclaimed emperor in Gaul. Count Ricimer rebels, and sets up first Marjorian (A. D. 457-461), then Severus (A. D. 461-465), and finally applies for an emperor to the Eastern court, which appoints Anthemius (A. D. 467-472). Ricimer revolts again, and crowns Olybrius, who dies in a few months. Glycerius (A. D. 473, 474) soon exchanges the crown for a miter, and Julius Nepos is installed as sovereign. Orestes sets up his own son, Romulus Augustus (A. D. 475, 476), the last Roman emperor of the West. Odoacer becomes king of Italy, and the Western empire is overthrown.
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.
Book V.
| 1. | What three successive forms of government in ancient Rome? | [§ 8.] |
| 2. | What races inhabited Italy? | [9-11.] |
| 3. | Describe, severally, their origin, character, and institutions. | |
| 4. | Relate the traditions concerning the origin of Rome. | [12], [13]. |
| 5. | Describe the acts and characters of the first three kings. | [13-16.] |
| 6. | What tribes and classes made up the Roman population under Tullus Hostilius? | [16.] |
| 7. | What changes were made by Ancus Martius and Tarquinius Priscus? | [17], [18]. |
| 8. | Describe the constitution under Servius Tullius. | [19-21.] |
| 9. | The reign of Tarquin the Proud. | [22.] |
| 10. | The chief divinities and religious festivals of the Romans. | [23-25.] |
| 11. | The oracles and modes of divination. | [26-28.] |
| 12. | The four sacred colleges. | [28-30.] |
| 13. | The ceremony of lustration. | [31.] |
| 14. | The government and condition of Rome after the expulsion of the kings. | [32-34.] |
| 15. | The causes and effects of the first secession. | [35], [36]. |
| 16. | The Cassian, Publilian, Terentilian, and Hortensian laws. | [37], [40], [43], [46], [78]. |
| 17. | Tell the story of Coriolanus. | [42.] |
| 18. | Of Cincinnatus and his son. | [44], [45]. |
| 19. | Describe the Laws of the Twelve Tables. | [46-48.] |
| 20. | What occasioned the second secession? | [49-51.] |
| 21. | What changes in government resulted from it? | [51-54.] |
| 22. | Describe the Veientine War and its consequences. | [56], [57]. |
| 23. | The invasion of Italy by the Gauls. | [57], [58]. |
| 24. | The sack and siege of Rome. | [59], [60]. |
| 25. | The condition of the Romans after the departure of the Gauls. | [61.] |
| 26. | The treason of Marcus Manlius. | [62], [63]. |
| 27. | The Licinian laws. | [64], [65]. |
| 28. | The final expulsion of the Gauls. | [66.] |
| 29. | The character of the Samnites. | [67], [68]. |
| 30. | The First Samnite War. | [69.] |
| 31. | Relate the incidents of the Latin War. | [70-72.] |
| 32. | Describe the Second Samnite War, and the reduction of the Æqui. | [73-75.] |
| 33. | The Third Samnite War, and the conquest of the Sabines. | [76-78.] |
| 34. | What nations were allied against Rome, B. C. 283? | [79], [80]. |
| 35. | Describe the campaigns of Pyrrhus In Italy and Sicily. | [81-85.] |
| 36. | What changes among the Romans followed their conquest of Italy? | [86], [87]. |
| 37. | Describe the origin and events of the First Punic War. | [89-94.] |
| 38. | What part was taken by Rome in the affairs of Greece? | [95.] |
| 39. | Describe the conquest of the Gauls in northern Italy. | [96], [112]. |
| 40. | The preparations by Carthage for the Second Punic War. | [97-99.] |
| 41. | The invasion of Italy by Hannibal. | [100-108.] |
| 42. | The fate of Hasdrubal. | [108], [107]. |
| 43. | A Roman triumph. | [109-111.] |
| 44. | The wars of Rome in the East and West. | [113], [114], [117]. |
| 45. | The last Punic War. | [115], [116]. |
| 46. | Describe the conquest of Spain. | [118], [119]. |
| 47. | The condition of Rome after the foreign wars. | [120], [121]. |
| 48. | The policy and death of Tiberius Gracchus. | [122], [123]. |
| 49. | Of Scipio Æmilianus. Of Caius Gracchus. | [124-127.] |
| 50. | The Jugurthine Wars. | [128-132.] |
| 51. | Tell the history of Marius. | [130-136], [139-141]. |
| 52. | Describe the Roman slave-code, and its effects in Sicily. | [137.] |
| 53. | The dictatorship of Sulla. | [142-145.] |
| 54. | The rebellion of Sertorius. | [146], [147]. |
| 55. | The War of the Gladiators. | [148-150.] |
| 56. | Relate the history of Pompey. | [151-153], [155], [166-170]. |
| 57. | Describe the conspiracy of Catiline. | [154.] |
| 58. | Relate the history and designs of Cæsar. | [156-177.] |
| 59. | Of the second triumvirate. | [177-180.] |
| 60. | Describe the three decisive battles of Pharsalia, Philippi, and Actium. | [169], [179], [180]. |
| 61. | The city and empire of Rome under Augustus. | [181], [182], [185]. |
| 62. | The Roman operations in Germany. | [183], [184]. |
| 63. | The reign of Tiberius. | [186-188.] |
| 64. | Caligula. | [189.] |
| 65. | Claudius. | [190.] |
| 66. | Nero. | [191-194.] |
| 67. | How many emperors during A. D. 69? | [195], [196]. |
| 68. | Describe the reigns of Vespasian and his two sons. | [197-199.] |
| 69. | The five good emperors. | [200-206.] |
| 70. | The reign of the prætorians. | [207.] |
| 71. | The history of Severus and his sons. | [208], [209]. |
| 72. | The contrasted characters of the two grandsons of Julia Mæsa. | [210-212.] |
| 73. | How many emperors in A. D. 238? | [213], [214]. |
| 74. | Describe the reigns of Philip and Decius. | [215], [216]. |
| 75. | The condition of Rome under Gallus. | [217.] |
| 76. | What foreign invaders under Valerian? | [217.] |
| 77. | Describe the reign of the Thirty Tyrants. | [217.] |
| 78. | What able rulers delayed the fall of the empire? | [218], [219]. |
| 79. | Describe the reigns of Carus and his sons. | [220.] |
| 80. | The new arrangement of the empire under Diocletian and his colleagues. | [221-227.] |
| 81. | The revolt of Carausius. | [223.] |
| 82. | The changes in the empire, from Diocletian’s abdication to the sole reign of Constantine. | [227-230.] |
| 83. | The reorganization of the Roman world by Constantine. | [230.] |
| 84. | What change of religion marked this reign? | [231.] |
| 85. | What foreign nations obtained settlements within Roman boundaries? | [232.] |
| 86. | Tell the history of the sons of Constantine. | [234.] |
| 87. | Describe the character and career of Julian. | [235], [236]. |
| 88. | Who succeeded Jovian? | [237.] |
| 89. | Describe the reign of Valentinian. Of Valens. | [238], [239]. |
| 90. | The reign of Gratian and his brother. | [240], [241]. |
| 91. | The character and reign of Theodosius the Great. | [241], [242]. |
| 92. | What was the comparative duration of the Eastern and Western empires? | [243.] |
| 93. | What barbarians invaded Italy during the reign of Honorius? | [243-246.] |
| 94. | Tell the history of Placidia. | [246], [247]. |
| 95. | The extent of the Western empire under Valentinian III. | [247.] |
| 96. | Describe the career of Alaric, and the battle of Chalons. | [248], [249]. |
| 97. | The successive captures of Rome by Goths and Vandals. | [245], [249]. |
| 98. | How many sovereigns appointed by Count Ricimer? | [250], [251]. |
| 99. | How many by the court at Constantinople? | [251.] |
| 100. | Who was the last Roman emperor of the West? | [252.] |
| 101. | How many centuries had Rome existed from its foundation? |