173 : 18 seq. G. Dottin, Manuel Celtique, pp. 453 seq., says: “If the Celts originated in Gaul, it is likely that their language would have left in our nomenclature more traces than we find, and above all, that the Celtic denominations would be applied as well to mountains and water courses as to inhabited places.... According to D’Arbois de Jubainville, these names were Ligurian. Thus the Celts would have named only fortresses, and the names properly geographic would be due to the populations which preceded them.... These constituted for the most part the plebs, reduced almost to the state of slavery, which the Celtic aristocracy of Druids and Equites dominated.... On the other hand, if one derives the Celts from central Europe, one explains better both the presence in central Europe of numerous place names, proving the establishment of dwellings of the Celts, and their invasions into southeastern Europe, more difficult to conceive if they had had to traverse the German forests. The migration of a people to a more fertile country is natural enough; the departure of the Celts from a fertile country like Gaul to a less fertile country like Germany would be very unlikely.” And it must be remembered that Tacitus wondered why anyone should want to live in Germany, with its disagreeable climate, trackless forests and endless swamps.
Dottin adds the interesting bit of information, on p. 197, that the Gauls, mixed with the Illyrians (Alpines) were the farmers of old Gaul. The real Gauls were warriors and hunters.
173 : 22. Teutons. Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 546 seq.
173 : 26 seq. Deniker, 2, p. 321; Oman, England Before the Norman Conquest, pp. 13 seq. For Celts and Teutons consult also G. de Mortillet, La formation de la nation française, pp. 114 seq.
174 : 1. Goidels. Rice Holmes, 1, pp. 229, 409–410, and 2, pp. 319–320, says not earlier than the sixth or seventh centuries B. C., but Montelius and others give 800. G. Dottin, pp. 457–460, and D’Arbois de Jubainville, 4, t. I, pp. 342–343, contend that there is no historical record of it. The date depends upon whether the word κασσίτερος, which designates “tin” in the Iliad, is a Celtic word. See also Oman, 2, pp. 13–14, and Rhys and Jones, The Welsh People, pp. 1, 2.
174 : 7. Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 308 seq. and 325 seq.; Dottin, pp. 1 and 2, and his Conclusion. Also numerous other writers, especially D’Arbois de Jubainville, in various volumes of the Revue Celtique.
174 : 10. Nordicized Alpines. Dottin, p. 237: “Cæsar tells us that the Plebs of Gaul was in a state bordering on slavery. It did not dare by itself to do anything and was never consulted.” Cf. note to p. 173 : 20.
174 : 11 Gauls in the Crimea. Ridgeway, Early Age of Greece, p. 387, quotes Strabo (309 and 507) and the long Protogenes inscription from Olbia (Corp. Inscr. Græc., II, no. 2058).
174 : 15. Migration of Nordics from Germany. It occurred about the eighth century B. C., according to many authors, among them G. Dottin, pp. 241, 457–458. “Cæsar, Livy, Justinius, summing up Pompeius Trogus, Appian and Plutarch, without doubt following a common source, even think that excess population is the cause of the Gallic migrations. It is one of the reasons to which Cæsar attributes the emigration of the Helvetii. Cisalpine Gaul nourished an immense population.”
174 : 21. Cymry move westward. See Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 319–321; Oman, 2, pp. 13 seq. and especially p. 16; Deniker, 2, pp. 320–322; Dottin, pp. 460 seq. Both Rhys and Jones, in the Welsh People, and G. Dottin, suggest that this movement was only part of one great migration which dispersed the Nordics from a central home. Their appearance in Greece as Galatians at about the same time may be ascribed to this migration. See the notes to p. 158 : 1 seq.