The Study of Plant Life

by Marie Carmichael Stopes

The roman numbers refer to the pages, and italicised numbers to the figures

• A
• Absorption by roots, [33], [21], [22]
• Adventitious roots, [56], [40], [57], [41]
• Alcohol, [24]
• Algæ, [141]
• Algæ in ditches, [151]
• Algæ in the sea, [143], [134], [173]
• Ampelopsis, [108], [105]
• Animals eaten by plants, [114]
• Animals, life of, [3], [7]
• Anther, [80], [81]
• Assimilation (see [Food building])
• Associations of plants, [152], [189]
• Axil of leaf, [75], [66]
• B
• Bacteria, [144]
• Bean seeds, [8], [3], [9], [4]
• Bean seedlings, [10], [6], [11], [7]
• Bean seedlings grown in dark, [38], [27]
• Bean seedlings, growth of, [41], [28]
• Beech leaf, [65]
• Bees and flowers, [119]
• Bidens, fruits of, [90], [87]
• Bilberry, [154]
• Bladderwort, [116], [113], [114]
• Bladderwrack, [144], [135], [173], [Pl. VII.]
• Bog-land, [156]
• Bracken fern, [133],[ Pl. I.]
• Bramble, [63], [49]
• Bread, starch in, [11]
• Breathing of animals, [6], [2]
• Breathing of plants, [5], [1], [96]
• Breathing pores, [96], [96]
• Broom, [62]
• Broomrape, [113], [109]
• Buds, [72]
• Buds of fern, [134], [127]
• Buds of horse chestnut, [72], [62], [63]
• Buds, overlapping scales of, [73], [63], [64]
• Bud scales, [74], [65]
• Bud scars, [75], [66]
• Buds of sycamore, [75], [66]
• Buds, unfolding of, [72], [62]
• Bulbs, [77], [68]
• Bulrushes, [151], [138]
• Bulrushes, rhizome of, [161], [143]
• Bur, fruit of, [90], [86]
• Buttercup, flower of, [82], [76]
• Buttercup, water-, [159], [141]
• Butterwort, [115], [112]
• C
• Cactus, [2], [62], [48], [99]
• Calcium phosphate, [15]
• Calcium sulphate, [15]
• Calyx, [79], [70]
• Canadian water-plant, [21], [13]
• Capsule of moss, [139], [131]
• Capsule of poppy, [89], [85]
• Carbon, [19], [23]
• Carbonic acid gas, [6], [19], [24], [27]
• Carex, [166], [146]
• Carpel, [82], [76], [77], [78]
• Carrot, [55], [38]
• Caustic potash, [20], [12]
• Cells, [92], [91]
• Cherry flower, [82], [78]
• Cherry fruit, [88], [82]
• Cherry leaf, [64], [50]
• Cherry leaf arrangement, [69], [58]
• Cherry stipules, [64], [50]
• Chlorophyll, [17], [24], [27]
• Circulation of water, [28]
• Climbing plants, [104]
• Climbing assisted by roots, [106], [101]
• Climbing by tendrils, [107], [104], [108], [105]
• Climbing by twining stem, [106], [102], [107], [103]
• Clover attacked by dodder, [110], [106], [107]
• Club-moss, [137]
• Coal, [153], [178]
• Collecting, [194]
• Colour of petals, [80]
• Cones of pine, [127], [128], [123]
• “Control plant,” [16]
• Convolvulus, twining of, [106], [102]
• Cork, [95]
• Cornflower, [121], [122]
• Cotyledons of bean, [9], [4]
• Cotyledons of pine, [129], [130], [126]
• Cotyledons of rose, [66], [54]
• Cow-wheat, [113]
• D
• Dahlia, roots of, [56], [39]
• Daisy, flower of, [121], [121]
• Dandelion, fruit of, [88], [83]
• Darkness, effect on growth of, [38], [27]
• Dead nettle, [68], [56], [149], [137]
• Deserts, [100]
• Dicotyledons, [126]
• Distilled water, [15]
• Ditches, [150]
• Dodder, [110], [106], [107]
• Downs, [183]
• Duckweed, [151], [139], [161]
• Drowning, of trees, [185], [154], [155]
• E
• Elder tree, twig of, [96], [96]
• Elodea, [21], [13]
• Embryo, [9]
• Excursions, [194]
• Eyebright, [113]
• F
• Ferns, bud of, [134], [127]
• Ferns, family of, [133]
• Ferns, fossil, [179], [152], [181]
• Ferns, prothallium of, [135], [129]
• Ferns, spore-cases of, [135], [128]
• Ferns, “sporeling” of, [136]
• Flowers, [78]
• Flowers in relation to insects, [118]
• Flowering family, [125]
• Food-building in leaves, [23]
• Food materials, [14], [18]
• Food solutions, [15]
• Fossils, [179], [151]
• Fossils, tree, [180], [153]
• Foxglove flower, [119], [117]
• Foxglove in hedges, [146], [Pl. IV.]
• Fruits, [86]
• Fucus, (see also [Bladderwrack]), [173], [Pl. VII.]
• Fungi, [109]
• Fungi, spores of, [143]
• Fungi, structure of, [142], [133]
• G
• Goose-grass, leaves of, [69], [60]
• Goose-grass, fruit of, [90], [87]
• Gorse, [102], [99]
• Gorse, flowers of, [119], [119]
• Grass, leaves of [66]
• Grass, roots of, [54], [37]
• Gravitation, [44]
• Growth, [40]
• Growth, direction of, [41], [29], [43], [30]
• Growth, region of, [40], [28]
• H
• Hairs, [96]
• Harebell, [78], [69]
• Heather, [154]
• Hedges, [147], [Pl. IV.]
• Holly, [54], [36]
• Honeysuckle, leaves of, [68], [57]
• Hop, [106]
• Horse chestnut, buds of, [72], [62]
• Horsetail, leaves of, [69], [59]
• Horsetail, family of, [137]
• I
• Indiarubber tree, leaves of, [31], [20]
• Insects and flowers, [83]
• Iodine, [11]
• Iron chloride, [16]
• Iron, importance of, [17]
• Ivy, adventitious roots of, [56], [40]
• Ivy, climbing of, [106], [101]
• Ivy as host plant, [112], [109]
• Ivy, leaves of, [65]
• Ivy, position of leaves of, [37], [26]
• L
• Lake or pond-maps, [193]
• Lamina of leaf, [64], [50]
• Laminarias, [175], [149]
• Larch, branching of, [59], [44]
• Larch, family of, [127]
• Larch, seed-scales of, [128], [124]
• Larch, tufts of leaves of, [76], [67]
• Leaves, [64]
• Leaves, arrangement as regards light, [36], [25], [37], [26]
• Leaves, arrangement on stem, [68]
• Leaves, compound, [65], [51]
• Leaves, form of, [64], [50]
• Leaves, “Mosaic,” [37]
• Leaves, no growth without CO₂, [20]
• Leaves, simple, [64], [50]
• Leaves, veins of, [67], [55]
• Lenticels of, [96], [96]
• Life, signs of, [4]
• Light, [35]
• Light from one side, [35], [23], [36], [24]
• Light, influence on position of leaves, [36], [24], [25]
• Light, influence on size of leaves, [38], [27]
• Light, influence of, in formation of starch in leaves, [24]
• Lime-tree, stem of, [94], [95]
• Lime-water, [6], [2], [20], [12]
• Linear leaves, [66]
• Liverworts, [140], [132]
• Louse-wort, [113]
• M
• Magnesium sulphate, [15]
• Maize, seeds of, [10], [5]
• Maize, seedlings of, [10], [5], [13], [8]
• Maps of plants, [188]
• Marram grass (see [Sandgrass]), [166], [145]
• Mistletoe, [112], [108]
• Monkshood, [119], [118]
• Monocotyledons, [126]
• Moorland, [153], [140], [184]
• Moss, [138], [130]
• Moss in bogs, [156]
• Moss, capsule of, [139], [131]
• Moss, spores of, [140]
• Movement caused by light, [36], [24]
• Movement of minute plants, [48]
• Movement of sensitive plants, [46], [33], [34], [35]
• Movement of plants in sleep, [46], [32]
• Movement of tendrils, [45], [31]
• N
• Nasturtium, movement of leaves, [36], [24]
• Nasturtium, shape of leaves, [65], [52]
• Nasturtium, twining of petioles, [106], [103]
• Needle leaves, [66], [53]
• Nepenthes, [117], [115]
• Nitrogen, [19]
• Nucleus of cells, [92], [91]
• Nurse leaves (see [Cotyledons])
• O
• Oak, branching of, [59], [43]
• Orchid, roots of, [57], [41]
• Ovate leaves, [65]
• Oxygen, [19], [21], [13], [22]
• P
• Palm, [57], [42]
• Palmate leaves, [66]
• Parasites, [109]
• Pea-flowers, [86], [80]
• Pea-fruits, [87], [81]
• Pea-pod (see [Pod])
• Pea-tendrils on leaf, [107], [104]
• Pea-tendrils, movement of, [45], [31]
• Peat, [155], [179]
• Peltate leaves, [65], [52]
• Petals, [80], [121], [121], [122]
• Petiole, [64], [50]
• Petiole, twining of, [107], [103]
• Physical geography, [182]
• Pine-cones, [128], [123]
• Pine-family, [127]
• Pine-leaf, [66], [53]
• Pine-seeds, [129], [125]
• Pine-seedlings, [129], [126]
• Pitcher plants, [117], [115]
• Plantation of trees, [155]
• Pod of pea, [87], [81]
• Pollen, [81], [120], [127]
• Pollination, [83], [118]
• Pollination, arrangements to ensure cross-, [120], [120]
• Pond-maps, see [Lake]
• Ponds, [159], [Pl. V.] [185], [154], [155]
• Poppy, [Pl. II.]
• Poppy capsule, [89], [85]
• Pores giving off water vapour, [31]
• Pores in stems, [96]
• Potassium iodide, [11]
• Potassium nitrate, [15]
• Potato, starch in, [11]
• Potato, underground stem of, [61], [47]
• Primrose flower, [80], [72], [84], [79], [120], [120]
• Prothallium, [135], [129], [139]
• R
• Receptacle of flower, [82], [76], [78]
• Reeds, [162], [144]
• Rhizome, [61], [46], [161], [143]
• Rice, starch in, [11]
• Roots, adventitious, [56], [40], [57], [41]
• Roots, entrance of water into, [33], [21], [22]
• Roots, forms of, [54]
• Root-hairs, [13], [8], [15], [9]
• Root pressure, [34]
• Roots of seedlings, [9]
• Roots, stilt-, [57], [42]
• Roots, storage in, [55], [38], [56], [39]
• Roots, uses of, [53]
• Rose, flowers of, [79], [70], [71], [118], [116]
• Rose-leaf, [65], [51]
• Rose-seedling, [66], [54]
• Runners of strawberries, [63]
• Rushes, [162], [144]
• S
• Salts, [14], [17], [27]
• Sandgrass (see [Marram]), [102], [100], [165], [145]
• Sea, [174]
• Sea holly, [168], [147]
• Seaweeds, [143], [134], [135], [173]
• Seaweeds, colour in, [176]
• Section of pond, [192], [154]
• Section of stems, [93], [92]
• Seedlings, bean, [10], [6], [40], [28], [29]
• Seedlings, grass, [35], [23]
• Seedlings, maize, [10], [5], [13], [8]
• Seedlings, pine, [129], [126]
• Seedlings, rose, [66], [54]
• Seeds, [86], [125]
• Seeds, bean, [8], [3], [9], [4], [10], [6], [91], [89]
• Seeds, dodder, [111]
• Seeds, larch, [128], [124]
• Seeds, maize, [9], [5], [91], [90]
• Seeds, mistletoe, [112]
• Seeds, pine, [129], [125]
• Sensitive Plant, [47], [33], [34], [35]
• Sepals, [78], [69]
• Shore, [165], [Pl. VI.], [176], [150]
• Skin of leaf, [95]
• Skin of seed, [9], [3]
• Sleep of plants, [46], [32]
• Sodium chloride, [15]
• Solomon’s Seal, [61], [46]
• Speedwell, [80], [73]
• Spines of cactus, [62], [99], [97]
• Spines of gorse, [102], [99]
• Spores, [135], [139], [140], [142]
• Stamens, [80], [72], [73], [81], [74]
• Starch, [11], [12], [21], [23]
• Starch formed in leaves by sunlight, [24]
• Starch stained by iodine, [11]
• Starch stored underground, [26]
• Stellaria, [59], [45]
• Stems, [58]
• Stems bending again to earth, [63], [49]
• Stems, branching of, [59]
• Stems, breathing pores in, [94], [96], [96]
• Stems, fleshy, [62], [48]
• Stems, sections of, [93], [92]
• Stems, twining, [106], [102], [110], [106]
• Stems, underground, [61], [46], [47]
• Stigma, [83]
• Stipules, [64], [50], [51]
• Stone-crop, [102], [98]
• Strawberry fruit, [90], [88]
• Strawberry runners, [63]
• Sundew, [114], [110], [115], [111]
• Sunflower, [1], [2]
• Sunflower stem, [94], [93], [94]
• Sunlight, oxygen given off in, [21], [13]
• Sunlight helps to form starch in leaves, [25]
• Sweet pea flower, [86], [80]
• Sweet pea fruit, [87], [81]
• Sweet pea leaf and tendrils, [45], [31], [70], [61]
• Sweet pea seed, [87], [81]
• Sycamore, buds of, [75], [66]
• T
• Tendrils, movement of, [45], [31]
• Tendrils part of leaf, [70], [71]
• Tendrils assist climbing, [107], [104], [108], [105]
• Tissues, [93]
• Toadflax, [148], [136]
• Toadstool, [142], [133]
• Transpiration, [31]
• Traveller’s Joy, [147]
• Tree ferns, [133], [Pl. III.]
• Tubers, [61], [47]
• Tulip bulb, [77], [68]
• Tulip carpels, [82], [77]
• Tulip flower, [81], [75]
• Tulip stamens, [81], [74]
• V
• Variegated leaves, [26], [16]
• Veins of leaf, [67], [55], [95]
• Vine, [33]
• Violet, [84], [79], [119], [118]
• W
• Water, [12], [13]
• Water, circulation of, in plant, [28], [34]
• Water, entry into plant by roots, [33], [21], [22]
• Water given off by leaves, [28], [17], [30], [18], [19], [20]
• Water, protection against loss of, [99]
• Water stream in plants, [28], [34]
• Water vapour, [28], [17], [31]
• Water buttercup, [159], [141]
• Water-lily leaves, [160]
• Water-lily, section of stem of, [93], [92]
• “Water-pipe” cells, [94], [97]
• Whorls of leaves, [69], [59]
• Whortleberry, [62]
• Willow herb, [89], [84]
• Wind, [154]
• Wood-sorrel, sleep of, [46], [32]

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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS

THEIR FORMS, GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION

FROM THE GERMAN OF THE LATE
ANTON KERNER VON MARILAUN
Professor of Botany in the University of Vienna

Translated By F. W. OLIVER, M.A., D.Sc.
Quain Professor of Botany in University College, London

WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
LADY BUSK, B.Sc., and Mrs. M. F. MACDONALD, B.Sc.

With about Two Thousand Original Woodcut Illustrations
In Two Volumes, cloth, 30s. net