153 : 14 seq. See the notes to p. 229 : 5–12.
153 : 24 seq. The Mediterranean Race in Rome. Montelius, La Civilisation primitive en Italie; Peet, The Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy; Munro, Palæolithic Man and the Terramara Settlements; Modestov, Introduction à l’histoire romain; Frank, Roman Imperialism. Giuffrida-Ruggeri, in A Sketch of the Anthropology of Italy, p. 101, says of the composition of the population of Rome: “The three fundamental European races, H. mediterraneus, H. alpinus, and H. nordicus, had their representatives among the ancient Romans, although the skeletal remains of the Mediterraneans and the Northerners are difficult to distinguish from each other. It is also possible that the Northerners belonged to the aristocrats who preferred to burn their dead. In the calm tenacity and quiet growth of the Roman people perhaps the descendants of H. nordicus represented the turbulent restlessness of violent and bold individuals which, even in Roman history, one is able to discern from time to time.”
In this connection it is interesting to note what Charles W. Gould has said on p. 117, in America, a Family Matter, concerning Sulla. He describes him as follows: “Even during the terror Sulla found time for enjoyment. Tawny hair, piercing blue eyes, fair complexion readily suffused with color as emotion and red blood surged within, Norseman that he was, he presided over constant and splendid entertainments, taking more pleasure in a witty actor than in the degenerate men and women of the old nobility who elbowed their way in.” Also see the notes to p. 215 : 21.
154 : 5. Quarrels between the Patricians and the Plebs. See Tenney Frank, Roman Imperialism, pp. 5 seq., for a discussion of the mixture of races, “only we cannot agree that a social state can accomplish race amalgamation. The two races are still there.” Boni, Notizie degli Scavi, vol. III p. 401, believes that the Patricians were the descendants of the immigrant Aryans, while the Plebeians were the offspring of the aboriginal Non-Aryan stock. Compare this with the statements of early writers concerning the conditions in Gaul, especially as summed up by Dottin in his Manuel Celtique.
Frank says, concerning the quarrels, in chap. II, op. cit.: “Roman tradition preserved in the first book of Livy presents a very circumstantial account of the several battles by which Rome supposedly razed the Latin cities one after another.... Needless to say, if the Latin tribe had lived in such civil discord as the legend assumes, it would quickly have succumbed to the inroads of the mountain tribes.” Thus probably the quarrels between Latin and Etruscan have been overrated. See again, p. 14, for the oriental origin of some intruding people. He says, in a note at the end of the chapter: “Ridgeway, in Who were the Romans, 1908, has ably, though not convincingly developed the view that the Patricians were Sabine conquerors. Cuno, Vorgeschichte Roms, I, 14, held that they were Etruscans. Fustel de Coulanges, in his well-known work, La cité antique, proposed the view that a religious caste system alone could explain the division. Eduard Meyer, the article on the Plebs in Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften, and Botsford, Roman Assemblies, p. 16, have presented various arguments in favor of the economic theory. See Binder, Die Plebs, 1909, for a summary of many other discussions.”
Breasted, Ancient Times, pp. 495 seq., and Sir Harry Johnston, Views and Reviews, p. 97, are two who have touched upon these questions.
On Etruria see the note to p. 157 : 14.
154 : 11. An allusion to the short stature of the Roman legions of Cæsar in Gaul may be found in Rice Holmes, 2, p. 81. D’Arbois de Jubainville, Les Celts en Espagne, XIV, p. 369, says in describing a combat between P. Cornelius Scipio and a Gallic warrior: “Scipio was of very small stature, the Celtiberian warrior with the high stature which in all times in the tales of the Roman historians characterizes the Celtic race; and the beginning of the struggle gave him the advantage.” Taylor, Origin of the Aryans, p. 76, says: “The stature of the Celts struck the Romans with astonishment. Cæsar speaks of their mirifica corpora and contrasts the short stature of the Romans with the magnitudo corporum of the Gauls. Strabo, also, speaking of the Coritavi, a British tribe in Lincolnshire, after mentioning their yellow hair, says: ‘To show how tall they are, I saw myself some of their young men at Rome and they were taller by six inches than anyone else in the city.’” See also Elton, Origins, p. 240.
154 : 18 seq. Nordic Aristocracy in Rome. Tenney Frank, Race Mixture in the Roman Empire. But he also makes Gauls and Germans on the same level as other conquered people, as legionaries, etc. See also Giuffrida-Ruggeri, p. 101.
155 : 5 seq. G. Elliot Smith, 1; Peet, 2, pp. 164 seq. Fleure and James use the terms Neolithic and Mediterranean interchangeably. Recent study is giving a somewhat different interpretation to the significance of the megaliths. See the article by H. J. Fleure and L. Winstanley in the 1918 Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. On the megaliths see also the note to p. 129 : 2 seq.