Calamites, [147], [154], [157], [159], [160], [171]. — branch of, [147], [104]. — casheana, [152]. — cone of, [150], [109], [151], [110]. — leaf of, [149], [107]. — node of, [149], [106]. — spores of, [152], [111]. — young roots of, [150], [108]. — young stem of, [148], [105]. Cambium, [57], [33], [65], [43], [66], [44]. Carbon, film of representing decayed plant, [12]. Carbonate of magnesium, [20]. Carbonates of lime, [19]. Carpels, modified leaves, [78]. Carruthers, [186]. Casts of fossil plants, [8], [9], [2], [10], [3], [4], [11], [12]. — of seeds, [11], [12]. — treatment of specimens of, [184]. Casuarina, [83]. Cells, similarity of living and fossil types of, [53]. — principal types of, [53] et seq., [22]-[33]. Cell wall, [47], [17]. Centrifugal wood, [97], [65]. Centripetal wood, [97], [65], [116]. Chara, [16]. Characeæ, [163]. Cheirostrobus, [159], [118], [160]. Chloroplast, [47], [17]. Coal, origin of, [29] et seq. — of different ages, [33]. — seams in the rocks, [24], [13], [14]. — vegetable nature of, [25] et seq. — importance of, [17], Chap. III, p. [22] et seq. “Coal balls”, [18], [19], [10], [20], [21], [22], [27], [15], [163], [185]. — — mass of, in coal, [28], [16]. Coal Measures, climate of, [172]. Companion cells, [57], [32]. Concretions, [21], [22], [27], [15], [28]. — concentric banding in, [27], [15]. Conducting tissue in higher plants, [49], [19], [50], [20]. Coniferales, conflicting observations among, [46]. — general distribution in time, [177]. — male cell of, [52]. Corallina, [166]. Cordaiteæ, [39]-[88], [112]. — comparison of fructifications with those of Taxeæ, [95]. — description of family, [92]. — general distribution in time, [177]. Cordaites, [40], [107], [176]. — fructification of, [95], [96], [64]. — internal cast of stem, [10], [4], [93], [94], [95]. — leaves of, once considered to be Monocotyledons, [82], [93]. — leaves of, [93], [61], [94], [62A]. — possible common origin with Ginkgo, [102]. — wood of, [94], [62B]. Cork, [56], [29]. — cambium, [56], [29]. Cross fertilization, [179]. Cupresseæ, [88], [90]. — description of, [91]. Cycadeoidea, [103]. Cycads in the Mesozoic period, [40], [41], [42], [113]. — description of group, [109]. — general distribution of in time, [177]. — in Tertiary period, [85]. — large size of male cones of, [110]. — seeds of, [112]. — type of seed of, [76], [57]. — wood of, [110]. Cycas, [109], [110], [74]. — seed-bearing sporophyll of, [111]. — seeds of, [112], [76]. — comparison with Ginkgo seeds, [112]. Darwin, [181]. Diatoms, [167], [121]. Dicotyledons, [41], [44], [79]. — relative antiquity of, [81], [82]. — seed type of, [77], [58]. Differentiation, commencement of in simple plants, [48]. — of tissues in higher plants, [49], [19], [50] et seq., [20].
Embryo of Ginkgo, [100]. — in seeds, [76], [57], [77], [58]. — of Bennettites, [106], [73]. Endodermis, [55], [26], [61]. Environment, [181], [182]. Epidermal tissues, [54], [21], [22], [23], [125]. Epidermis cells, fossil impressions of, [13], [14], [8], [59], [34], [125]. Equisetales, [44]. — general distribution of in time, [177]. Equisetites, [146], [103]. Equisetum, [9], [38], [40], [44], [145], [149], [152]. — underground rhizomes of, [43]. Eucalyptus, [83]. Europe, [87], [102]. — ancient climates of, [170]. Evolution, [43]. — in plants, various degrees of in the organs of the same plant, [45] et seq. Evolution in plants, cause of, [181]. — — — suggestions as to possible future lines of, [178]. Expedition, requirements for collecting, [183]. Extinct families, [44].
Ferns, sporangia of, [67], [45]. — connection with Pteridosperms, [123]. — description of group, [124]. — fructifications of among fossils, [131], [132], [92]. — general distribution of in time, [177]. — germinating spores of, [68], [47]. Ficus, [83]. Flotsam, [6]. Flowering plant, anatomy of stem, [49], [19]. Formation of rocks, key to processes, [6]. Fossil plants, indications of ancient climates and conditions, [168]. — — diagram illustration the distribution of, [177], [122]. Fungi, fossils of, [164]. — parasitic, [119], [164], [165], [120].
Gamopetalæ, [84]. Gannister, [25], [14]. Geikie, [186]. Ginkgo, leaf impression, [14], [7], [100], [69]. — comparison with Cycas seeds, [112]. — distribution in the past, [168]. — embryo of, [100]. — epidermis of fossil, [14], [8], [100]. — foliage of, [99], [66]. — only living species of genus, [98], [70]. — possible common origin with Cordaites, [102]. — ripe seed of, [99], [67]. — section of seed of, [100], [68]. — seed structure of, [76], [57]. — similarity to Cordaites, [96]. Ginkgoaceæ, [88]. Ginkgoales, [88], [98]. — description of group, [98]. — general distribution in time, [177]. Glacial epoch, [170]. Glossopteris, [173]. Glyptostrobus, [86]. Gondwanaland, [173]. Grand’Eury, [186]. Gum, [17]. Gymnosperms, [38], [41], [44], [86], [176], [179]. — connection with Pteridosperms, [124]. — general distribution in time, [177]. — relations between the groups of, [88], [89], [90].
Hairs, [54], [22], [70]. — special forms among fossils, [70]. Heterangium, [119], [122], [123], [127]. — foliage of, [120]. — stem of, [120], [81]. Hollick and Jeffrey, [89]. Horsetails, description of group, [145]. Hutton, [2].
Impression, form of fossil, [5], [12], [13], [6], [14], [7], [15], [80], [81], [59], [60]. — treatment of specimens of, [184]. Investigators of fossil plants, [2]. Iron sulphide, [20].
Kauri pine, [93]. Kew Gardens, [98]. Kidston, [186].
Labelling of specimens, [185]. Lagenostoma, [76], [56], [118], [119], [80]. Laminaria, [166]. Lapworth, [186]. Latex cells, [55], [27]. Lauraceæ, [85]. Laurent, [186]. Leaves, starch manufacture in cells of, [58]. — fossil leaf anatomy, [59], [34]. — general similarity of living and fossil, [58]. Lepidocarpon, [141], [100]. Lepidodendron, [9], [10], [3], [21], [12], [67], [46], [72], [75], [134], [144], [145], [157], [160], [171]. — anatomy of stem of, [136], [137], [95], [138], [96], [139], [97]. — comparison of reproductive organs with those of living lycopods, [67], [46]. Lepidodendron, description of, [134]. — distribution in the past, [177]. — fructification of, [139], [140], [98], [141], [99]. — huge stumps of, [134], [frontispiece]. — leaf bases, [10], [3], [135], [93]. — leaf traces of, [139], [97]. — peculiar fructification of, [75], [54]. — petrifaction of leaves, [21], [12]. — rootlike organs of, [69]. — secondary thickening in, [70], [48], [71], [49]. — selaginoides, stem of, [137], [95]. — wood of, [70], [48], [71], [49]. Liliaceæ, [82]. Limestone, [7], [1], [24], [25], [36]. Lindley, [2], [186]. Literature on fossil plants, [186]. Lithothamnion, [166]. Liverworts, [163]. Lycopods, [38], [40], [42], [44], [67], [133], [175]. — description of group, [133]. — general distribution in time, [177]. — reproductive organs of, [67], [46]. — secondary wood in fossil, [70], [48], [71], [49]. Lyell, [186]. Lyginodendron, [115], [116], [122]. — anatomy of stem of, [116], [78A]. — petioles of, [117], [118], [79]. — roots of, [117], [78B]. — seeds of, [118], [119], [80].
Magnolia, [83]. Marattia, [130]. Marattiaceæ, [125], [129]. — appearance of, [130]. — description of group, [129]. Marchantites, [163]. Medullosa, [72], [73], [119], [120], [121], [82], [83], [122], [123]. — foliage of, [121], [83]. — probable seeds of, [121]. — steles of, [72], [50], [73], [51], [120]. Mesozoic, character of flora, [40]. Metaxylem, [57], [31]. Mycorhiza, [165]. Micrococcus, [167]. Monocotyledons, [41], [44], [79]. — relative antiquity of, [81], [82]. Monostelic anatomy, [63], [126]. Mosses, scarcity of fossils of, [162]. Mosses, fossils of, [163]. Mountain building, from deposits under water, [6]. — — slow and continuous changes, [35]. Muscites, [163]. Mutation, [181].