Bimalar width, between the two malar points.
Bigoniac width, between the two gonia.
It should be remembered that the standards of beauty do not necessarily coincide with those of normality.
B. Lateral Norm.—In observing the face according to this norm, three facts should be chiefly noted:
- The relative volumetric development between facial and cerebral cranium.
- The direction of the forehead, which, in the normal profile, ought to be vertical.
- Whether the facial profile protrudes or not beyond the extreme anterior limit of the forehead.
Prosopometry.—-Many forms of measurements are taken on the skeleton of the face and many total and partial indices are obtained, such, for instance, as the facial index, the orbital index, the nasal index, etc.
Measurements of diameters and angles are also taken on the face of the living subject and indices are obtained.
We, however, shall limit ourselves to indicating only those measurements which are taken most frequently in our special field of application.
The diameters and the height of the face are obtained by the craniometric calipers and Mathieu's compass with sliding branches; the facial angle is measured in projection by means of the double square; and directly, by the goniometer.