26. Summary.—The separate History of Scotland, which may be said to have ceased with the Union, is chiefly remarkable from its unconnected and fragmentary character. Each of the periods into which it is naturally divided breaks off abruptly, and exercises little or no influence on the period which comes after it. The Celtic system comes to an end with the last of the Gaelic kings. During the English period English laws and English customs are introduced, but this English influence is suddenly checked by the War of Independence, and the period which begins with the independent kingdom is no more the natural result of the second than the second is of the first. During the third period the Roman Law is introduced, and France takes the place of England as the model for imitation. The Scottish system of representation, which became fixed during this period, had much more in common with the French National Assembly than with the English Parliament. The Three Estates, which met in one chamber, were the Church, the barons, that is the tenants holding direct from the Crown, and the burghers. The Commons as a class were not represented at all. It is the Reformation which first brings the Commons into notice. The feudal character of the legislature and of the national representation drove the energies of the people into the only channel that was left open to them—that of religious thought. Hence it came that in Scotland the great struggle for political freedom was fought out under the cloak of a contest for liberty of conscience. From the Reformation to the Union the history of the country is little but the record of a series of religious wars. The history of Scotland also gives us a picture of pure and unmixed feudalism. The feudal system which was introduced under the sons of Malcolm and Margaret took much firmer root in Scotland than it ever did in England; and, as it was here untouched by the Common Law and the growth of the constitution which acted as checks upon it in England, it grew to such an excess of power that it quite overshadowed the power of the Crown. The practice of making hereditary jurisdictions, and of granting powers of regality, still further increased the influence of the feudal nobles. Feudalism existed in Scotland long after it had been overthrown in England. Its power was first broken by the Act which was passed in 1748 for abolishing heritable jurisdictions, and even after that Act it continued to influence the representation. Feudalism in Scotland was not finally overthrown till the passing of the first Reform Bill in 1832. Nor was it till after that reform that the Commons of Scotland were represented at all in Parliament The rebellions in favour of the Stewarts in 1715 and 1745, though they were the cause of much useless bloodshed, led to very happy results as far as the social prosperity of the country was concerned. The abolition of the heritable jurisdictions did much good, for it placed agriculturists in a much freer position, while the money which was paid to the great proprietors as a compensation for their feudal rights gave a fresh spring to the circulation of the country. At the time of the Union Scotland was without agriculture, manufactures, shipping, or commerce. Since then she has risen to excellence in them all.
INDEX.
A.
Abjuration Oath, [151].
Agricola, Julius, invasion of, [ 4].
Aidan founds Lindisfarne, [ 9].
Albany, Robert, Duke of, [ 61];
his regency, [ 63];
his death, [ 66].
Alexander I., [ 20]
defeats the men of Moray, [ib.];
defends the liberty of the Church, [ 21].
Alexander II., invades England, [ 29];
his marriage, [ 30];
his death, [ 31].
Alexander III., his coronation, [ 31];
his death, [ 32].
Ancrum, rout of the English at, [ 90].
Angus, Archibald, Earl of (Bell the Cat), [ 78].
Anne, [161.];
her death, [168].
Arbroath Abbey founded, [ 29].
Argyle, Archibald, Earl of, refuses to take the Test, [151];
his rising, [ib.];
is beheaded, [152].
Argyle, Archibald, Marquess of, his government, [138];
crowns Charles II., [141];
is beheaded, [144].
Arkinholm, battle of, [ 74].
Armstrong, John, his hanging, [ 87].
Arran, James Hamilton, Earl of, [ 81];
his power, [ 83];
his regency, [ 89].
Arran, Ochiltree, created Earl of, [115].
Auchterarder, case of, [187].
B.
Baillie, of Jerviswood, his death, [151].
Balliol, Edward, his invasion, [ 57].
Balliol, John, his claim to the throne, [ 36];
his coronation, [ 39];
his alliance with France, [ib.];
his submission to Edward, [ 41].
Balmerinoch, John Elphinstone, Lord, his imprisonment, [130].
Bannockburn, battle of, [ 50].
Barbour, John, Archdeacon of Aberdeen, biographer of Bruce, [ 48].
Barton, Andrew, his death, [ 81].
Bass Castle holds out for James, [158].
Beaton, Cardinal David, his murder, [ 92].
Beaton, James, Archbishop of St. Andrews, his conscience, [ 84].
Beaugé, battle of, [ 65].
Beck, Anthony, his flight, [ 42].
Bell, Henry, his steamboat, [188].
Berwick, importance of, [ 34];
siege of, [40];
treaty of, [100].
Blackadder, Robert, first Archbishop of Glasgow, [ 82].
Blanks, Spanish, [119].
Boece, Hector, his fabulous history, [ 94].
Bothwell, Adam, Bishop of Orkney, [106].
Bothwell Bridge, battle of, [150].
Bothwell, James Hepburn, Earl of, [104];
marries Queen Mary, [105];
his flight, [106].
Boyd, Thomas, created Earl of Arran, [ 76].
Boyds, power of, [ 76].
Brechin, bell-tower of, [ 18].
Brigham, treaty of, [ 36].
Brown, John, story of, [152].
Bruce, grant of Annandale to, [ 36].
Bruce, Robert, one of the claimants of the crown, [ 36].
Bruce, Robert, Earl of Carrick, his coronation, [ 47];
his reverses, [ 48];
his victory at Bannockburn, [ 50];
his comrades, [ 51];
his parliaments, [ 55];
his death, [ 56].
Brunanburh, battle of, [ 12].
Bunby, tutor of, Laird of, slain by Douglas, [ 73].
Buchan, Alexander, Earl of, Wolf of Badenoch, [ 62].
Buchan, Countess of, crowns Bruce, [ 47];
caged by Edward, [ib.]
Buchan, Herrying of, [ 49].
Buchan, John Stewart, Earl of, [ 65].
Buchanan, George, his works, [124].
Burns, Robert, the poet, [189].
C.
Cambuskenneth, Parliament of, [ 55].
Cameron, Richard, leader of the Cameronians, [149].
Candlemas, burnt, [ 59].
Carberry, surrender at, [106].
Carham, battle of, [ 12].
Casket letters, [107], [109].
Chapman, Walter, sets up first printing press, [ 83].
Charles Edward Stuart (the Young Pretender), his landing, [176];
his Court at Edinburgh, [177];
his invasion of England, [178];
his perils, [180].
Charles I., his resumption of Benefices, [129];
his visit to Scotland, [130];
his double dealing, [132];
his appeal to the Scots, [137];
his treaty with the Engagers, [138];
his death, [139].
Charles II., proclamation of, [139];
his arrival in Scotland, [140];
his coronation, [141];
his defeat at Worcester, [ib.];
his restoration, [143];
his misgovernment, [144-151];
his death, [151].
Charles XII. of Sweden, his project of invasion, [173].
Claverhouse, James Graham of, beaten at Drumclog, [149];
his revolt, [155];
is beaten at Killiecrankie, [157].
Cnut, invasion of, [ 13].
Colliers and salters, slavery of, [183].
Cope, Sir John, his flight, [177].
Coltbrigg, canter of, [177].
Columba, comes from Ireland, [ 6];
founds Iona, [ 7];
converts Picts, [ib.].
Committee of Articles, its origin, [ 69].
Common Order, Book of, [114].
Comyn, John, the Red, his murder, [ 46].
Constantine I., his reign, [ 10].
Constantine II., commendation of, [ 11].
Constantine III., reign of, [ 12].
Conventicles, [146];
laws against, [148].
Court of Session, founding of, [ 88].
Covenant, first, [ 98];
renewals of, [119], [132].
Culloden Moor, battle of, [179].
Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of (the Butcher),
victor at Culloden, [180].
D.
Dalriada founded, [ 6].
Darien scheme, [159].
Darnley, Henry Stewart, Lord, [102];
his murder, [105].
David I., Prince of Strathclyde, [ 20];
encourages Normans, [ 22];
invades England, [ib.];
character of, [ 25.].
David II., first anointed King of Scots, [ 56];
taken prisoner, [ 58].
Discipline, books of, [101], [118].
Disruption, causes of, [186].
Donald I., King of Scots, [ 10].
Donald Bane seizes the throne, [ 17].
Donald, Dhu, last Lord of the Isles, [ 81].
Douglas, Archibald, Earl of (Tine-man), slain at Verneuil, [ 66].
Douglas, Earl of, slain at Otterburn, [ 61].
Douglas, Gavin, Bishop of Dunkeld, [ 84];
his poems, [ 95].
Douglas, James of, his larder, [ 51];
his raids into England, [ 53];
his death, [ 56].
Douglas, James, Earl of, defeated at Arkinholm, [ 74].
Douglas, William, Earl of, beheaded, [ 72].
Douglas, William, Earl of, his murder, [ 74].
Drumclog, Conventicle at, [149].
Drummond of Hawthornden, his poems, [165].
Drummond, James, Earl of Perth, [153].
Drunken Parliament, [145].
Dunbar, William, his poems, [ 95].
Dunbarton, taking of, [111].
Duncan I., death of, [ 13].
Dunfermline Church founded by Margaret, [ 17].
Dunkeld, attack on, [157].
Dunnottar, regalia sent to, [142];
Covenanters imprisoned in, [153].
Duplin, battle of, [ 57].
E.
Eadgar, reign of, [ 19].
Eadgar the Ætheling, comes to Scotland, [ 14];
overthrows Donald Bane, [ 17].
Eadmer, Bishop of St. Andrews, [ 21].
Eadmund joins Donald Bane, [ 17].
Education Act, passing of, [161].
Edward I., holds a Council at Norham, [ 37];
first conquest of Scotland, [ 40];
second conquest, [ 44];
attempts to unite Scotland to England, [ 45];
his death, [ 47].
Edward II., his invasion of Scotland, [ 49];
his defeat and flight, [ 50].
Edward III., his invasion of Scotland, [ 59].
Ejection, [145].
Elphinstone, Bishop, founds University at Aberdeen, [ 83].
F.
Falaise, convention of, [ 27].
Falkirk, battle of, [ 44].
Falkirk Moor, battle of, [179].
Flodden, battle of, [ 81].
Forbes, Duncan, of Culloden, his philanthropy, [182].
Fordun, John of, writes Scotichronicon, [ 66].
Forster, Thomas, his rebellion, [170].
Fort William, building of, [158].
"Forty-five," rebellion of, [175].