Religion and ceremonies of the Lenape - M. R. Harrington

Aʹckas or attendants of Annual ceremony, duties of, [84-85], [87-88], [96-97], [103], [105], [107].
See [Attendants].
Adams, R. C., on Annual ceremony, [118-122];
on Buffalo dance, [182-183];
on dreams or visions, [80];
on Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, [154-156];
on Skeleton dance, [183-184].
Air, mannitto of, [30].
See [Thunder Beings]
Alder, dye from bark of, [141]
Alphabet used for Lenape words, [15-16]
Altar at Annual ceremony, [115]
America, prophecy of whites’ coming to, [121]
American Anthropologist, account of Minsi ceremony in, [138-143]
American Museum of Natural History, Doll in collection of, [46], [168-169];
Tefft collection in, [15], [38]
American tribes, concept of Great Spirit among, [19-20]
Animals, as guardian spirits, [49-50], [65], [70], [77], [80], [121], [195];
ceremonies of, [171-183];
spirits of, [118], [125], [194];
thanks to, [134].
See [Wild animals]
Anima mundi compared with Great Spirit, [22]
Annual ceremony, authorities on:
Adams, [118-122];
Indian comments, [111-115];
Penn, [115-116];
Zeisberger, [116-118];
Bear ceremony resembling, [171];
carved faces in, [31];
chant of Pokiteʹhemun at, [67-69];
chants of visions at, [66], [73-76], [195];
compared with Minsi ceremony, [127-145];
Four winds in ritual of, [26];
native name for, [109];
penalties of omitting, [113-116];
rites of Mask in, [36], [146], [151];
thanks given to Earth in, [29];
Unami rites of, [81-111];
variants of, [122-126];
worship of Great Spirit in, [19];
worship of Mask Being in, [35].
See [Minsi]
Anthony, Michael, acknowledgment to, [14], [139]
Ants as guardian spirits, [78]
Arapaho, Ghost dance of, [191]
Arrow, ceremonial use of, at Peyote rite, [187-188];
arrows of Thunder Beings, [29]
Ashes, ceremonial removal of, [101], [131-132];
prevention of disease by, [160]
Aⁿsiptaʹgŭn or paint-dish of bark, [105]
A‛ʹtcigamuʹLtiⁿ, native name for Otter ceremony, [176].
See [Otter ceremony]
Attendants, at Annual ceremony, [84-85], [87-88], [96-97], [103], [105-111], [117-118], [120];
at Bear ceremony, [172-173];
at Feast of first fruits, [144];
at Minsi ceremony, [132-133], [137];
at Otter ceremony, [179];
at Peyote rite, [188].
See [Aʹckas]
Axe, Tornado threatened with, [47]
Bad luck, caused by neglect of rites, [113-116]
Bag, full of snakes, [35], [153];
mask worn in, [42];
of Mask impersonator, [34];
of tobacco offered: to bear, [172];
to otter, [177]
Bark, boiled for making dyes, [141];
ceremonial bowls and spoons of, [131], [137];
ceremonial paint-dish of, [105-106];
first Big House of, [148];
roof of Big House of, [83]
Beads of wampum, as invitation to dance, [142-143];
payment in, [110-111], [135];
used in Minsi ceremony, [141-143].
See [Wampum]
Beans, offering of, [144];
thanks to, [134];
wampum string symbolizing, [141-142]
Bear, abundance of, in Happy Hunting Ground, [58];
ceremony of, [171-176], [199];
fat of, burned, [117-118], [134];
flesh of, offered to Corn Goddess, [44];
hair of Mask Being like, [33];
head of, fastened to mask of Mask impersonator, [34];
provision of, for feast, [117]
Bearskin, bag of Mask impersonator, [34], [155];
cap of Mask impersonator, [42];
coat of Mask impersonator, [41];
dress of Mask impersonator, [56], [152-153];
leggings of Mask impersonator, [34], [41];
worn by members of Mask society, [159]
“Beautiful town” or Heaven, [56-57].
See [Happy Hunting Ground]
Belief: in Doll Being, [162-171];
in dream or vision, [61-80];
in Great Spirit, [18-24], [88-92], [192-193];
in immortality, [52-60], [195-196];
in supernatural beings, [17-51]
Bergen, New Jersey, information from Indians at, [20]
Big-Deer, Naniʹtis given up by, [170-171]
Big House or Xiʹngwikan, Annual ceremonies in, [35], [82-122];
common to both tribes, [129-133], [196-197];
construction of, [82-83], [119], [148-150];
Elkhair on significance of, [113-115];
Mask impersonator present in, [98-99];
MuxhatoLʹzing in, [123];
of Bear cult, [173];
of Minsi, [127-145];
origin of, [147-152];
prayer in, [112-113];
preparation of, for Ceremony, [85-87], [117];
return of hunters to, [100-101];
rites of Mask in, [151-152];
seating of congregation in, [93];
serving of meals in, [110];
turtle rattles of, [181];
visions recited in, [75-76].
See [Annual ceremony], [Meeting-house]
Bilberries, at Annual feast, [118];
in Happy Hunting Ground, [58]
Birds as guardian spirits, [78], [80], [121], [195]
Black, and red: carved faces painted with, [83], [119];
Mask painted with, [33], [41], [150], [155];
and white duck, as guardian spirit, [67], [140];
hog, offering of, [173];
symbolizing men, [140-141]
Blanket, ceremonial waving of, [145];
blankets spread over sweating-oven, [125]
Blessing granted by guardian spirits, [65-67], [77], [194-195]
Blood, luminous ball of, [53-54]
Body, luminous form of, [53-54]
Bones, burning of, at Annual ceremony, [118]
Bowl, and dice game of manĭʹtowŭk, [25-26];
ceremonial, in Bear cult, [173-174];
bowls, bark, in Minsi ceremony, [131], [137]
Bows and arrows of Thunder Beings, [29]
Box-tortoise rattle in Annual ceremony, [94-96], [118], [120].
See [Rattles]
Box-turtle rattle of Planting dance, [143].
See [Rattles]
Boys, dreaming of, for power, [54];
initiation of, [63-64], [78-80];
pet of, [172];
vision of Mask Being by, [147-152];
visions of, [62-63], [72-75], [92], [140], [194-195]
Brainerd, David, on animal spirits, [50];
on Annual ceremony, [151-152];
on carved faces in Big House, [42];
on concept of soul, [56];
on dream or vision, [77];
on Evil Spirit, [25];
on Four Directions, [27];
on Great Spirit, [22-23];
on impersonator of Mask Being, [41-42];
on sun, [28]
Brainerd, John, on idol image or Doll, [46-47]
Brass eyes of Miziʹnk, [158]
“Bringing in” the meeting, [81], [92-94], [104], [122], [135], [174]
Brown, William, acknowledgment to, [14]
Brush house of Bear cult, [173-174]
Buck, chant referring to, [69];
prayer to, [126];
ridden by Mask Being, [33], [148];
women’s share in, [106]
Buckskin, skeleton wrapped in, [184]
Buffalo, as guardian spirit, [78];
dance of, [182-183]
Bunches of wampum, symbolism of, [141-143]
Burial, Wolf clan rites of, [183-184]
Burning, of bones, [118];
of cedar leaves, [105];
of fat, [117-118], [134], [173-175];
of hemlock-boughs, [133], [144-145];
of hog’s head, [175];
of moccasins, [47];
of tobacco, [29], [98], [126], [151].
See [Offering]
Cactus called peyote, [186].
See [Peyote rite]
Caddo, Peyote cult originating among, [185]
Canada, Lenape now resident in, [13-14], [170].
See [Ontario]
Canoe, coming of white men in, [121];
over river to Spirit land, [54]
Cantico, Penn’s term for ceremony, [115-116]
Cap, bearskin, of Mask impersonator, [42]
Carved drumsticks, in Annual ceremony, [101-103], [150];
in Minsi ceremony, [130-131], [139-140], [197]
Carved faces, on drumsticks, [101], [130-131], [197];
on posts of Big House, [42-43], [83], [88], [106], [119], [148], [150];
on posts of Minsi Big House, [129-130], [151];
representing Keepers of the Heavens, [31].
See [Mask], [Masks], [Mĭsiʹngʷ‛]
Catfish, James Wolf’s dream of, [72-73]
Cattle, Mask Being guardian of, [35], [157]
Cayuga, False Face company of, [161];
long-house, thanksgiving of Lenape in, [139];
Planting dance of, [143]
Cedar-leaves, burning of, at Annual ceremony, [105]
Central post, carved faces on, [83], [119], [151];
ceremonial of: in Annual ceremony, [94], [106], [119-120];
in Feast of first fruits, [144];
in Minsi Big House, [129-130], [135];
in MuxhatoLʹzing, [123]
Central West, Peyote cult in, [185]
Ceremonies, directed by guardian spirit, [65];
extinction of, [63];
in honor of dead, [55], [191], [195-196];
minor, [198-199];
of Big House, [75-76], [82];
of Lenape, paintings of, [14];
of Minsi Big House, [127-145];
of Minsi to Mother Corn, [43];
of Unami and Minsi, compared, [196-200];
thanks given to Great Spirit in, [18], [145], [196].
See [Annual ceremony], [Ceremony]
Ceremony, of Bear, [171-176];
of Buffalo, [182-183];
of Doll Being, [46], [162-171];
of First fruits, [144-145];
of Mask Being, [35], [198-199];
of Mask society, [37], [159-161];
of Otter, [176-183];
of Peyote, [185-191];
of Skeleton dance, [183-184];
of Thanksgiving, [139-143].
See [Annual ceremony], [Ceremonies]
Chant, at Otter ceremony, [180-181];
of Pokiteʹhemun, [67-68];
referring to Mask Being, [69];
referring to visions, [66-74], [136], [174-175], [195];
Unami examples of, [67-72].
See [Singers], [Singing], [Visions]
Charm, opiʹna or blessing as, [65-66];
charms: from Great Horned Serpents, [49];
miniature masks as, [36], [42].
See [Fetishes]
Charts of Heaven drawn on deerskin, [57]
Chastity of boys, [62-63]
Chief, of the gods, Great Spirit as, [19];
hunter of Annual ceremony, [85], [97].
See [Leader]
Chief Waubuno, description of Minsi ceremony by, [143-145];
on Great Spirit, [21-22]
Children, cared for by Mask Being, [34-35], [153], [155-156];
Doll Being revealed to, [162-163];
Little People hunted by, [49], [193];
meeting of, with parents in Heaven, [53], [91];
no longer piʹlsŭⁿ, [63], [112-114];
part of, in Annual ceremony, [108-109];
prayers for, [115].
See [Boys], [Girls]
Cholera checked by False Face company, [161]
Christ, tomb of, at Peyote rite, [186-187].
See [Jesus Christ]
Christianity, concepts of, in Peyote rite, [186-190];
idols given up for, [38];
Naniʹtis given up for, [169];
visions given up for, [72].
See [Devil], [Missionary], [Whites]
Clans, see [Phratries]
Clothing of Naniʹtis, [167].
See [Costume]
Coat of bearskins of Mask impersonator, [34], [41]
Colors, dyes for, [141].
See [Black], [Red]
Comet, attributes of, [48-49]
Cones, copper, adorning Miziʹnk, [158]
Confederacy of the Lenape, [13]
Conjurer, information of, in regard to Great Spirit, [22-23]
Copper adorning Miziʹnk, [158]
Corn, beans and vegetables, wampum string symbolizing, [141-142];
called Lenape food, [70];
in rattle of Mask impersonator, [42];
offering of, [144];
soul likened to, [59];
spirit, duties of, [193];
thanks for, [145];
thanks to, [134].
See [Mother Corn]
Corn-bread at Minsi ceremony, [137]
Corn Goddess, see [Mother Corn]
Corn-mush, see [Hominy], [Säʹpan]
Costume, of impersonator: of Mask Being, [33-34], [41-42], [56], [152-153], [155], [158];
of Otter, [177-182];
of members of Mask society, [159];
of Naniʹtis, [169-170];
of Sun, [27];
worn at Annual ceremony, [93];
worn at Ghost dance, [191]
Cranes or singers of Annual ceremony, [85].
See [Singers]
Crayfish, James Wolf’s dream of, [72-73]
Creator, see [Great Spirit]
Cripples, injunction to help, [91-92]
Crooked nose of Miziʹnk, [158]
Crops, prayer for, [44], [134];
ruin of, [113];
supernatural control of, [194];
watered by Thunder Beings, [193]
Cross, drumsticks marked with, [101];
spirit road represented by line on, [187-188].
See [Crucifix]
Crow as guardian spirit, [69-70]
Crucifix at Peyote rite, [187]
Cult, see [Ceremony], [Ceremonies]
Dance, at Thanksgiving ceremony, [142-143];
in honor of Great Spirit, [88];
native terms for, [115-116];
of Buffalo, [182-183];
of Doll Being, [164-165];
of First fruits, [128];
of guardian spirits, [73];
of Ghost, [190-191];
of Mask impersonator in Big House, [42], [99];
of Mĭsiʹngʷ‛, [152-156];
of Skeleton, [183-184];
of Weopĕʹlakis, [36];
Planting, [143];
Strawberry, [128], [197];
dances connected with Mask society, [160].
See [Dancing]
Dance songs accompanying chants, [66].
See [Chant], [Singers], [Singing]
Dancing, at Annual ceremony, [42], [95], [99], [103], [106], [115-116], [118-122];
at Feast of first fruits, [145];
at Minsi ceremony, [135-136], [140];
in ceremonies of Naniʹtis, [168], [171];
in Happy Hunting Ground, [56], [58].
See [Dance]
Dankers, Jaspar, and Sluyter, Peter, on Great Spirit, [20]
Day, clothing the Great Man, [23];
god of, [28].
See [Great Spirit]
Dead, beliefs concerning, [52-60];
ceremonies in honor of, [55], [191];
dance in honor of, [183-184];
food offered to, [52], [195-196];
food taken by, [71];
going west, [132];
spirits of, as guardians, [71-72], [194-195].
See [Ghosts], [Immortality]
Death, propitiation to prevent, [199]
Deer, abundance of, in Happy Hunting Ground, [58];
ceremonial hunting of, [97-101];
for Annual ceremony, [117];
for Doll dance, [163-164], [168-169];
for Feast of first fruits, [144];
for Minsi ceremony, [132];
herded by Mask Being, [33], [148], [150], [156]
Deer-hoofs adorning Miziʹnk, [158]
Deerskin, charts of Heaven drawn on, [57];
clothing Sun, [27];
drum at Annual ceremony, [85], [94-95], [100], [106], [115-116], [120];
drum at Buffalo dance, [182-183];
drum at Doll dance, [165];
drum at Minsi ceremonies, [130], [135], [139];
drum at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, [154-155];
drum at Peyote rite, [188];
giving away of, at Annual ceremony, [108-109];
stuffed with grass, [123];
suspended from pole, [144];
taken by hunters, [108];
worn by members of Mask society, [159]
Delaware, Lenape first encountered in, by whites, [13]
Devil, a Christian concept, [24-25], [57], [194].
See [Evil Spirit]
Devil dance, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance so called by whites, [156]
Dewey, Oklahoma, Big House near, [82]
Dictionary, Indian, Zeisberger, author, [43]
Disease, caused by neglect of rites, [116];
ceremony of expelling, [37];
cured by Mask Being, [159], [161];
cured by Pabookowaih, [168-169];
prevention of, by ashes, [160].
See [Sickness]
Dish of bark used in Annual ceremony, [105-106]
Doe offered to Naniʹtis, [168-169]
Dogs, forbidden in Big House, [121];
prevented from eating bones, [118]
Doll Being, belief in, [45-47], [162-163], [193], [199];
Unami dance of, [163-166].
See [Naniʹtis]
Dolls, see [Fetishes]
Dream helper, see [Guardian spirit]
Dreams, see [Visions]
Drink, ceremonial, at Bear cult, [175-176];
of Minsi ceremonies, [128], [134]
Drum, at Annual ceremony, [85], [95-94], [100], [103], [106], [115-116], [120], [197];
at Buffalo dance, [182-183];
at Doll dance, [165], [168];
at Feast of first fruits, [144];
at Ghost dance, [191];
at Minsi ceremony, [130], [135], [139-140], [197];
at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, [154-155];
at Peyote rite, [188-189]
Drummers, at Annual ceremony, [95], [100], [110], [150];
at Doll dance, [165]
Drumsticks, at Annual ceremony, [101-103], [106], [150];
at Minsi ceremony, [130-131], [139], [197];
at Peyote rite, [188]
Duck as guardian spirit, [67-69], [140]
Dyes for red and black, [141]
Eagle-feathers, fan of, [188]
Earth, concept of, [28-29];
created by Great Spirit, [18], [21];
duties of, [193];
thanksgiving to, [89-90];
wampum string symbolizing, [141-142]
Earthquake caused by abandoning rites, [149], [151]
East, ceremonial significance of, [74], [83], [85], [98], [100-101], [108-109], [119], [121-122], [131], [137], [144-145], [149], [155], [182], [186-187];
Grandfather at, [26];
home of Great Spirit in, [109];
thanksgiving to, [89]
Elauʹnato or Comet, attributes of, [48-49]
Elder brother, title, of moon, [28], [193];
of sun, [28], [193];
of Thunder Beings, [29], [193]
Elements, as guardian spirits, [77];
worship of, [29-31].
See [Thunder Beings]
Elkhair, Chief Charley, acknowledgment to, [14];
Annual ceremony explained by, [112-115];
myth of Mask related by, [146-152];
speaker of Annual ceremony, [85];
speech of, at Annual ceremony, [87-92]
Elkire, see [Elkhair]
Emetics, purification by, [57], [79];
visions induced by, [64]
Endalŭn towiʹyŭn, title of Four Directions, [26]
English settlements on Susquehanna, [41]
Europeans, concept of Devil introduced by, [25], [57], [194].
See [Christianity], [Whites]
Evil, exclusion of, from Heaven, [53], [56-59]
Evil Spirit, native concept of, [24-25]
Evil spirits, driving out of, [133], [145], [188];
ghosts as, [59];
Giant Bear one of, [49];
Great Horned Serpents as, [29], [49], [193];
placation of, [194];
Tornado one of, [47-48]
E-ye-he-ye-ĕ, cry concluding chant, [136]
Faces, carved: by children on sticks, [162];
in Big House, [31], [42], [83], [88], [119], [148], [150];
in Minsi Big House, [129-130], [151];
on drumsticks, [101], [150], [197];
on Minsi drumsticks, [130-131];
ceremonial painting of, [105-106];
painted by sun, [76];
painted, of Mask Being, [33], [41-42], [150], [155];
painted, of sun, [27].
See [Mask], [Masks]
Fairies, Little People like, [49]
Fall, Annual ceremony celebrated in, [81], [116], [119-120];
ceremony of Naniʹtis in, [171];
Thanksgiving in, [139]
False Face Company of Iroquois, [198-199];
compared with Minsi mask, [161]
Family, keepers of: Bear, [172];
Doll, [163-164];
Mask, [33-35], [151];
Naniʹtis, [166-171];
Otter, [177-182];
sacrifice by, [116-117]
Fans, eagle-feather, at Peyote rite, [188];
turkey-wing, ceremonial sweeping with, [133]
Fasting, visions induced by, [60], [64], [79], [194]
Fat, drinking of, [176];
thrown on fire, [117-118], [134], [173-175]
Feast, at Annual ceremony, [85], [96-97], [107], [109];
at Bear ceremony, [173-176];
at Buffalo dance, [182];
at Doll dance, [166-167];
at Minsi ceremony, [137];
at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, [152-156];
at Peyote rite, [190];
ceremonial, Zeisberger on, [116-118];
of the Dead, [195-196];
of First fruits, [144-145];
of hunters, [97-98], [100-101];
of Machtuzin, [126];
of Otter ceremony, [177], [179], [182];
to Naniʹtis, [169], [171]
Feasting in Happy Hunting Ground, [56]
Feathers, adorning Miziʹnk, [158];
fan of, [188];
Peyote placed on, [187];
red, worn by sun, [27]
Feeding, of dead, [52], [71];
of Naniʹtis, [167];
of Otter, [179], [182]
Female deities: Doll Being, [46], [162-171];
Earth, [28], [89-90], [193];
Grandmother at the South, [26];
Great Spirit, [20];
Mother Corn, [43-44], [70], [195]
Festival of Machtuzin, [125-126].
See [Ceremonies], [Ceremony]
Fetishes or dolls, [45-46], [162].
See [Charm], [Doll Being]
Fire, ceremonial making of: at Annual ceremony, [85-88], [101], [132-133], [196];
at Buffalo dance, [182];
at Otter ceremony, [179];
ceremonial use of: at Annual ceremony, [98-100], [105], [107], [117-121], [134], [160];
at Bear cult, [173-175];
at Doll dance, [165-166];
at Feast of first fruits, [144-145];
at Otter ceremony, [180-181];
at Peyote rite, [187], [189];
festival in honor of, [125-126];
gift of Great Spirit, [18];
tobacco offered to, [126]
Fire-drill used in Annual ceremony, [86].
See [Pump-drill]
Fire-maker of the manĭʹtos, [101].
See [Pump-drill]
First fruits, offering of, [115], [144-145], [197].
See [Strawberry dance]
Fish as guardian spirit, [72-73], [78]
Flint, and steel, ceremonial fire-making with, [179];
fire springing from, [18]
Flying Wolf, vision of, [73-76]
Food, ceremonial purity of, [62-63];
distribution of, at Annual ceremony, [121];
hunters provided with, [97];
offered to dead, [52], [195-196];
procured by dead, [71].
See [Feast]
Foot-log across river to Spirit land, [54]
Forest, boys driven into, for vision, [63-64]
Forks on drumsticks, [130], [141]
Four, attendants: at Annual ceremony, [118];
in Minsi ceremony, [132];
drumsticks in Minsi ceremony, [139];
musicians in Minsi ceremony, [140]
Four Directions or Four Winds, manĭʹtowŭk of, [25-27], [29], [88], [112-113], [193];
prayers to, [51].
See [Winds]
Four Powers, Brainerd on, [22].
See [Four Directions]
Fouts, see [Fox]
Fox, Julius, acknowledgment to, [14];
explanation of Annual ceremony by, [111-113]
Fox, Minnie, acknowledgment to, [14]
Fruits, prayer for, [113].
See [First fruits]
Full moon, Annual ceremony held in, [119-120];
Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance in, [152]
Future, controlled by guardian spirit, [62];
foretold by visions, [61-62], [79-80], [121];
prayers for, [115].
See [Immortality]
Game, Mask Being guardian of, [150]
Gaʹmuing, native name for Annual ceremony, [109].
See [Annual ceremony]
General thanksgiving, see [Thanksgiving]
Genii of places, [51]
Ghost dance, rites of, [190-191]
Ghosts, as guardian spirits, [54];
bewitchment by, [59]
Giant Bear, an evil manĭʹto, [49].
See [Great Bear]
Gicelĕmû‛ʹkaong or Great Spirit, [88].
See [Great Spirit]
Gickonĭkiʹzho or Gĭckokwiʹta, Unami name of sun, [27].
See [Sun]
Girls, sacred otter of, [176-179];
vision of Doll Being by, [162-163]
Gitctlaʹkan or Thanksgiving ceremony, [139-143]
God of day, [28].
See [Sun]
God of light, [23-24].
See [Great Spirit]
Goodness, attribute of Great Spirit, [17], [23-24];
definition of, [58];
reward of, [53], [56], [58], [90-92]
Gourd rattle at Peyote rite, [188]
Grandfather, at the East, [26];
at the North, [26], [48];
at the West, [26];
title of: Four Directions, [193];
Mask, [112];
Tornado, [47];
Fire, [125]
Grandmother, at the South, [26];
Pabothʹkwe, Great Spirit of the Shawnee, [20];
title of Doll Being, [164];
title of one of Four Directions, [193]
Grandparents at the Four Directions, [26-27]
Grand River, Ontario, drumsticks collected at, [130-131];
Mask collected at, [158], [160-161];
Naniʹtis collected at, [168];
version of Minsi ceremony at, [138-143];
worship of Corn Goddess at, [43]
Grass, deerskin stuffed with, [123];
drum stuffed with, [154], [165];
strewn for seating guests, [117]
Grasshoppers, plague of, [113]
“Graven image” of Mask Being, [33].
See [Mask], [Mĭsiʹngʷ‛]
Grease, annointing with, in Annual ceremony, [105-106]
Great Bear, a lesser manĭʹto, [49], [193]
Great Father, see [Great Spirit]
Great Horned Serpents, evil manĭʹtowŭk, [49];
protection against, [29], [193]
Great Man, attributes of, [23].
See [Great Spirit]
Great Spirit or Gicelĕmû‛ʹkaong, concept of, [18-24], [88-92], [192-193];
early writers on, [20-24];
goodness of, [23-24];
guardian spirit sent by, [80], [121];
home of, in east, [109];
home of, in Twelfth Heaven, [19], [31], [52-53], [196];
masks the messengers of, [31], [88], [112-113];
Minsi concept of, [127-128], [133-134];
prayer to, [18], [31], [88-90], [112-113], [136-138], [196];
relation of Mask Being to, [32-33];
remote from individual, [62];
thanks to, at Annual ceremony, [18], [120], [138], [196];
thanks to, at Feast of first fruits, [145];
thanks to, in Peyote rite, [190];
Thunder Beings ministers of, [29];
wampum given by, [122];
wampum string symbolizing, [141-142];
worship of, at Annual ceremony, [118].
See [Pa‛ʹtŭmawas]
Guardian spirit, animals as, [49-50], [70], [77], [80];
ants as, [78];
birds as, [78], [80];
buffalo as, [78];
chants explanatory of, [66];
courage derived from, [78-79];
crows as, [69-70];
dead as, [54], [71-72];
ducks as, [67-69], [140];
elements as, [77];
fish as, [78];
given by Great Spirit, [80], [121];
given in visions, [65-66], [194-195];
Mask Being as, [69], [151], [197];
moon as, [78];
Mother Corn as, [70];
owl as, [78];
periodic ceremonies of, [199];
prayer to, in sweathouse, [123-124];
serpent as, [78];
sun as, [76], [78];
supernatural helpers as, [61-63];
Thunder Being as, [74-75];
title of Mother Corn, [43];
vision of, [174-175].
See [Thunder Beings], [Visions]
Ha-a-a, variant of prayer-cry, [108].
See [Ho-o-o]
Hair, of Mask Being, [33], [158];
of Sun, [27];
of Tornado, [47]
Halfmoon, Sun spirit guardian of, [76]
Hank, Eunice, Naniʹtis given up by, [169]
Happy Hunting Ground or Land of Spirits, [20-21], [52-59], [88], [90-92].
See [Heaven]
Head, bear’s, ceremonial offering of, [173-175];
of family, duties of, [117];
heads: annointed with red paint, [105];
carved on drumsticks, [101], [139-140], [150], [197];
dropping of, by Comet, [48-49];
stone, of Mask Being, [40-41]
Health, Bear cult preserving, [172];
fetishes preserving, [45-46];
Otter cult preserving, [177-179];
god of, [168];
Mask restoring, [34], [36-37], [156-157], [159], [161];
Naniʹtis guardian of, [163-164], [166-171];
prayer for, [134];
supernatural control of, [194].
See [Sickness]
Heaven, concept of, [20-21], [52-59];
duration of journey to, [88];
Milky Way to, [58];
Peyote road to, [187];
sweeping way to, [88], [107];
visited by preachers, [57];
visited during visions, [189-191].
See [Happy Hunting Ground]
Heavens, keepers of, [31];
return of Pa‛ʹtŭmawas to, [127-128].
See [Happy Hunting Ground], [Twelfth heaven]
Heckewelder, John, on dreams or visions, [78-80];
on Great Spirit, [21];
on Thunder Beings, [30];
on Unala‛ʹtko, [124]
Hell, extraneous concept of, [57]
Hemlock-boughs, ceremonial burning of, [133], [144-145]
Herb, passed at Peyote rite, [188-189];
herbs: prayers in gathering, [26], [51];
thanks to, [134]
Heye Museum, see [Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation]
Hill, home of Mask Being, [158]
Hog, feast of, at Otter ceremony, [176-179];
offering of, [173-175]
Hoⁿ-hoⁿ-hoⁿ or cry of Mask Being, [149], [153]
Holm, Thomas Campanius, on Evil Spirit, [25];
on Great Spirit, [21]
Hominy, at Buffalo dance, [182];
at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, [153-154];
offered to Doll Being, [163-164], [166];
offered to Mask Being, [150];
preparation of, for Annual ceremony, [85], [96-97]
Ho-o-o, a prayer-cry, at Annual ceremony, [95], [97], [99-100], [103-104], [106-108], [136-138];
at Bear ceremony, [175];
origin of, [112-113]
Horses, Mask Being guardian of, [35], [157];
tobacco offered to recover, [35]
Hu-hu-hu, cry at Bear ceremony, [174-175]
Hu-hu-hu-hu, cry at Otter ceremony, [181]
Human heads carved on drumsticks, [101], [139-140], [150], [197]
Human skeleton dance, see [Skeleton dance]
Hunt for Naniʹtis, [171]
Hunter at Doll dance, [164]
Hunters, Buffalo dance of, [182-183];
of Annual ceremony, [97-101], [108], [110], [117];
of Minsi ceremony, [132], [137];
of MuxhatoLʹzing, [123]
Hunting, help of impersonator of Mask Being in, [158];
in Happy Hunting Ground, [56];
prayer before, [134], [137];
supernatural control of, [62], [194];
tobacco offered before, [35], [157]
Hweisk-queem, Minsi term for corn, [144].
See [Corn]
Idol or Mĕsinkʹ, [43].
See [Mask], [Mask Being], [Mĭsiʹngʷ‛]
Illegitimacy disregarded in family rites, [116]
Images possessing life, [45-47].
See [Doll Being], [Fetishes]
Immortality, belief in, [20-21], [52-60], [195-196]
Impersonator, of Mask Being, [34-36], [41-42], [45], [56], [98-99], [138], [150], [152-159];
of Otter, [177-182]
Indian corn, see [Corn]
Indian dictionary, Zeisberger, author, [43]
Indians, comments of, on Annual ceremony, [111-115];
United States Census report on, cited, [80]
Initiation of boys, [63-64];
Heckewelder on, [78-80].
See [Boys], [Visions]
Iroquois, ceremonial fire-drills of, [86];
masks of, compared with Minsi, [36], [138], [160-161], [198-199];
Planting dance of, [143];
primitive skirt among, [169];
Strawberry dance of, [128], [197]
Jesus Christ, Naniʹtis given up for, [170];
road of, [187].
See [Christianity], [Peyote rite]
Jones, Peter, on Nahneetis, the Guardian of Health, [46], [168-169];
on Minsi masks, [37-38], [158]
Journal of a voyage to New York in 1679-1680, Dankers and Sluyter, authors, [20]
June, Minsi Big House ceremony in, [128]
Kacheh Munitto, see [Kaunzhe Pah-tum-owans]
Kansas, celebration of Annual ceremony in, [122-124];
Lenape now resident in, [13]
Kaʹpyŭ‛hŭm, native name of Isaac Monture, [14], [161]
Kaunzhe Pah-tum-owans or Kacheh Munitto, ancient Minsi name of Great Spirit, [22].
See [Great Spirit]
Keeper of Mask, general duties of, [34-36], [151];
notification of dance by, [152];
stray stock returned through, [157]
Keepers of Four Directions, see [Four Directions]
Keepers of the Heavens, [31].
See [Carved faces], [Four Directions]
Kĕ‛ʹtanĭtoʹwĕt, ancient Minsi name of Great Spirit, [19], [127].
See [Great Spirit]
Kickeron or Kickerom, recorded name of Great Spirit in New Jersey, [20]
Kĭʹnĭkä or Kĭʹntika, native terms for dance, [115-116]
Kiowa, Ghost dance of, [191]
Kiʹzho or Kiʹzhox, Minsi name of sun, [27].
See [Sun]
Kokŭlŭpoʹw‛ʹe, native name of Chief Charley Elkhair, [14].
See [Elkhair]
Kunuⁿʹxäs, native term for otter-skin, [179].
See [Otter ceremony]
Kwi, or whoop, concluding dance, [136]
Lakes, home of Great Horned Serpents, [49]
Lameness caused by ghosts, [59].
See [Cripples]
Land of Spirits or Tschipeghacki, [58].
See [Happy Hunting Ground], [Heaven]
Leader, of Annual ceremony, [81-82], [92-94], [117], [120];
of Bear cult, [174-175];
of Doll dance, [165];
of Feast of first fruits, [145];
of Minsi ceremony, [133-134];
of Peyote rite, [188-190];
leaders, favored with visions, [195]
Leaves, strewn for seating guests, [131]
Legend, of Annual ceremony, [111-112];
of Comet, [48-49];
of coming of whites, [121-122];
of Mother Corn, [43].
See [Myth]
Leggings of Mask impersonator, [34], [41]
Lesser manĭʹtowŭk: animal spirits, [49-50];
Bear, [172-176];
Comet, [48-49];
Doll, [45-47], [162-171];
Earth, [28], [89-90];
Great Bear, [49], [193];
Great Horned Serpents, [29], [49], [193];
Keepers of the Heavens, [31];
Mask Being, [32-43], [146-161];
ministers of Great Spirit, [18], [21], [193-194];
Moon, [28];
Mother Corn, [43-44];
of Four Directions, [25-27];
Otter, [50], [176-182];
Snow boy, [48];
Sun, [27-28];
Thunder Beings, [29-31];
Tornado, [47-48]
Light, Brinton on concept of, [23-24]
Lightning, Flying Wolf’s love of, [75-76];
prayer to avert, [30]
Little Caney river, Oklahoma, Big House on banks of, [82]
Little People hunted for by children, [49], [193]
Living Mask, see [Mask], [Mask Being]
Living Solid Face, see [Mask], [Mask Being]
Logan family, mask delivered up by, [38]
Logs, Big House built of, [82];
foot-log to Spirit Land, [54];
seats for Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, [153]
Loskiel, George Henry, on dreams or visions, [78];
on earth, [29];
on Four Directions, [27];
on Great Spirit, [25];
on moon, [28];
on sun, [28];
on twelve gods, [31]
Machtuzin, festival in honor of fire, [125-126].
See [MuxhatoLʹzing]
Maize, see [Corn]
Manĭʹtowŭk or spirits, belief in, [17-44];
offerings to, [144-145];
thanksgiving to, in Annual ceremony, [89-90].
See [Great Spirit], [Lesser manĭʹtowŭk]
Mannittōs, Heckewelder on, [21].
See [Lesser manĭʹtowŭk]
Maple, dye from bark of, [141]
Marble-like object given to Pokiteʹhemun by guardian spirit, [67]
Marsh, Cutting, account of Naniʹtis by, [169-171]
Mask, absent from Bear ceremony, [171];
annointing of, [105-106];
as guardian spirit, [151];
called Weopĕʹlakis, [35-36];
carved faces of, in Big House, [42], [83], [88], [148], [150];
healing power of, [34], [37], [156-157], [159], [161];
keeper of, [34-36], [151-152], [157];
painting of, [33-34], [41], [150], [155];
society of Minsi, [36-37], [138], [159-161], [198-199];
Unami myth of, [146-152].
See [Mask Being], [Masks], [Mĭsiʹngʷ‛]
Mask Being or Mĭsinghâliʹkŭn, as guardian spirit, [195];
ceremonies of, [197];
cult of, [32-43], [198];
deer herded by, [33], [99];
diseases cured by, [34-35], [156-157], [159], [161];
general duties of, [193];
impersonator of, [34-36], [41-42], [45], [56], [98-99], [138], [150], [152-159];
masks the symbol of, [33], [42], [45], [83], [88], [99], [148], [150];
myth of, [147-152];
relation of Keepers of Heavens to, [31];
vision concerning, [69].
See [Mask], [Masks], [Mĭsiʹngʷ‛]
Masks, of stone, found in New Jersey and vicinity, [38-41];
painting of, [83], [119];
prayer-cry carried by, [31], [112-113];
representing Keepers of the Heavens, [31];
symbols of Mask Being, [33], [42], [45], [83], [88], [99], [148], [150].
See [Mask], [Mask Being], [Mĭsiʹngʷ‛]
Master of Ceremonies, see [Leader]
May, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance in, [152]
Meals served by aʹckas, [110-111], [118]
Medicine, from tooth of Great Bear, [49];
prayer to Four Directions in making, [26]
Medicine-man, see [Shaman]
Mediumship, belief in, [54-55], [196]
Meeting-house of Mask society, [159]
Men, black symbolizing, [140-141];
drumsticks representing, [101], [130-131]
Menses, women in, taboo, [62-63], [88], [133], [197]
Mĕsinkʹ or idol, [43].
See [Mask], [Mask Being], [Mĭsiʹngʷ‛]
Messengers of Great Spirit, [31], [88].
See [Four Directions]
Messingq, Adams on dance of, [155-156].
See [Mask], [Mask Being], [Mĭsiʹngʷ‛]
Me Zeengk, name given by Peter Jones to Miziʹnk, [38].
See [Miziʹnk]
Milky Way, the road to Heaven, [58]
Miniature masks or charms, [36], [42-43]
Minsi or Muncey, a tribe of the Lenape, [13];
archaic heaven of, [54];
belief of, in Great Spirit, [19], [127], [133-134];
belief of, in plant spirits, [51];
Big House of, [128-132];
Mask impersonator absent from, [138];
carved faces in, [129-130], [151];
ceremonies of, compared with Unami, [127-145], [196-200];
ceremonies of, to Mother Corn, [43];
chants of, referring to visions, [72-77];
Doll Being of, [45-47], [162], [166-171];
Feast of first fruits of, [144-145];
guardian spirits of, [72-77];
kĭʹntika or dance of, [116];
Mask of, [36-38], [158-161];
Mask society of, [138], [159-161], [198-199];
mediumship among, [54-55];
proportion of, in Lenape, [124-125];
Thanksgiving ceremony of, [138-143]
Mĭsiʹngʷ‛, dance of, [152-156].
See [Mask], [Minsi mask]
Mĭsinghâliʹkŭn, Unami name for Mask Being, [32].
See [Mask Being]
Mĭsingkĭʹnĭkä, Unami name for Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, [152].
See [Mĭsiʹngʷ‛]
Missionary teaching, concept of Great Spirit not due to, [19-20].
See [Christianity]
Miziʹnk, Minsi form of Mĭsiʹngʷ‛, [158].
See [Mask society], [Minsi mask]
Mizinkhâliʹkŭn, Minsi form of Mĭsinghâliʹkŭn, [36].
See [Mask Being]
Mizinkĭʹntĭka or dance of Mask society, [159]
Mkäähiʹgŭn, Minsi term for painted sticks, [140].
See [Sticks]
Moccasins, burned to deflect Tornado, [47];
made for Naniʹtis, [167];
made of ceremonial deerskins, [108]
Monture, Chief Nellis, acknowledgment to, [14]
Monture, Isaac, acknowledgment to, [14];
Minsi mask bought from, [161]
Moon, or mound, at Peyote rite, [186-187];
or Piskeʹwenikiʹzho: as guardian spirit, [78];
concept of, [28];
duties of, [193];
wailing to, [145];
wampum string symbolizing, [141-142].
See [Full moon]
Moral code, at Annual ceremony, [58], [90-92];
at Feast of first fruits, [144];
at Minsi Annual ceremony, [133-134], [137];
at Peyote rite, [186-190]
Mortar made of mud, [85]
Mortar, peyote crushed in, [188]
Mother, title of earth, [28], [89-90], [193];
title of Naniʹtis, [170-171]
Mother Corn, as guardian spirit, [70], [195];
attributes of, [43-44], [51]
Mound, ceremonial, in Peyote rite, [186-187]
Mountains, home of Mask Being, [33], [147];
home of Thunder Beings, [30]
Moxhomsaʹ Eliosiʹgak or Grandfather at the West, [26]
Moxhomsaʹ Lowaneʹyŭng‛ or Grandfather at the North, [26]
Moxhomsaʹ Wähänjioʹpŭng‛ or Grandfather at the East, [26]
Mud, ceremonial mortar made of, [85]
“Muncey devil idol” or mask, [38].
See [Mask]
“Muncey John” Henry, Sun spirit guardian of, [76]
Munceytown, Ontario, drowning near, [55];
masks of, [158];
Minsi ceremony at, [127-138]
Munsey, see [Minsi]
Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, masks in, [36];
paraphernalia of Otter ceremony in, [176];
researches of, [15]
Music, see [Drum], [Singers], [Singing]
Musselshells used as spoons at feast, [97]
MuxhatoLʹzing form of Annual ceremony, [123-124].
See [Machtuzin]
Myth, of Bear ceremony, [172];
of Doll Being, [162-163];
of Minsi Annual ceremony, [127-128];
of Otter, [176-179];
of Thunder, [30].
See [Legend]
Nahneetis, the Guardian of Health, Peter Jones on, [168-169].
See [Naniʹtis]
Naniʹtis, account of, by Rev. Cutting Marsh, [169-171];
ceremonies of, [166-171];
feeding of, [167-168];
in E. T. Tefft collection, [168-169];
Minsi term for Doll Being, [45-47], [162].
See [Doll Being]
Na‛nkŭmaʹoxa, native name of Michael Anthony, [139], [140].
See [Anthony, Michael]
Nanticoke, proportion of, in Lenape, [124-125];
Skeleton dance of, [183-184]
Nature, how regarded, [17], [23].
See [Great Spirit], [Lesser manĭʹtowŭk], [Offering], [Prayer]
Nee-shaw-neechk-togho-quanoo-maun or Ween-da-much-teen, Minsi term for Feast of first fruits, [145]
New fire, ceremony of, [196];
making of, [101].
See [Fire]
New Jersey, early writers on Lenape in, [20];
Lenape first encountered in, by whites, [13];
Lenape stone masks found in, [38-41]
New York, Lenape first encountered in, by whites, [13]
’Ngammuin, or feast, described by Zeisberger, [109].
See [Annual ceremony]
Niagara gorge, home of Thunders, [30]
Nicholas, Joe, Mask delivered up by, [38]
Night sun, see [Moon]
No‛ʹoma Cawaneʹyŭng‛ or Grandmother at the South, [26]
North, ceremonial significance of, [93], [103], [108], [119], [147];
manĭʹtowŭk of, [25-26];
thanksgiving to, [89]
North American tribes, belief in visions among, [61]
October, Annual ceremony held in, [81], [119-120]
O‛ʹdas, Unami term for Doll Being, [46], [162].
See [Doll Being]
O‛ʹdas-kĭʹnĭkä, Unami term for Doll dance, [163].
See [Doll Being]
Offering, of bear’s fat, [117-118], [134];
of bear’s flesh to Corn Goddess, [44];
of deer to Doll Being, [163];
of doe to Naniʹtis, [168-169];
of first fruits, [115], [144-145];
of food to dead, [52], [195-196];
of hog to Otter, [173];
of hominy to Doll Being, [163-164], [166];
of hominy to Mask Being, [150];
of moccasins to avert tornado, [47];
of tobacco: on behalf of hunters, [98-99];
to Bear, [172];
to fire, [126];
to Four Directions, [26];
to Mask, [34], [35], [151], [157];
to Mask impersonator, [153], [156];
to Otter, [177];
to Thunder Beings, [29];
of wampum to deer, [123];
offerings: at Annual ceremony, [117-118];
to genii, [51];
to guardian spirit, [62];
to Mask, [43];
to Naniʹtis, [45-46];
to Snow boy, [48].
See [Propitiation], [Sacrifice]
Officers of Annual ceremony, [84-85];
payment of, [110-111], [121]
Ohio, Lenape stone masks found in, [38-41]
Oklahoma, ancestry of Lenape now in, [124-125];
Annual ceremony celebrated in, [81-111], [119-122], [130], [138];
Lenape now resident in, [13];
primitive skirts worn in, [169];
worship of Corn Goddess in, [43]
One‛ʹtko or Nanticoke, [183].
See [Nanticoke]
Ontario, Canada, Lenape now resident in, [13];
mediumship reported in, [55];
Minsi ceremonies in, [43], [127-145].
See [Grand River], [Munceytown]
Oⁿ-oⁿ-oⁿ, prayer-cry of Mask society, [159]
Opiʹna or blessing granted by guardian spirits, [65-66].
See [Blessing]
Orientation, as to fire, [101], [119-120];
at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, [155];
in offerings, [98];
in Peyote rite, [186-187];
in praying, [100], [108], [109], [122], [137];
in visions, [74], [147], [149];
of carved faces, [83];
of ceremonial cooking, [85], [182], [187];
of entrance and exit, [119], [131-132], [144-145];
of heaven, [54], [56];
of rattles, [103], [120];
of seating, [93], [119], [131];
of thanksgiving, [89].
See [East], [North], [South], [West]
Origin, of Bear ceremony, [172];
of Mask, [33], [146-152];
of Minsi Annual ceremony, [127-138];
of Naniʹtis, [166-167];
of Otter ceremony, [176-179];
of Peyote rite, [185], [199]
Otter, ceremony of, [176-183], [199];
power from, [50]
Otter-skin, regalia of, [177-182]
Our Mother, title of Earth, [28]
Owl as guardian spirit, [78], [195]
Pabookowaih, god of health, [168-169]
Pabothʹkwe, Great Spirit of the Shawnee, [20]
Paint, on carved faces, [83], [119];
on drumsticks, symbolism of, [140], [141];
on face of Mask Being, [33], [41], [150], [155];
on face of Muncey John, [76];
on face of Sun, [27];
on sticks used in Minsi ceremony, [131], [139-141].
See [Black], [Red]
Paint-dish of bark in Annual ceremony, [105-106]
Paintings by Ernest Spybuck, [14]
Pakŭⁿdiʹgŭn or carved drumsticks, [101].
See [Drumsticks]
Pantheon of the Lenape, [17-44].
See [Great Spirit], [Lesser manĭʹtowŭk], [Manĭʹtowŭk]
Papasokwi‛ʹlŭn, Unami name for Bear ceremony, [171].
See [Bear ceremony]
Paradise, see [Happy Hunting Ground]
Parents, kindness to, rewarded, [57];
meeting with, in Heaven, [53], [91]
Partridges, Thunders in form of, [30]
Pa‛ʹtŭmawas, Minsi name for Great Spirit, [19], [127];
Minsi worship of, [133-134].
See [Great Spirit]
Payment of officers and attendants at ceremonies, [97], [99], [104], [106-111], [118], [121], [152-154], [164], [172-173], [179].
See [Wampum]
Peacemaker, Mask Being so considered, [156]
Pebbles in tortoise-shell rattle, [118], [120]
Penn, William, on Annual ceremony, [115-116];
on concept of soul, [56];
on Great Spirit, [20-21]
Pennsylvania, Annual ceremony in, [130];
Lenape first encountered in, by whites, [13];
Lenape stone masks found in, [38-41]
Petaʹnĭhink, native name of Julius Fox, [14].
See [Fox, Julius]
Pethakoweʹyuk or Thunder Beings, [29].
See [Thunder Beings]
Pets, cult of, [198];
spirits of, [172], [176]
Peyote, rite, [185-196], [199];
road, [187], [189-190]
Pheasant, Monroe, acknowledgment to, [14]
Phratries or totemic groups: prayers of, [104];
rituals among, [81-82], [108-109], [119-120];
Turkey, in Bear cult, [175];
Wolf: Bear cult of, [172];
Skeleton dance of, [183-184]
“Picking berries” or wampum, [100]
Pileʹswak or Pileʹsoak, Minsi name of Thunder Beings, [30].
See [Thunder Beings]
PileʹswaL pewaʹlatcil or in league with Thunders, [76]
Piʹlsŭⁿ or pure, otter, [176-177];
visions vouchsafed to, [62-63], [112-114]
Piskeʹwenikiʹzho or night sun, [28].
See [Moon]
Placation of spirits, [194].
See [Offering], [Prayer]
Places, genii of, [51]
Plants, as guardian spirits, [195];
spirits of, [17], [51], [118], [125], [194];
wampum string symbolizing, [141-142]
Poisons, fare of wicked, [58-59]
Pokiteʹhemun or George Wilson, vision of, [67-69]
Poles, deer hung on, [100-101], [164];
deerskin hung on, [129-130], [144];
in Fire festival, [125];
in Minsi Big House, [131], [140];
meat hung on, [173];
representing twelve manĭʹtowŭk, [125];
used in Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, [155];
venison hung on, [121].
See [Four Directions], [Posts]
Pontifical garb of impersonator of Mask Being, [41].
See [Costume]
Poor, deerskins given to, [108-109]
Posts, of Big House, carved faces on, [31], [42], [83], [106], [119], [148];
of Minsi Big House, [129-130].
See [Central post], [Poles], [Sticks]
Potatoes, offering of, [144]
Power, derived from guardian spirit, [50], [66], [78-79];
from vision, [54], [140], [147-148], [175], [194-195].
See [Blessing]
Powŭniʹgŭn or deerskin drum, [94-95].
See [Drum]
Prayer, at conclusion of Annual ceremony, [106-109], [122], [197];
at Minsi ceremony, [133-134], [136-138], [197];
at Thanksgiving ceremony, [142];
carried by Masks, [112];
for hunters, [99-100];
of Bear ceremony, [174];
of phratry, [104];
to buck, [126];
to Corn Goddess, [43-44];
to Doll Being, [164-165];
to Earth, [29];
to Four Directions, [26];
to Great Spirit, [18], [31], [88-90], [196];
to guardian spirits, [62], [124];
to Mask, on behalf of hunters, [98];
to Mask Being, [149];
to Thunder Beings, [29-30];
to Tornado, [47];
universal benefit of, [113-115];
while gathering herbs, [26], [51].
See [Prayer-cry]
Prayer-cry, at Minsi ceremony, [136-137];
carried by Masks, [31], [88], [112-113];
of women, [175].
See [Ho-o-o]
Prayer-meeting of the ducks, [67]
Prayer-men at Annual ceremony, [99-100], [104]
Prayer sticks or ma‛tehiʹgun at Annual ceremony, [103];
annointing of, [106]
Preachers, native, reported by Zeisberger, [57]
Prince of Darkness, [25].
See [Evil Spirit]
Prophecy of coming of white men, [121].
See [Future], [Visions]
Propitiation to prevent misfortune, [199].
See [Offering], [Prayer]
Pump-drill, ceremonial fire made with, [86], [101];
in Minsi ceremony, [131-132]
Pumpkins, offering of, [144]
Purification, by emetics, [57], [64], [79];
by sacrifice, [144-145];
by smoke, [105], [133], [144-145], [197];
by stripes, [58];
necessary to vision, [194].
See [Piʹlsŭⁿ]
Purple and white beads, [141]
Pw‛awaheʹgŭn, Minsi term for drum, [140].
See [Drum]
Pw‛awaheʹgŭnŭk, Minsi term for drumsticks, [140].
See [Drumsticks]
Rain, charms for bringing, [49];
caused by Thunder, [89];
wampum string symbolizing, [141-142]
Rattles, of box-tortoise shell: at Annual ceremony, [92], [94-96], [103-104], [106], [118], [120];
at Bear ceremony, [174-175];
at Feast of first fruits, [145];
at Minsi ceremony, [131], [135-136];
at Otter ceremony, [180-181];
at Planting dance, [143];
at Thanksgiving ceremony, [143];
of gourd, at Peyote rite, [188];
of Mask impersonator, [34], [38], [42], [150], [155], [159]
Red, and black, faces painted with, in Big House, [83], [119];
and black, Mask painted with, [33], [41], [150], [155];
ceremonial painting with, [105-106];
feathers in Sun’s hair, [27];
symbolizing women, [140-141]
Red alder, bark of, used as dye, [141]
Religion, see [Belief]
Road-man or speaker of Peyote rite, [188]
Road to heaven, in Peyote rite, [187], [189-190];
Milky Way, [58];
sweeping of, [88], [107]
Rocks, home of Mask Being, [36-37], [158]
River, dividing earth from Spirit country, [54];
James Wolf’s dream of, [72-73]
Rivers, home of Great Horned Serpents, [49]
Sacrifice, by family, [116-118];
cleansing by, from sin, [144-145].
See [Offering]
Sand, tracks of Little People in, [49]
Säʹpan or mush, repast of, at Annual ceremony, [96]
Sarcoxie, John, Annual ceremony conducted by, [122-124]
Seating, at Annual ceremony, [93], [117], [119];
at Doll dance, [164];
at Minsi ceremony, [131];
at Peyote rite, [188]
Secondine, guardian spirits of, [71-72]
Seneca, Planting dance of, [143]
Serpent as guardian spirit, [78]
Sexiʹkiminsi, Minsi name of soft maple, [42]
Shaman, originator of Naniʹtis cult, [166-167]
Shawnee, concept of Great Spirit among, [20];
Ernest Spybuck, a native, [14]
Shooting by hunters, [100], [117]
Shooting star, see [Comet]
Sickness, caused:
by ghosts, [59];
by loss of bear, [172];
by neglect of rites, [171];
by otter, [177-179];
cured:
by Mask Being, [34-35], [156-157];
by Naniʹtis, [166-167];
propitiation to prevent, [199].
See [Disease]
Silver brooches worn by Naniʹtis, [170]
Sin, cleansing from, by sacrifice, [144-145].
See [Evil]
Singers, at Annual ceremony, [85], [94-96], [100], [115], [118], [120];
at Bear cult, [175];
at Buffalo dance, [182-183];
at Doll dance, [164];
at Feast of first fruits, [144];
at Minsi ceremony, [130];
at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, [154-155];
at Skeleton dance, [184].
See [Chant]
Singing, at festival of Machtuzin, [126];
at Ghost dance, [191];
at Peyote rite, [189];
at Otter ceremony, [180-181];
in Happy Hunting Ground, [58];
of vision: at Annual ceremony, [95-96];
in Big House, [148];
in Minsi ceremony, [140].
See [Chant]
Sister Corn, see [Mother Corn]
Six months, purification at end of, [144-145]
Six Nations’ reserve, Thanksgiving ceremony on, [139-143]
Skeleton dance, rites of, [183-184]
Skirt, primitive, [169]
Sky, wampum string symbolizing, [141-142]
Sluyter, Peter, and Dankers, Jaspar, on Great Spirit, [20]
Smoke, purification by, [105], [133], [144-145], [197]
Smoking, at Annual ceremony, [95-96]
Snakes, bag full of, [35], [153]
Snow Boy, attributes of, [48], [193]
Society of mask owners, [37].
See [Mask]
Soft maple, bark of, used as dye, [141]
Son of God, concept of, [57].
See [Jesus Christ]
Songs, see [Chant], [Singers], [Singing]
Sorrow inducing visions, [64-65]
Souls, immortality of, [52-60], [195-196];
nature of, [90];
of animals, [50];
transmigration of, [59]
South, ceremonial significance of, [93], [108], [119-120], [122], [147];
manĭʹtowŭk of, [25-26];
significance of, in vision, [74];
thanksgiving to, [89]
Southeast, ceremonial significance of, [120]
Southward, the direction of Heaven, [54], [56]
Southwest, Heaven of Minsi located in, [54]
Speaker, at Annual ceremony, [85], [87-92], [98], [107-108], [110], [120];
at Doll dance, [164-165];
at Minsi ceremony, [133-134];
at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, [153-154];
at Peyote rite, [188];
at Thanksgiving ceremony, [141-142]
Speech, at Annual ceremony, [87-92], [98];
at Doll dance, [164];
at Feast of first fruits, [145];
at Minsi ceremony, [133-134]
Spirit, of corn, [43];
of light, [23-24];
of otter, [50], [176];
of peyote, [187], [189-190];
of sun as guardian, [76];
within earth, [28-29]
Spirit road, see [Peyote road]
Spirits, animal, as guardians, [49-50];
land of, [52-54];
lesser, [194];
of animals, [118], [125];
of dead, as guardians, [71-72];
of plants, [17], [51], [118], [125];
of stones, [17], [51];
wampum string symbolizing, [141-142];
wigwams of, [54].
See [Guardian spirit], [Lesser manĭʹtowŭk], [Souls]
Spoons, of bark in Minsi ceremony, [131], [137];
musselshells as, [97]
Spring, ceremony of Mask Being in, [35];
Minsi ceremony in, [128], [197];
Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance in, [152-156];
thanksgiving in, [89], [139];
thunder in, [29]
Spring dance of Weopĕʹlakis, [36].
see [Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance]
Spring Flying Things, See [Thunder Beings]
Spybuck, Ernest, acknowledgment to, [14]
Squashes, offering of, [144];
thanks to, [134]
Staff at Peyote rite, [187], [189]
Stamp or Stomp dance, [119].
See [Annual ceremony]
Stars, wampum string symbolizing, [141-142]
Steam carrying prayers, [124]
Stick, of Mask impersonator, [34], [150], [155];
sticks: as invitations to ceremony, [132];
at Peyote rite, [187];
beating by, [58];
carried by Pa‛ʹtŭmawas, [127-128];
transformed into fetishes, [162];
used in Minsi ceremony, [131], [139-141]
Stockbridge Mission, documents of, [170]
Stockings, bearskin, of Mask impersonator, [41].
See [Leggings]
Stone masks found in New Jersey and vicinity, [38-41]
Stones, spirits of, [17], [51]
Strachey, William, on concept of Four Winds, [26-27]
Strawberries, ceremonial drink of, [134];
in Happy Hunting Ground, [58];
Minsi ceremony in time of, [128]
Strawberry dance of Iroquois, [128], [197]
Streams and waters, wampum string symbolizing, [141-142]
Strings of wampum, symbolism of, [141-142]
Stripes, purification by, [58]
Sumach sticks, carried by Pa‛ʹtŭmawas, [127-128];
in Minsi ceremony, [131]
Sun or Gĭckokwiʹta, as guardian spirit, [76], [78], [195];
Brainerd on concept of, [22];
concept of, [27-28];
duties of, [193];
Peyote road toward, [187], [190];
salutation of, [190];
souls in, [59];
turning toward west, [132];
wampum string symbolizing, [141-142]
Supernatural helpers or guardian spirits, [61-63].
See [Guardian spirit]
Supreme Being, see [Great Spirit]
Survival of the soul, see [Immortality]
Susquehanna river, rites of Annual ceremony on, [152];
rites of Mask Being on, [41-42]
Sweathouse, described by Zeisberger, [125-126];
of MuxhatoLʹzing, [123-124]
Sweating-oven, see [Sweathouse]
Sweeping, ceremonial, of Big House, [87-88], [107], [120], [133], [197];
around fires, [121]
Taboos prescribed to be piʹlsŭⁿ, [62-63]
Taleʹgunŭk or singers at Annual ceremony, [85].
See [Singers]
Taxoʹxi cowŭniʹgŭn or tortoise-shell rattle, [94].
See [Rattles]
Tayenoʹxwan, native name of Chief James Wolf, [14].
See [Wolf, Chief James]
Tefft, E. T., ethnological collection of, [15];
Naniʹtis in, [168-169];
Minsi mask in, [38]
Temple, see [Big House]
Thames river, Ontario, locating a body in, [55]
Thanksgiving, at Minsi ceremony, [134];
carved heads symbolic of, [140];
Minsi ceremonies of, [115], [139-145], [197];
to Great Spirit at ceremonies, [18], [120], [138], [145], [190], [196];
to manĭʹtowŭk, [89-90];
to Mĭsiʹngʷ‛, [152-156];
to Mother Corn, [43]
Thirteen ceremonial wampum strings, [141-142]
Three, bands of thunders, [30];
days, women interdicted during, [120];
phratries, rituals of, [119-120];
tribes of Lenape, [13]
Thunder and rain, wampum string symbolizing, [141-142]
Thunder Beings or Pethakoweʹyuk, as guardian spirits, [74-75], [195];
attributes of, [29-31], [193];
thanksgiving to, [89]
Thunders-in-league-with or PilesʹwaL pewaʹlatcil, [76]
Timothy, Chief Nellis F., account of Minsi Annual ceremony by, [127-138];
acknowledgment to, [14];
on Mask society, [159]
Tipi, use of, in Peyote rite, [186], [188]
Tobacco, ceremonial begging of, [160];
offered: on behalf of hunters, [98-99];
to bear, [172];
to fire, [126];
to Four Directions, [26];
to impersonator of Mask Being, [153], [156];
to Mask, [34], [35], [151], [157];
to otter, [177];
to Thunder Beings, [29];
to Tornado, [47];
smoked at Annual ceremony, [95-96]
Tomapemihiʹlat, native name of Chief Nellis F. Timothy, [14].
See [Timothy, Chief Nellis F.]
Tomb of Christ at Peyote rite, [186-187]
Tooth of Great Bear, medicine made from, [49]
Tornado, attributes of, [47-48]
Tortoise-shell rattle, at Annual ceremony, [94-96], [118], [120];
at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, [155];
of Mask impersonator, [42].
See [Rattles]
Totemic groups, see [Phratries]
Toys, cult of, [198].
See [Doll Being], [Fetishes]
Transmigration of souls, [59]
Trees, Mask Being akin to, [112];
gift of the Great Spirit, [18];
shattered by Thunder Beings, [29];
thanks to, [134]
Tschipeghacki or Land of Spirits, [58].
See [Happy Hunting Ground]
Tuⁿdaʹi wäheⁿʹji manĭʹtowŭk or fire-maker of the manĭʹtos, [101]
Turkey phratry at Annual ceremony, [82], [104], [119];
part of, in Bear cult, [175]
Turkey-wings, Big House swept with, [87], [120], [133]
Turtle phratry, leader of Annual ceremony, [82], [104], [119-120]
Turtle-rattles, at Annual ceremony, [92], [94-96], [103-104], [118], [120];
at Feast of first fruits, [145];
at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, [155];
at Otter ceremony, [180-181];
at Thanksgiving ceremony, [143];
in ceremonies of Mask society, [159];
in Bear cult, [174-175];
in Minsi ceremony, [131], [135-136];
of Mask impersonator, [34], [38], [150], [155], [159].
See [Rattles]
Twelfth, day, soul reaches heaven, [196];
heaven, home of Great Spirit, [19], [31], [52], [107], [112], [192], [196];
night in Annual ceremony, [105-106];
prayer-cry reaching Great Spirit, [136-138];
stick, dropping of, by Pa‛ʹtŭmawas, [127-128]
Twelve, benefactors, Corn Goddess among, [43];
carved faces, [83], [88], [106], [112];
celebrants, [125-126];
ceremonial sweepings, [107];
ceremonial use of, [197];
concluding prayers, [106-107];
days, before burial, [184];
days, duration of ceremonies, [82], [119-120], [128];
days, ghosts linger near earth, [52], [54];
days, period of boys’ fast, [64];
deer at Feast of first fruits, [144];
deer for Minsi ceremony, [132];
emetics, as purification, [57];
gods or masks, [31];
heavens, [31];
in Fire festival, [125-126];
members of Mask society, [159];
months, duration of earthquake, [149];
nights, duration of Annual ceremony, [88], [107];
offerings of tobacco, [98];
pipes, in Fire festival, [126];
prayer-cries, [97], [104], [136];
prayersticks at Annual ceremony, [103];
repetitions of dance, [154], [165];
repetitions of prayer, [19], [108-109], [136-138];
sticks, penance of beating by, [58];
sticks used in Minsi ceremony, [131];
stones, altar laid on, [115];
stones in sweating-oven, [125];
sumach sticks of Pa‛ʹtŭmawas, [127-128];
sweepings of ceremonial fire, [88];
years, age of initiation for boys, [63];
years before reaching Heaven, [88]
Unalachtigo, see [Unala‛ʹtko]
Unala‛ʹtko, a Lenape tribe, now merged, [13];
proportion of, in Lenape, [124-125]
Unami, a Lenape tribe now mainly resident in Oklahoma, [13];
ceremonies of, compared with Minsi, [196-200];
chants of, referring to vision, [67-72];
cult of Mask Being among, [32-43], [146-158], [198];
Doll Being of, [45-47], [162-166];
form of Annual ceremony, [81-111];
proportion of, in Lenape, [124-125]
United States Census report on Indians, cited, [80]
Vegetables, offering of, [144];
wampum string symbolizing, [141-142]
Vegetation controlled by Corn spirit, [193]
Venison, feast of, at Doll dance, [166];
feast of, at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, [155];
feast of, at Minsi ceremony, [137];
provision of, for Annual ceremony, [85], [121];
women’s share in, [106]
Virginia, concept of Four Directions in, [26-27]
Visions, Adams on, [80];
as prophecies, [121];
Brainerd on, [77];
chanting of, at Otter ceremony, [181];
communication by, with Spirit world, [59-63], [194-195];
decline of, [112-113];
fortuitous, [64-65];
Heaven visited in, [189-191];
Heckewelder on, [78-80];
induced by peyote, [186], [188-190];
initiation of boys to induce, [63-64], [92];
leaders blessed with, [132];
Loskiel on, [78];
Minsi examples of, [72-77];
of Doll Being, [162-163];
power given by, [54];
recital of: at Annual ceremony, [95-96], [118], [121], [196];
at Feast of first fruits, [145];
at Minsi ceremony, [135-136], [139-140];
at MuxhatoLʹzing, [123-124];
at various rites, [148], [199];
referring to Skeleton dance, [184];
Unami examples of, [67-72];
Zeisberger on, [77-78].
See [Chant], [Guardian spirit]
Vomiting, [176].
See [Emetics]
Wampum, adorning leader at Otter ceremony, [174];
buried, at Feast of first fruits, [144];
given by Great Spirit, [122];
given to vision teller, [135];
giving of, at Annual ceremony, [109];
offered to deer, [123];
owners of rattles paid in, at Annual ceremony, [104];
payment in, at Doll dance, [164];
payment of attendants in, at Annual ceremony, [106-109], [118], [121], [172-173], [179];
payment of impersonator in, [152-154];
payment of officers in, at Annual ceremony, [97], [99-100], [110-111], [121];
symbolic use of, [141-143];
valuation of, [111]
Wampum, John, see [Chief Waubuno]
War, comet a presage of, [48-49];
success in, due to guardian spirit, [62]
Washita river, Oklahoma, Caddo on, [185];
Ghost dance from region of, [190-191]
W‛aʹtekan or Minsi Big House, [128].
See [Minsi Big House]
Water-drum, at Ghost dance, [191];
at Peyote rite, [188]
Water monsters, see [Great Horned Serpents]
Waters, gift of Great Spirit, [18]
Ween-da-much-teen, see [Nee-shaw-neechk-togho-quanoo-maun]
Wemĕĕleʹxkwĕ, native name of Minnie Fox, [14].
See [Fox, Minnie]
Weopĕʹlakis, name for mask of Unami, [35-36].
See [Mask]
West, ceremonial significance of, [83], [85], [93], [98], [100], [101], [121-122], [131-132], [137], [145], [155], [182], [187];
Grandfather at, [26];
thanksgiving to, [89]
Whiskey introduced by the whites, [24]
White, and black duck as guardian spirit, [67], [140];
and purple beads, [141];
buckskin, skeleton wrapped in, [184]
Whites, devil and whiskey introduced by, [24];
fairies and elves of, [49];
Lenape children reared like, [63], [112-113];
Lenape first encountered by, [13];
religious concepts derived from, [57];
vision or dream regarding, [121]
Whoop, concluding dance, [136];
in recital of vision, [95]
“Wife,” corn spoken of as, [44]
Wigwams of the spirits, [54]
Wild, animals: Mask Being guardian of, [33], [99], [193];
wampum string symbolizing, [141-142];
things, Powers Above guardians of, [177]
Wilson, Ghost dance introduced by, [190-191]
Wilson, George, see [Pokiteʹhemun]
Wilson, John, Peyote cult introduced by, [185]
Wind, prayer-cry derived from, [112]
Winds, attributes of, [193];
manĭʹtowŭk of, [25-27];
wampum string symbolizing, [141-142].
See [Four Directions]
Wings, of Thunder Beings, [29], [193];
of Tornado, [47];
used to sweep Big House, [87], [120], [133]
Winter, Minsi Big House ceremony in, [128]
Wisconsin Historical Collections, account of Naniʹtis in, [169-171]
Wisconsin, Lenape now resident in, [13]
Witchcraft, dreams revealing, [77-78];
of ghosts, [59]
Wito‛ʹpi, Minsi term for red alder, [141]
Wolf as guardian spirit, [195]
Wolf, Chief James, account of Minsi Annual ceremony by, [127-138];
acknowledgment to, [14];
dream-vision of, [72-73];
mediumship of, [55];
on Evil Spirit, [24];
on Mask Being, [36];
on Naniʹtis, [166-168];
on sun, [27];
on thunder myth, [30]
Wolf men, see [Wolves]
Wolf phratry, at Annual ceremony, [94], [104], [119];
Bear cult of, [172];
Skeleton dance of, [183-184]
Wolves, Flying Wolf’s vision of, [73-75]
Women, drumsticks representing, [101], [130-131];
forbidden in Bear cult, [174];
in Happy Hunting Ground, [58];
in menses, [62-63], [88], [133], [197];
intercourse with, forbidden, [120];
keepers of Naniʹtis, [46];
night of, in Annual ceremony, [105-106];
part of: in Annual ceremony, [84-85], [87-88], [96-97], [108-109], [117-118];
in ceremony of Naniʹtis, [167-168];
in Doll dance, [165];
in Feast of first fruits, [144];
in Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, [155];
in Otter ceremony, [179];
prayer of, at Bear ceremony, [175];
prayer of, for crops, [44];
red symbolizing, [140-141];
separate seating of, in Annual ceremony, [93];
share of, in venison, [106];
visions granted to, [65]
Worship, of Corn Goddess, [43-44];
of elements, [29-31];
of Mask Being, [35];
of sun, [28].
See [Annual ceremony], [Offering], [Prayer]
Wounds, medicine for healing, [49]
Wry mouth of Mask Being, [42]
Wsinkhoalican, Zeisberger’s term for Mĭsinghâliʹkŭn, [42].
See [Mask Being]
Xiʹngwikan or Big House, [82], [148].
See [Big House]
Zeisberger, David, on Annual ceremony, [116-118], [130];
on Bear ceremony, [175-176];
on concept of soul, [57-59];
on Corn Goddess, [44];
on dreams or visions, [77-78];
on Evil Spirit, [25];
on Great Spirit, [21];
on Masks, [42-43];
on prayer, [109];
on Thunder Beings, [30];
on variant of Annual ceremony, [125-126]