The History of "Punch"

by M. H. Spielmann

Signed sealed and delivered by all the above named parties in the presence of Wm. Eldridge Clerk to Messrs. Mayhew & Co. 26 Carey St. Lincolns Inn

HENRY MAYHEW MARK LEMON JOSEPH STIRLING COYNE EBENEZER LANDELLS JOSEPH LAST

(FROM THE FIRST SKETCH BY CHARLES KEENE.)

---

[Contents]INDEX

The Heavy Figures indicate the main references in the Text.

À Beckett, Mr. Arthur W., [61], [67], [74];
Parish Councils Bill cartoon, [169];
contributions, etc., [374], [375]
À Beckett, Gilbert Abbott, and the origin of Punch, [14], [17];
the first number, [26], [61], [67];
at the Dinners, [75], [76];
the Jews, [103];
suggestions for cartoons, [171], [180];
attack on Bunn, [226], [228];
attacked in the "Puppet-Show," [239];
his only artistic contribution to Punch, [251];
number of contributions, [259], [260], [276], [277];
as a magistrate, [278], [279];
biographical summary, [272]-[280];
his sons as children, [435]; et passim
À Beckett, Gilbert Arthur, and "Dropping the Pilot," and "The Hidden Hand," [180], [383], [381]-[384]
À Beckett, Hon. T. T., and the origin of Punch, [12], [272], [274]
Aberdeen, Lord, [101], [111], [119], [147]
Accounts relating to transfer of Punch to Bradbury & Evans, [34]-[36]
Acrostics, Double, [493], [494]
Advertising on umbrellas and house-fronts, [125]
"Advice to persons about to marry," [141], [186]
"Advice to Vocalists," [161]
Æstheticism and Mr. Du Maurier, [506]
Agnew, Mr. John Henry, [38], [61]
Agnew, Mr. Philip, [38]
Agnew, Mr. Thomas, [38], [61]
Agnew, Sir William, [38], [61], [87]
Agreement constituting Punch (Appendix II.), [25], [36], [575]-[580]
Ainger, Canon, [147]
Ainsworth, Harrison, [220]
"Airs Resumptive," [405]
Albany, Duke of, Death of, [183]
Albert, Prince, [101], [199];
attitude of Punch towards him, [215]-[217]
"Albion," The, and the dinner to Mr. Burnand, [88]
Alexander III. as the New Pharaoh, [105];
and Lord Augustus Loftus, [194]
Allen, Joseph, [26];
and the Punch Club, [93], [282], [452]
"Almanac," The, [31];
its reputed originators, [32], [33];
great success, variations in production, and "influenza year," [40];
piratical imitations, [41];
a drawing of Sir John Gilbert's, [451], [562], [567]; et passim
"Almanac Dinner," [87]
Amateur Humorists, [147]-[149]
America, War of Secession, [80], [111], [120], [177];
humour, [163];
opinion of Punch, [370];
Mr. du Maurier's portrayal of American girls, [511], [512]
Andersen, Hans Christian, [265]
Andover Workhouse Scandals, [278] and note
"Animal Types," Sir John Tenniel's, [176], [177]
Anstey (Guthrie), Mr. F., [67];
politics, [80]; [396]-[401]
"Answers to Correspondents," [31]
"Anti-Graham Envelope," and "Wafers," [52], [114]-[117]
"Anti-Punch," The, [240]
Appendices, Signatures of Punch's artists, [573], [574];
text of agreement constituting Punch, [575]-[580]
Argyll, Duke of, and "The Old Crusaders," [182]
Armitage, Mr. Arthur, [406]
Armstrong, T., [16]
Arnold-Forster, Mr., [145]
"Arrow," The, [157], [240], [500]
"'Arry Papers," [378]-[380] and note
Art, Punch's attitude towards, [126], [127], [221], [222];
past and present in Punch, [409], [410]
Art Union, The, Satire on, [52]
Artists on Punch, Number of, [410];
signatures of (Appendix I.), [573], [574]
"Ascot Cup Day," Thackeray's, [314]
Ashby-Sterry, Mr., [361], [372], [386], [387], [499]
Ashley, [444]
Asquith, Mr., [205]
"Athenæum," a criticism on Punch, [243]
Atkinson, Mr. J. Priestman, Contributions of, [368], [371], [372], [410], [524], [525]
"Atonement Dinner," Thackeray's, [87], [88]
Attacks on Punch, [227]-[232], [237]-[241]
"Author's Miseries," [315]
"Awful State of Ireland," Hood's, [336]
"B. W.," [501]
Bacon, Mrs., and the title of Punch, [24]
Bailey, the sculptor, and Jerrold's bust, [87]
"Bang went Saxpence," [140], [141], [186]
Bank of England, and error of Punch's, [245]
Banting, Mr., [157]
Barham, R. ("Tom Ingoldsby"), and the Punch Dinners, [86]
Baring, Sir Francis, [233]
Barnard, Mr. Fred, [156], [518], [519]
Barry, Michael John, and the "Peccavi" despatch, [361]
Bather joke, The, [162]
Bayley, F. W. N., [17], [19]
Baylis, Henry, [19], [24];
and the Punch Club, [93], [97]
Beaconsfield, Lord, see Disraeli, Mr.
"Beard movement," [423]
Beardsley, Mr. Aubrey, [222]
"Bede, Cuthbert," see Bradley, Rev. Edward
Bedford, Mr. Deputy, [317], [385], [386]
Bedford Hotel, Punch Dinner at, [64], [65], [86], [87]
Beetle, Sergeant-at-Arms as a, [145], [146]
Bellew, Frank, [500], [501]
Benefit performances, [132]-[135]
"Bengal Tiger, The," [208]
Bennett, Charles H., [61], [66];
letter from his fellow-diners, [76], [77], [527];
benefit performance for his widow, [132], [134], [528];
death of, [180], [455], [525]-[528]
Bennett, J., [498]
Bennitt, Mr., [542]
Bennitt, Colonel Ward, [547], [548]
Betham-Edwards, Miss M., [371], [372]
Bethell, Mr. (afterwards Lord Westbury), and Punch's applications for injunctions, [151], [152]
"Bibs' Baby, Mrs.," [295]
"Bicycle made for Two, A," [471]
"Billie Barlow," [360]
"Bird's-eye Views of English Society," [455]
Bismarck, Prince, Resignation of, [179], [180];
and the Emperor William II., [193];
a "junior cartoon" by Mr. Sambourne, [535]
Black, Mr. William, on Keene, [489]
"Black Maria" joke, A, [143], [144]
Blackwood, Mr., [330]
Blanchard, Laman, [259], [260], [337], [338]
Blanchard, Sidney, and "Mr. Punch, His Origin and Career," [12];
and the "London Charivari," [15];
proposal for a "comic Punch," [14] note
Blatchford, Mr. Montagu, [88], [548]
Blocks for Punch illustrations, [249]-[251]
Bloomerism, [424]
Board School, Hugh Middleton, [125]
"Book of Beauty," [467], [479]
Borrow, George, and Thackeray, [318]
"Bow Street Ballads," [320]
Bowers, Miss Georgina, [166], [529], [530]
Boyd, Mr. A. S., [167]
Bradbury, William, [36], [49], [61]
Bradbury, William Hardwick, [38]
Bradbury, Mr. W. Lawrence, [38]
Bradbury, Agnew & Co., [38]
Bradbury & Evans, [31], [32];
and negotiations for the purchase of Punch, [33]-[35]
Bradbury, Evans & Co., [38]
Bradley, C. H., [477]
Bradley, Rev. Edward, and "Verdant Green," [129], [492], [355], [372], [491]-[495]
Brewtnall, Mr. E. F., [543]
Brezzi, Mrs., and the Title of Punch, [24]
"Briefless, Mr.," [275]
"Briefless, Junior," [375]
"Briggs, Mr., or Housekeeping versus Horse keeping," [131], [425]
Bright, John, [101], [111];
and the New Reform Bill, [118];
"Hercules," [121];
with an eye-glass, [204];
obituary notice, [377]
Brine, his portrait of Punch, [8];
and the first Staff of Punch, [19];
cartoons, [171], [412]
"Britannia," [208], [473], [535]
"British Lion," [70] and note, [176], [177], [208], [470]
Bromley, Valentine, [548]
Brooks, Reginald Shirley, [67], [387]
Brooks, Shirley, and the origin of Punch, [11];
misconception as to the first editorship of Punch, [25] note;
portrait, [60], [80];
politics, [99];
his lectures, [129];
the "Man in the Moon," [154], [238], [357];
old jokes, [163];
a Cawnpore cartoon, [177];
verses on Abraham Lincoln, [177], [178];
verses on the death of the Prince Consort, [217];
"Our Flight with Punch," [238], [357];
friendship with Angus Reach, [357];
as Editor, [359], [360];
work and characteristics, [356]-[360]
Brough, Robert, [265], [360]
Brough, William, [265], [288], [360]
Brougham, Lord, [101], [153];
opinion of Punch's portraits of him, [200];
as "Mrs. Caudle," and as a clown, [202]
Brown, W., [454]
"Brown, Mrs.," [489]
"Brown, Jones and Robinson," [455]
"Brown's Letters, Mr.," [321]
Browne, Charles F., [180], [317], [369], [370]
Browne ("Phiz"), Hablôt Knight, and the origin of Punch, [19];
his design for the cover, [41], [42], [451];
"Valentines," [49], [50];
"Mokeanna," [365], [427], [446], [451], [452]
Browne, Mr. Walter, [539]
Brunton, W., [232], [502]
Bryan, Mr. Alfred, [557], [567]
Bryant, W., first publisher of Punch, [19], [27]
Buccleuch, Duke of, [233]
Buckingham, James Silk, Punch's attack on, [223]-[225]
Bulgarian atrocities, [165]
Bull, W. P., [337]
Bull-fights, [429]
"Bull Frog" cartoon, [449]
Bunn, Alfred, Punch's attack on, [225]-[227];
his "Word with Punch," [131], [227]-[232]
Burnand, Miss, [392]
Burnand, Mr. F. C., [40];
portrait, [60];
politics, [80], [99];
dinner in his honour at the "Albion," [88];
the Two Pins Club, [98];
"Happy Thoughts," [129], [365];
first contribution, [146], [362];
puns, [151], [366];
"Mrs. Gummidge," [179];
"Out of Town," [276], [366];
contributions, editorship, etc., [362]-[368]
Burnham Beeches, Jubilee Dinner at, [87]
Burns, Mr. John, [235]
Burton, E. J., [460]
Butts, Punch's favourite, [217]-[233], [330]
Byron, Henry J., verses on Punch, [8];
Comic News, [160];
Fun, [364], [407]
"C.," [491]
"C. B.," [547]
Cabinet Ministers, Attitude of Punch towards, [195]-[205]
Caldecott, Randolph, [545], [546]
Callaway, Rev. W. F., [498], [499]
Calverley, C. S., [371]
Campbell, Mr. Gerald F., [403]
Campbell, Lady, [392], [406]
"Candidates under Different Phases," [188]
Canning, Lord, [177]
Capital punishment, [2], [3]
"Captain Jinks of the Selfish," etc., [523]
"Captious Critic," The, [541], [542]
Carnigan, Lord, Epigram by Wills on, [26]
Caricature, Carlyle on, [4];
as illustrated by Gillray, Rowlandson, and Cruikshank, [186]
Carlisle, Lord, and a dinner to the Punch Staff, [90], [200]
Carlyle, on caricature, [4];
on humour, [5];
"Latter-day Pamphlets," [112]
Carthusians on the Staff, [69], [70]
"Cartoon Junior," The, [82], [170]
Cartoons, and tinted background, [41];
history, weekly arrangements for design and production, etc., [79], [80], [168]-[184], [463], [464];
origin of name, etc., [185]-[188];
as a reflection of popular opinion, [188], [189];
engraving, [249], [464], [468]
Cartoonists, [170]-[172]
Cartoons for Houses of Parliament, Exhibition of, [187]
"Cartoons, Sir John Tenniel's," [52]
Catling, Mr., [95]
"Caudle, Mrs.," and the "Lectures," [73], [98], [130];
and Lord Brougham, [202];
"sudden death," [238], [291]-[293]
"Caudle at Gravesend, Mrs.," [130]
Cawnpore Cartoons, [176], [177]
"Cham," [501], [502]
Chamberlain, Mr. Joseph, [408]
Chambers, Mr., [498], [523]
"Charivari," Philipon's, [15]
Chartism, [108], [425]
Chasemore, Mr. A., [483], [538], [539]
Cheltnam, Mr. Charles Smith, [374]
Chess-problem joke, [160]
Chester, Fred, [60]
Chester, George, [60], [255]
"Child Snobson's Pilgrimage," [166]
"Childe Chappie's Pilgrimage," [146], [166], [378]
Children, Mr. du Maurier's drawings of, [507], [513]

Children, Punch men's love of, [294]
Chinese War, [111], [119]
"Chronicles of a Rural Parish," [403]
Church, Affairs of the, in Punch, [102], [103]
"Church-going Bell," [536]
Churchill, Lord Randolph, [199];
portraits, [204], [552], [553]
Circulation of Punch, early numbers, [28], [30], [31];
after the production of the "Almanac," [33];
after "A Visit to the Watering-Places," [49]
Clarke, Mrs. Cowden, on Lemon's "Falstaff," [135]
Clarke, H. Savile, Contributions of, [371]; [483]
Cleaver, Mr. Reginald, [92], [565]
Club, Punch, [52], [55], [93]-[98], [452];
Two Pins, [98];
Mulberry, [447];
Shakespeare, [447]
Clubs in Fleet Street, [54]
Clubs, Complaint books of, and Thackeray's "Snob Papers," [319]
Cobden, Richard, [111], [157], [165];
portraits in Punch, [205]
"Cock-a-doodle-do," [190]
Collins, Mrs. Frances, [392], [405]
Collins, Mortimer, [240], [376]
"Columbia," [208]
Combe, George, [240]
"Comic Blackstone," The, [276]
"Comic Bradshaw," The, [276], [280]
"Comic Latin Grammar," [419], [420]
"Comic Mythology," [282]
"Comic News," [160], [265], [414], [500], [525]
"Comic Times," [361], [412], [525]
"Commercial Intelligence," [274]
"Complete Letter-Writer," [294]
"Confessions of a Duffer," [392]
Consort, Prince, see Albert, Prince
Contributions of Staff, Relative, [258]-[263]
Conundrums by Thomas Hood, [330], [331]
"Conversational Hints for Young Shooters," [402]
Conway, Mr. Moncure, [440]
Coode, Miss, [502], [529] note
Cooke, Mr. C. W., [403]
Cooke, T. P., [298]
Cooper, Mr., [540]
Cooper, Mr. Sidney, and a device of Douglas Jerrold, [75]
Corbould, Mr. A. Chantrey, [410], [543], [544], [545]
"Cosmorama, The," [16], [17], [414]
"Cousin Jonathan," [208]
Covers of Bi-Annual Volumes, Designs for, [41]-[49]
Cox, Mr. Everard Morant, [558]
Coyne, Joseph Stirling, and the origin of Punch, [12], [14], [17], [19];
and the editorship, [25], [256], [271], [272]
Crane, Mr. Walter, [530]
Crawhall, Mr. Joseph, [147]
Cricket, Punch on, [514], [515]
Crimean War, [109], [110], [111], [119], [174]
Crinolines, [424]
"Crown Inn," Vinegar Yard: the Punch Dinner, and the Punch Club, [55]
"Crowquill," Alfred, his portrait of Punch, [8];
and the "London Charivari," [15];
"Valentines," [49], [158];
cartoons, [171];
"Vauxhall Papers," [226], [449]-[450]
Cruikshank, George, his etchings, [9], [186];
"Omnibus," [162], [496], [497];
and the Court, [189], [190];
Almanack, [417];
relations with Punch, [495]-[498]
Cruikshank, Robert, [273]
"Cry of the Clerk," [388]
Crystal Palace, christened by Punch, [84], [85];
"Gentleman's Magazine" dinner, [88]
"Curiosities of Medical Experiences," [305]
Curren, Mr. J., [548]
"Daily News," and Charles Dickens, [84];
and Peter Rackham, [85]
Dalziel, Edward, [16], [248]
Dalziel, George, [16], [248]
Darré, Monsieur G., [559], [560]
Davies, Mr. George, [404]
"Deaf Burke," [165]
Deane, Rev. Anthony C., [404], [405]
Delane, Mr., and mousseline de laine, [91]
"Derby Ram," The, [524]
Deterioration of Punch, Alleged, [245], [246]
Dever, [523]
Devonshire House, amateur theatrical performance at, [135]
"Diary of Mr. Yellowplush," [317]
"Diary of a Nobody," [392]
"Diary of the Premier at Sea," [384]
Dickens, Charles, at the Punch Dinner, [83], [351];
quarrel with Mark Lemon and Bradbury and Evans, [83], [352], [353];
friendship with Jerrold, [84];
dinner at the Mansion House, [90];
at the Punch Club, [93];
as an amateur actor, [135];
on Lemon, [255];
and the fund for Jerrold's widow, [298];
opinion of Thackeray's art, [313];
authorship of the "Song of the Shirt," [332];
sole (and unpublished) contribution to Punch,[349];
verses by Mr. E. J. Milliken, [378], [435];
friendship with Leech, [436]
Dining-room at [10], Bouverie Street, [58]-[63]
Dining Table at Bouverie Street, Initials on, [63] and note
"Dinner, Almanac," [40]
Dinner, Punch, [40], [53]-[87], [168];
names of diners in frontispiece drawing, [536] note
"Dinner at Timmins's, A," [320]
Dinners, Special Punch, [87]-[92]
"Diogenes," [159], [414], [459], [500], [525]
"Dirty Father Thames," cartoon, [412]
Disraeli, Mr., and Keene's unused cartoon, [60];
as presented in Punch, [100];
change of politics, [107];
the "Political Chameleon," [118];
the "Premier-Peri," [121], [473];
Bulgarian atrocities [165];
and "A Leap in the Dark," [179];
and the "Pas de Deux," [179];
as a beaten Minister, [182];
at the Printers' Pension Society dinner, [197]-[199];
and "Scaramouche," [199];
as Hamlet, [200];
obituary notice, [377]
Dowse, Baron, Lines of farewell to, [373]
Doyle, Henry, [459]
Doyle, Richard, his portrait of Punch, [8];
secession, [40], [103];
designs for cover of Punch, [46]-[49], [202];
"Holidays," [50];
at the Dinners, [68];
"Papal Aggression" cartoons, [102], [103], [171], [455];
and Mr. Swain, [252];
"High Art and the Royal Academy," [349], [458] note;
his one literary contribution, [372]; [454]-[458]
Drama, The, Punch's support of, [128]
"Drama, The," by Hood, [335]
Draughtsmen on Punch, Number of, [410]
Dress, Fashions in, [122], [123]
"Dropping the Pilot," [179], [180], [383]
Drunkards, Punch's pictures of, [245]
Duelling, [187]
"Dumb Crambo, Junior," see Atkinson, Mr. J. Priestman
Duncombe, M.P., Mr., [114]
"Easel, Jack," see Eastlake, Mr Charles L.
Eastern Question, [118], [119]
Eastlake, Mr. Charles L., [362]
Edwards, Mr. Sutherland, and "Pasquin," [240], [348];
contributions to Punch, [348], [349]
Egg, R.A., Augustus, [135]
Electrotyping Punch blocks, [251]
"Elephant and Castle" joke, [144]
Eliot, George, [161], [332]
Ellis, Mr. E. J., [255], [537]
Eltze, F., his portrait of Punch, [9], [144], [521], [522]
Engraving Punch illustrations, [247]-[253]
Epigram Club, of Oxford, [149]
Errors of Punch, [243]-[245], [472]
"Essence of Parliament," [100], [245], [348], [359], [389]-[391], [526], [533], [551]
"Eton Boy," an, Contribution of, [435]
Eugénie, Empress, [110]
Evans, Mr. Edmund, [16], [248], [445]
Evans, Frederick Mullett ("Pater"), [36], [38]
Evans, Mr. F. M., [38], [61]
Extra Numbers, [49]-[51]
"F. B.," [549]
"F. M.," [498]
"F. Captain," [549]
Faddists as critics of Punch, [245]
Fairfield, Mr. A. R. and the "Tercentenary Number," [50], [522]; and [410], [522]
"Fairy Tales," [337]
Family Trees of Punch, [382]
Farmer, British, [166]
Fashions, [122], [123]
Fawkes, L. G., [548]
Ferguson, J. W., [259], [260], [337]
"Février turned Traitor, General," [119], [174]-[176]
Field, Mrs., [529] note, [545]
"Figaro in London," [11], [188], [226], [273], [413]
First Avenue Hotel, Punch Dinner at, [64]
"Fitzdotterel," [378]
Fleet Prison, [3]
Fleischmann, A., Statue of "Punch" by, [62]
"Flight with Punch, Our," [238]
Footpad joke, The, [159]
Forbes, Professor, [405]
"Foreign Affairs," [173], [420]
"Forlorn Hope" Cartoon, [180], [181]
"Forlorn Maiden" Cartoon, [472]
Forster, John, [135];
and Punch's portraits of Lord Brougham, [200]
Forster, Rumsey, revenges himself on Thackeray, [319], [320]
Foster, Mr. Birket, [16];
and the title of Punch, [25], [43], [60];
and "Bang went Saxpence," [140], [147];
and cartoon, [171];
on Mark Lemon, [256]; [445], [446]
Founders of Punch, [16], [17], [28]
France, Punch's exclusion from, [165], [190], [191];
and the "United Service," [176];
Anglo-Congolese difficulty, Marshal MacMahon, and the "Madagascar Lamb," [191];
and Russia, [191], [192];
satirists, [242], [243]
Franco-Prussian War, [110], [179], [192]
Fraser, Miss, [549]
Free Trade and Protection, [118]
Frenchmen and Punch, [51], [437]
Frith, R.A., Mr., and the first number of Punch, [29];
and "General Février," [175], [176], [435];
and the relations between Leech and George Cruikshank, [496]
"Fun," [232], [364], [371], [459], [516], [539], [540], [567]
"Funny Folks," [160]
Furniss, Mr. Harry, his portraits of Punch, [9];
Paris Exhibition number, [51];
caricature by Mr. Sambourne, [61], [79];
the Two Pins Club, [98];
his public entertainments, [129];
"I used your soap two years ago," [145];
his first drawing, [146];
portraits of politicians, [204], [551]-[554];
and "Mrs. Ramsbotham," [237], [238];
a literary contribution, [372];
and "Toby, M.P.," [391], [551]; [549]-[556]
"Fusbos," [282]
Gale, Frederick, [406]
Gaiter, William, [16]
"Gamp" and "Harris," Mesdames, [50], [211]
Garibaldi, [120]
Geake, Mr. Charles, [403]
"General Février," [119], [174]-[176]
"Gentleman's Magazine," and the dinner at the Crystal Palace, [88]
"German Reeds' Entertainment," [130]
Germany, Exclusion of Punch from the Court of, [192]
Gilbert, R.A., Sir John: his portrait of Punch, [8];
design of cover, [11], [41], [45], [450]; [126];
and "Bang went Saxpence," [140];
"Mokeanna," [364]; [450], [451], [528]
Gilbert, Mr. W. S., [232], [364], [372]
Gillray and Rowlandson, [186], [189]
Girdlestone, Rev. A. G., Pulpit tribute, [102]
Gladstone, Mr.: and the dinner given by Mr. Lucy, [91];
on Punch's politics, [100], [197];
as presented in Punch, [101];
and Home Rule, [106];
under Sir Robert Peel, [107];
"Jupiter," [121];
"He won't be happy till he gets it," [160];
Bulgarian Atrocities, [165];
Parish Councils Bill, [169];
and Lord Rosebery's first speech as Premier, [170];
on political satirists, [172];
"Mrs. Gummidge," [179], [466];
"Forlorn Hope," [180], [181];
"The Old Crusaders," [182];
and the rejection of the Paper Duty Bill, [200];
portraits, [204];
on Mark Lemon, [267];
"Diary of the Premier at Sea," [384];
and "Britannia's Volunteers," [394], [395];
Sir John Tenniel's drawings, [466];
and Sir John Tenniel's knighthood, [473];
a sketch by Mr. Sambourne, [535];
collars, [551], [552];
loss of a digit, [556]
"Globe," The, and "Mrs. Ramsbotham," [236], [237]
"Glow-Worm," The, [375]
Goddard, G. B., [528], [529]
Gordon, Sir A., and the Punch Staff, [92]
Gordon, General, [183]
Goschen, Mr., [160], [200]
Gossett, Captain, [145], [146]
Graham, Mr., [545]
Graham, Sir James: "Anti-Graham Envelope" and "Wafers," [113]-[116];
on Disraeli, [198]
"Granta," The, [401]-[403]
"Grattan," H. P., [19], [26];
and the origin of the "Almanac," [32];
Graves, Mr. Alfred Perceval, [373]
Gray, Paul, [232], [517]