Old Fort Snelling, 1819-1858

by Marcus Lee Hansen

• On December 22, 1819, the House of Representatives passed a resolution directing the Secretary of War, J. C. Calhoun, to prepare a system of martial law and field service. His report was communicated to the House on December 26, 1820, and was entitled Systems of Martial Law, and Field Service, and Police. It is composed of two parts, namely, General Regulations for the Army, and A System of Martial Law. It is from these regulations that the following sketch of the routine life at a military post is built up. The report is published in the American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, pp. 201–274.
• [226]
• Ingersoll's A History of the War Department of the United States, pp. 205, 206.
• [227]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 119.
• [228]
• American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, p. 210.
• [229]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 95.
• [230]
• American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, p. 210.
• [231]
• American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, pp. 217, 218.
• [232]
• These account books are in the possession of the Minnesota Historical Society.
• [233]
• Bishop's Floral Home; or, First Years of Minnesota, p. 161.
• [234]
• Taliaferro's Diary, March 22, 1831; Post Returns, March, 1840, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.
• [235]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 97.
• [236]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 345.
• [237]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 336, 344.
• [238]
• American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. III, pp. 341, 342; Post Returns, September, 1828, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.
• [239]
• Taliaferro's Diary, February 3, 1831.
• [240]
• This report is published in the American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. III, pp. 273–277.
• [241]
• American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, pp. 558, 706, Vol. III, p. 115.
• [242]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 345.
• [243]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, p. 476.
• [244]
• American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. III, pp. 341, 342.
• [245]
• American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. III, p. 277.
• [246]
• American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, p. 205; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 101.
• [247]
• Eastman's Dahcotah; or, Life and Legends of the Sioux around Fort Snelling, pp. 144, 145.
• [248]
• American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, p. 265.
• [249]
• Detroit Gazette, February 18, 1820.
• [250]
• Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Vol. I, p. 305.
• [251]
• The Minnesota Pioneer, July 15, 1852.
• [252]
• Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, p. 26; Post Returns, July, 1827, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.
• [253]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 340.
• [254]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VIII, p. 432.
• [255]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 115.
• [256]
• Joseph M. Street to Postmaster General Barry, April 27, 1831.--Street Papers, No. 15, Historical Department, Des Moines, Iowa.
• [257]
• Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, p. 44.
• [258]
• Proceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1913, pp. 116, 117.
• [259]
• Taliaferro's Diary, April 2, 5, 10, February 27, 1831.
• [260]
• Street to Clark, March 10, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 132; Post Returns, March, 1830. See also Post Returns, December, 1829, December, 1830, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.
• [261]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 342.
• [262]
• Reports of Committees, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Report No. 351, p. 131.
• [263]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 342.
• [264]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 130. “Monsieur Tonson” was a very popular farce written by W. T. Moncrief in 1821. The French barber, Morbleu, is greatly troubled by a steady stream of visitors who come to make inquiries regarding a certain fictitious Mr. Thompson, hoping thereby to gain information regarding Adolphine de Courcy who has been traced to his door.--Walsh's Heroes and Heroines of Fiction, p. 360.
• [265]
• Taliaferro's Diary, January 20, February 22, 1831.
• [266]
• Snelling to Taliaferro, October 19, July 25, 1824.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, Nos. 50, 56.
• [267]
• The Minnesota Pioneer, November 28, 1849.
• [268]
• Taliaferro's Diary, February 10, 11, 24, 1831.
• [269]
• George F. Turner to H. H. Sibley, February 11, 1842.--Sibley Papers, 1840–1850.
• [270]
• Taliaferro to Street, March 30, 1831.--Street Papers, No. 12.
• [271]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 100.
• [272]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 112.
• [273]
• Neill's The History of Minnesota (Fourth Edition), p. 920. General Edmund P. Gaines inspected the post shortly afterwards and reported: “From a conversation with the colonel, I can have no doubt that he has erred in the course pursued by him in reference to some of those controversies, inasmuch as he has intimated to his officers his willingness to sanction, in certain cases, and even to participate in personal conflicts, contrary to the twenty-fifth article of war.”--American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. IV, p. 123.
• [274]
• Taliaferro's Diary, March 27, 1831.
• [275]

CHAPTER VII

• Morse's A Report to the Secretary of War of the United States on Indian Affairs, pp. 78, 79.
• [276]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 321, 322.
• [277]
• Indian Office Files, 1834, No. 203.
• [278]
• Taliaferro to Clark, August 5, 1830.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 2.
• [279]
• This description of Indian life is based on Pond's The Dakotas or Sioux in Minnesota as they were in 1834 in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 319–501.
• [280]
• The quotations are taken from Beltrami's description of an Indian council which he attended at Fort Snelling in 1823.--Beltrami's A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, Vol. II, pp. 217–219.
• [281]
• These are taken from a list which is typical of the character of the presents, among the papers of Thomas Forsyth.--Draper Manuscripts, 2T2.
• [282]
• Annals of Congress, 1st session, 17th Congress, Vol. I, pp. 319, 320.
• [283]
• Taliaferro's Diary, February 19, 1831. The speech of the chief closes thus: “We know you have nothing on hand for your children, but we hope you will give us some Pork & Bread & a little Tobacco--as our pipes are out & have been for some time our old men will be pleased.” The village of the Red Head was St. Louis, the Red Head being General William Clark, the superintendent of Indian affairs.
• [284]
• “The Crane and the Hole in the Day--and other Chippeways at the Agency this day--Several Sissiton Sioux also at the Agency. Issued 24 Rats Bread 20 pounds of Pork--15 lbs. of tobacco.”--Taliaferro's Diary, January 23, 1831. See also the diary under the dates of December 24, 1830, January 13, 17, 1831.
• [285]
• Cass to Taliaferro, July 28, 1825.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 57.
• [286]
• Taliaferro's Diary, July 19, 1834.
• [287]
• United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IV, p. 738.
• [288]
• Taliaferro's Diary, March 4, 1831.
• [289]
• Taliaferro to Harris, February 21, 1838.--Indian Office Files, 1838, No. 631.
• [290]
• For the suffering during the winter of 1842–1843 and the steps taken to relieve it see the letter from Dr. Williamson in the Missionary Herald, Vol. 39, p. 355, September, 1843; and Bruce to Chambers, April 3, 1843, in Indian Office Files, 1843, No. 222.
• [291]
• Taliaferro to Dodge, June 30, 1838.--Indian Office Files, 1838, No. 690.
• [292]
• Taliaferro to Clark, March 3, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 129.
• [293]
• Taliaferro to Clark, September 14, 1834.--Indian Office Files, 1834, No. 206.
• [294]
• Taliaferro's Diary, July 7, 1834.
• [295]
• Taliaferro's Diary, December 25, 1830.
• [296]
• Taliaferro's Diary, June 28, 30, 1834. On January 17, 1831, he gave a blanket in which to bury a woman.
• [297]
• Indian Office Files, 1832, Nos. 287, 294, 295, 296.
• [298]
• Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 236.
• [299]
• Snelling to Taliaferro, November 13, 1820.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 21.
• [300]
• Found among the Sibley Papers, 1830–1840.
• [301]
• Taliaferro to Cass, March 3, 1832.--Indian Office Files, 1832, No. 289.
• [302]
• Taliaferro to Clark, July 15, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 235.
• [303]
• Post Returns, April, May, 1834, July, 1835, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.
• [304]
• “These warriors of Mr. Rainville's were constantly with me, for they knew that I was an English warrior, as they called me, and they are very partial to the English.”--Marryat's A Diary in America, Vol. II, p. 91. Captain Marryat, the English novelist, visited the upper Mississippi region in 1837.
• “Many and strong are the recollections of the Sioux and other tribes, of their alliance with the British in the last and revolutionary wars, of which I have met many curious instances”.--Catlin's Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians, Vol. II, p. 657, footnote.
• [305]
• Niles' Register, Vol. XXVI, p. 363, July 31, 1824; Vol. LIII, p. 33, September 16, 1837.
• [306]
• Marryat'a A Diary in America, Vol. III, pp. 221, 222.
• [307]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XII, p. 320.
• [308]
• Niles' Register, Vol. LIII, p. 82, October 7, 1837.
• [309]
• Snelling to Taliaferro, October 19, 1824.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 50.
• [310]
• Taliaferro's Diary, March 18, 1831.
• [311]
• Taliaferro's Diary, March 11, 1831.
• [312]
• Taliaferro to Clark, April 3, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 161.
• [313]
• Renville to Sibley, August 21, 1840.--Sibley Papers, 1830–1840.
• [314]
• Quoted in Neill's The History of Minnesota, pp. 338, 339. The two men murdered on the Missouri River in 1820 were Isadore Poupon, a French half-breed, and Joseph F. Andrews, a Canadian.
• [315]
• Quaife's Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673–1835, p. 283.
• [316]
• Snelling to Taliaferro, March 19, 1822.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 32. The quotation is taken from this letter. See also Calhoun to Snelling, September 18, 1822.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 40.
• [317]
• Letter of George Johnson, November 2, 1825.--Indian Office Files, 1825–1826, No. 4.
• [318]
• Taliaferro to Harris, September 10, 1838.--Indian Office Files, 1838, No. 663.
• [319]

CHAPTER VIII

• Morse's A Report to the Secretary of War of the United States on Indian Affairs, p. 28.
• [320]
• Kellogg's Early Narratives of the Northwest, 1634–1699, p. 50.
• [321]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 209.
• [322]
• Baker to Taliaferro, May 19, 1829.--Indian Office Files, 1829, No. 64.
• [323]
• Speech of Flat Mouth, May 27, 1827.--Indian Office Files, 1827, No. 14.
• [324]
• Indian Office Files, 1827, No. 9.
• [325]
• From Mrs. Van Cleve's reminiscences in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, p. 80.
• [326]
• The information upon which the entire incident is built is contained in the letter of Snelling to Atkinson, May 31, 1827, in Indian Office Files, 1827, No. 10; the letter of Taliaferro to Clark, May 31, 1827, in Indian Office Files, 1827, No. 12; Neill's The History of Minnesota, pp. 391–394; Reminiscences of Mrs. Ann Adams in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 107–110; A Reminiscence of Ft. Snelling, by Mrs. Charlotte O. Van Cleve, in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 76–81; Running the Gantlet by William J. Snelling (the son of Colonel Snelling) in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, pp. 439–456.
• The last mentioned account was originally published as a magazine article, and much of it is undoubtedly the product of the author's imagination. It is from this that the writer drew the story of Toopunkah Zeze. The article by Mrs. Van Cleve is full of errors and there are some mistakes in Mrs. Adams's reminiscences. For the facts of the attack the writer depended upon the two reports in the Indian Office Files. In a letter written from Prairie du Chien the next winter Joseph Street says that a hostage, an innocent man, was among the Sioux who were executed.--Street to Dr. Alexander Posey, December 11, 1827, in the Street Papers, No. 7.
• Of those who were shot, says Sibley in his reminiscences, all recovered.--Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, p. 475. On the other hand Flat Mouth complained to Schoolcraft in 1832 that four of the number died.--Schoolcraft's Narrative of an Expedition through the Upper Mississippi to Itasca Lake, p. 85.
• [327]
• Indian Office Files, 1829, No. 63.
• [328]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 135. As here given the mother's speech is partly direct, and partly indirect discourse. The writer has changed it all to the direct discourse.
• [329]
• The attack on Hole-in-the-Day's band is narrated in the letter of Plympton to General Jones, August 13, 1838.--Indian Office Files, 1838, No. 618. See also Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 134–136; Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 136, 137.
• [330]
• The particulars of the encounter in 1839 are given in a letter written by the Right Reverend Mathias Loras in July 1839, and published in Acta et Dicta: A Collection of historical data regarding the origin and growth of the Catholic Church in the Northwest, Vol. I, No. 1, pp. 18–21; and Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 139–147.
• [331]
• “Instead of lessening the disasters of Indian warfare, the building of Fort Snelling in the heart of the Indian country and upon the line dividing the ranges of the Dakotas and the Chippewas, had the direct effect of vastly increasing the horrors of that warfare. Depending upon the protection of the military, both tribes brought their women and children into the disputed territory, where before the coming of the soldiers they would never have dared to expose them, and it soon developed that the fort afforded no protection to the children of the forest against the savagery of their hereditary enemies, who made treaties of peace only to thereby gain better opportunity for butchery.”--Robinson's A History of the Dakota or Sioux Indians, p. 154. This is Part II of the South Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. II.
• [332]
• At the forks of the Chippewa River in 1838, eleven Sioux were killed while asleep, by Chippewas whom they were entertaining. The mission at Lake Pokegama was attacked in 1840. In 1842, a battle was fought at Pine Coulie near the Indian village of Kaposia. In 1850, on Apple River in Wisconsin, fourteen Chippewas were scalped. See the article by Rev. S. W. Pond on Indian Warfare in Minnesota in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 129–138. As late as 1854, D. B. Herriman, the Chippewa agent, reported that during the preceding year nearly one hundred Chippewas had been killed and scalped by the Sioux. But none of these massacres took place at the fort.--Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 33rd Congress, Vol. I, Pt. 1, Document No. 1, p. 260.
• [333]
• Executive Documents, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. VIII, Document No. 51, p. 31.
• [334]
• Taliaferro's Diary, January 23, 1831.
• [335]
• Taliaferro's Diary, June 4, 1831. For other occasions during the winter and spring of 1831 when the agent records the presence of both Sioux and Chippewas see the diary under date of January 31, March 5, May 2, June 15.
• [336]
• Taliaferro to Clark, July 6, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 231.
• [337]
• Speech of Taliaferro to the Sioux.--Taliaferro's Diary, February 19, 1831.
• [338]
• Report of J. N. Nicollet in Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 28th Congress, Vol. II, Document No. 52, p. 66.
• [339]
• Taliaferro's Diary, January 10, 18, 26, 1831.
• [340]
• Taliaferro to Clark, February 8, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 121.
• [341]
• The text of the treaty is printed in Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 250–255. The treaty was signed on August 19, 1825.
• [342]
• Missionary Herald, Vol. XXX, p. 223, June, 1834. Reverend W. T. Boutwell accompanied Mr. Schoolcraft on this journey, and his account of it is published in the religious paper.
• [343]
• Schoolcraft's Narrative of an Expedition through the Upper Mississippi to Itasca Lake, p. 265.
• [344]
• United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IV, p. 684.
• [345]
• Taliaferro to William Clark, May 31, 1835.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. III, No. 234.
• [346]
• Taliaferro to Herring, July 16, 1835.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. III, No. 238.
• [347]
• Taliaferro to William Clark, September 2, 1835; Taliaferro to E. Herring, September 20, 1835.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. III, Nos. 251, 252.
• [348]
• Taliaferro to William Clark, May 26, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 195.
• [349]
• Taliaferro's Diary, January 25, 1831.
• [350]
• Senate Documents, 1st Session, 28th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 269.
• [351]
• Senate Documents, 1st Session, 29th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 490.
• [352]
• The Minnesota Pioneer, January 2, 1851.
• [353]
• Snelling to Atkinson, May 31, 1827.--Indian Office Files, 1827, No. 10.
• [354]
• The Minnesota Pioneer, May 16, 1850. Other occasions when Indians were imprisoned for similar causes are mentioned in The Minnesota Pioneer, September 23, 1852, April 20, 1854.
• [355]
• The Minnesota Pioneer, October 14, 1852.
• [356]
• Report of Agent A. J. Bruce, September 1, 1846.--Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 29th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 4, p. 246.
• [357]
• Beltrami's A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, Vol. II, pp. 233, 234.
• [358]
• Taliaferro's Diary, January 31, 1831; Taliaferro to Captain W. R. Lovett, June 30, 1831, in Taliaferro Letters, Vol. II, No. 150.
• [359]
• Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, p. 138.
• [360]
• Taliaferro to Clark, October 4, 1830.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 68.
• [361]
• Taliaferro's Diary, June 29, 1834.
• [362]

CHAPTER IX

• For an account of the attack on the trading house system see Quaife's Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673–1835, pp. 301–309; also Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, pp. xiii-xviii.
• [363]
• This account of the fur trade is based upon the reminiscences of Mr. H. H. Sibley in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 245–247; and Turner's The Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin in the Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Vol. IX, pp. 601–607.
• [364]
• If an Indian failed continually in paying up his credits, the trader would refuse him any more goods. This would bring on the enmity of the hunter and his whole family. Such was the case of Joseph R. Brown mentioned in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, p. 247.
• [365]
• United States Statutes at Large, Vol. II, pp. 139–146, Vol. III, pp. 332, 333, Vol. IV, pp. 729–735.
• [366]
• A copy of an American trading license is published in the Report from the Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Company, p. 282.
• [367]
• Indian Office Files, 1831, No. 70.
• [368]
• Indian Office Files, 1831, No. 82.
• [369]
• Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 200.
• [370]
• Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, p. 43
• [371]
• Sibley to Featherstonhaugh.--Sibley Papers. This letter is printed in Holcombe's Minnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. II, p. 57.
• [372]
• Chittenden's The History of the American Fur Trade of the Far West, Vol. I, p. 323.
• [373]
• A list of the posts in the agency in 1826 is given in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 113, 114.
• “The Secretary of War directs that the traders in the St Peters Agency, who have been directed by you to build their houses in a particular form, as designated by you, be informed that they are at liberty to adapt the shape of their building to their own convenience. He moreover directs that the term of Forts, by which they are designated, be changed into Posts.”--William Clark to Taliaferro, March 26, 1827, in Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 72.
• [374]
• Taliaferro to Herring, September 15, 1834, in Indian Office Files, 1834, No. 210; Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 74.
• [375]
• See Sibley's story of a tea party given to a number of traders at Fort Snelling.--Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 248, 249.
• [376]
• Coues's The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike, Vol. I, p. 230.
• [377]
• Taliaferro's Diary, February 22, 1831.
• [378]
• Schoolcraft's Narrative of an Expedition through the Upper Mississippi to Itasca Lake, p. 44.
• [379]
• Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, pp. 306, 307.
• [380]
• United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IV, p. 564.
• [381]
• Norman W. Kittson to Sibley, March 2, 1846.--Sibley Papers, 1840–1850. Mr. Kittson was the manager of the American Fur Company's business along the international boundary, with his headquarters at Pembina. He, with the late James J. Hill, was one of the promoters of the St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba Railroad Company.
• [382]
• Report from the Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Company, p. 370.
• [383]
• Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, p. 383.
• [384]
• Taliaferro's Diary, January 30, 1831.
• [385]
• Kittson to Sibley, August 7, 1846.--Sibley Papers, 1840–1850.
• Mr. Kittson was the organizer of the picturesque caravans of Red River carts (at one time called “Kittson's carts”) which carried on the extensive commerce between the Canadian and American settlements. At an early date this trade assumed large proportions. “The van of the Red River train numbering from an hundred to two hundred carts made entirely of wood and green hides and drawn by oxen and ponies in harness, reached St. Paul on Sunday with furs, hides, buffalo robes, dried buffalo tongues, pemmican, etc. They have been forty days on the route.”--The Minnesota Pioneer, July 26, 1849.
• [386]
• Missionary Herald, Vol. 38, p. 58, February, 1842.
• [387]
• Indian Office Files, 1839, No. 62.
• [388]
• Missionary Herald, Vol. 40, p. 281, August, 1844.
• [389]
• Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 563.
• [390]
• Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, p. 383.
• [391]
• Taliaferro's Diary, July 23, 1834.
• [392]
• Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 74.
• [393]
• Marsh to Street, April 28, 1832.--Street Papers, No. 20.
• [394]
• Indian Office Files, 1835, No. 326.
• [395]
• Bailly to Street, August 3, 1832.--Street Papers, No. 28.
• [396]
• Street to Cass, October 3, 1832.--Street Papers, No. 69.
• [397]
• “Several persons have been arrested near Crow Wing for selling whiskey to the Winnebago Indians; and twelve or fifteen barrels of whiskey have been overtaken and knocked in the head, by Capt. Monroe's troops.”--The Minnesota Pioneer, August 9, 1849.
• [398]
• Senate Documents, 1st Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 922.
• [399]
• Taliaferro to Clark, August 17, 1830.--Indian Office Files, 1830, No. 143.
• [400]
• Indian Office Files, 1830, No. 140.
• [401]
• Taliaferro to Clark, August 2, 1829.--Indian Office Files, 1829, No. 65.
• [402]
• Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 444.
• [403]
• Senate Documents, 1st Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 919.
• [404]
• The Minnesota Pioneer, May 12, 1849.
• [405]

CHAPTER X

• Taliaferro writes: “It was some length of time before he could induce the Indians to respect the Sabbath-day--all days being alike to them. It so happened that hundreds of important peace conventions were made and confirmed by the hostile tribes on the Lord's day. But time and patience brought them to reason, and for many years they respected the white man's great ‘medicine day.’ The sign given for the day of rest was the agency flag floating from the flagstaff, at the agency council house.”--Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 236.
• [406]
• Missionary Herald, Vol. 45, p. 429, December, 1849.
• [407]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 326, 327; Taliaferro's Diary, August 14, 1833.
• [408]
• Street to Taliaferro, August 12, 1829.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. II, No. 108.
• [409]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 119–121.
• [410]
• Taliaferro to Eaton.--Indian Office Files, 1830, No. 151.
• [411]
• Taliaferro's Diary, April 18, May 1, June 8, 1831.
• [412]
• Taliaferro's Diary, August 14, 1833.
• [413]
• Taliaferro's Diary, April 18, 1831.
• [414]
• Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, p. iv.
• [415]
• Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 255.
• [416]
• Senate Documents, 3rd Session, 25th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 523.
• [417]
• Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 12–30. This volume, written by the son of Samuel Pond, tells of the work of his father and uncle.
• [418]
• Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, p. 30. Among the Kemper Papers (Vol. XX, No. 34) the writer found the following permit to enter the Indian country:
• “The Right Reverend, Jackson Kemper, Missionary Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, having signified to this Department, his desire to visit and remain sometime in the Indian country, and requested the permission required by law to enable him to do so, such permission is hereby granted; and he is commended to the friendly attention of civil and military officers and agents, and of citizens, and if at any time it shall be necessary to their protection.”
• “Given under my hand and
  the Seal of the War Department
  this 1st day of October 1838.”
• “S. Cooper.
  Acting Secretary of War.”
• [419]
• Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 31, 32; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 324, 325.
• [420]
• Taliaferro's Diary, July 7, 1834.
• [421]
• Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 38–42.
• [422]
• Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, p. 47.
• [423]
• Featherstonhaugh's A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor, Vol. II, p. 11.
• [424]
• Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, p. 43.
• [425]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 127–146.
• [426]
• Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 127, 133.
• [427]
• Executive Documents, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. III, Pt. II, Document No. 5, pp. 1054, 1055.
• [428]
• Riggs's Mary and I, Forty Years with the Sioux, pp. 41, 42.
• [429]
• Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 49–59.
• [430]
• Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 29th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 4, p. 315.
• [431]
• Executive Documents, 1st Session, 32nd Congress, Vol II, Pt. III, p. 439.
• [432]
• Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 343.
• [433]
• Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 63, 64.
• [434]
• Missionary Herald, Vol. 41, p. 281, August, 1845; Vol. 32, pp. 188, 189, May, 1836.
• [435]
• The Spirit of Missions, Vol. IV, p. 61, February, 1839; Tanner's History of the Diocese of Minnesota, p. 24; Post Returns, April, 1839, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.
• [436]
• Gear to Kemper, Nov. 29, 1841.--Kemper Letters, Vol. 25, No. 103. See also The Spirit of Missions, Vol. 5, p. 68, March, 1840.
• [437]
• Acta et Dicta, Vol. I, No. 1, July, 1907, pp. 14–21; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 222–230.
• [438]

CHAPTER XI