I note, as seen from this norm, two anomalies in which the ellipsoidal uniformity outlining the profile of the cranium is altered.
a. Oxycephalic Cranium.—The line of the profile is noticeably raised at the bregma, from which the anterior part of the cranium continues to rise, almost in the direction of the forehead, instead of curving backward. In its entirety this anomalous cranium has the form of a "sugar loaf."
b. Acrocephalic Cranium.—The line of the profile, on the contrary, is not raised until near the lambda.
C. Occipital Norm.—The observer places himself behind the subject and gazes perpendicularly at the occipital point.
D. Frontal Norm.—The observer stands in front of the subject and gazes at him on a level with the forehead.
I may point out only one very important anomaly seen from this norm.
a. Scaphocephalic Cranium.—The lateral parts of the cranium are flattened to such a degree that the vault is extremely narrow along the sagittal line (see Figs. 51 and 52).
Craniometry.—The volume of the cranium is of high importance because it bears a relation to that of the brain. In the studies which have been made relative to the correspondence between physical and intellectual development, the measurement of the cranial volume comes first in order.
In measuring the cranium it is necessary to use:
a. the millimetric tape measure, b. the craniometric calipers, c. the compass with sliding branches, d. the double square. In order to facilitate the task of measuring and to secure uniformity it is necessary first to locate the craniometric points to which it will be necessary to apply the instrument. These craniometric points are easily located on the cranium, where a great number of them have been studied. In the case of a living person, on the contrary, these points are reduced to a small number because of the difficulty of accurately locating them.